Nebraska Advance Sheets
SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 913
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
Sanitary and Improvement District No. 1, Butler County,
Nebraska, on behalf of itself and all others similarly
situated, appellant and cross-appellee, v. K arey A damy,
county treasurer of Butler County, Nebraska,
et al., appellees and cross-appellants.
Sanitary and Improvement District No. 1, Butler County,
Nebraska, on behalf of itself and all others similarly
situated, appellant and cross-appellee, v. Beverly Davis,
county treasurer of A dams County, Nebraska,
et al., appellees and cross-appellants.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed January 16, 2015. Nos. S-13-1091, S-13-1092.
1. Motions to Dismiss: Appeal and Error. A district court’s grant of a motion to
dismiss is reviewed de novo.
2. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. When reviewing an order
dismissing a complaint, the appellate court accepts as true all facts which are
well pled and the proper and reasonable inferences of law and fact which may be
drawn therefrom, but not the plaintiff’s conclusion.
3. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings. To prevail against a motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts, accepted as true, to state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face. In cases in which a plaintiff does not
or cannot allege specific facts showing a necessary element, the factual allega-
tions, taken as true, are nonetheless plausible if they suggest the existence of the
element and raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of
the element or claim.
4. Statutes: Appeal and Error. To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpre-
tation or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an independent
conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court below.
5. Constitutional Law: Immunity: Waiver. Under the 11th Amendment, a non-
consenting state is generally immune from suit unless the state has waived
its immunity.
6. Political Subdivisions: Counties: Legislature. A county is a political subdivi-
sion of the state and has subordinate powers of sovereignty conferred by the
Legislature. As such, it acts purely as an agent of the state and is entitled to
immunity from suit.
7. Constitutional Law: Immunity: Waiver. Neb. Const. art. V, § 22, provides that
the state may sue and be sued and that the Legislature shall provide by law in
what manner and in what courts suits shall be brought. This allows the state to
lay aside its sovereignty if the Legislature should so choose.
8. Statutes: Immunity. Statutes authorizing suits against the state are to be
strictly construed because such statutes are in derogation of the state’s sover-
eign immunity.
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914 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
9. Immunity: Waiver. Waiver of sovereign immunity will be found only where
stated by the most express language or by such overwhelming implications from
the text as will leave no room for any other reasonable construction.
10. Public Officers and Employees: Immunity. Sovereign immunity has potential
applicability to suits brought against state officials in their official capacities
only. It does not apply when state officials are sued in their individual capaci-
ties—that is, when a suit seeks to hold state officials personally liable.
11. Complaints: Public Officers and Employees. In order to sue a public official in
his or her individual capacity, a plaintiff must expressly and unambiguously state
so in the complaint; otherwise, it will be assumed that the defendant is being sued
only in his or her official capacity.
12. Actions: Public Officers and Employees: Immunity: Appeal and Error. In
reviewing actions against state officials, a court must determine whether an action
against individual officials sued in their official capacities is in reality an action
against the state and therefore barred by sovereign immunity.
13. Actions: Parties. In an action for the recovery of money, the state is the real
party in interest.
14. Actions: Parties: Public Officers and Employees. Official-capacity actions for
prospective relief are not treated as actions against the state.
15. Sanitary and Improvement Districts: Legislature: Political Subdivisions. A
sanitary and improvement district is a legislative creature, a political subdivision
of the State of Nebraska.
Appeals from the District Court for Cass County: Jeffrey
J. Funke, Judge, and Randall L. R ehmeier, District Judge,
Retired. Reversed and remanded with directions.
Raymond E. Baker, of Law Offices of Raymond E. Baker,
P.C., Jacqueline M. De Wispelare, of Law Office of Jacqueline
M. De Wispelare, L.L.C., and Michael W. Heavey, of Colombo
& Heavey, P.C., for appellant.
Charles W. Campbell, of Angle, Murphy & Campbell, P.C.,
L.L.O., for appellees Karey Adamy et al.
Donald W. Kleine, Douglas County Attorney, and Malina
Dobson for appellees John Ewing et al.
Edmond E. Talbot III, Deputy Washington County Attorney,
for appellees Marjorie Hoier and Washington County.
Joe Kelly, Lancaster County Attorney, and Brittany L.
Behrens for appellees Andy Stebbing and Lancaster County.
Nebraska Advance Sheets
SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 915
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.
Heavican, C.J.
INTRODUCTION
Sanitary and Improvement District No. 1, Butler County,
Nebraska (SID #1), filed two class action lawsuits, both in
Cass County, Nebraska. Both suits alleged that defendant
county treasurers unlawfully deducted an incorrect percent-
age of assessments collected on behalf of SID #1 as well as
other similarly situated sanitary and improvement districts.
Defendant county treasurers in each suit filed motions to dis-
miss for failure to state a claim. Those motions were granted,
and the complaints were dismissed. SID #1 appeals. We con-
solidated these appeals for oral argument and disposition. We
reverse, and remand with directions.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
These appeals involve two class action lawsuits, both filed
in Cass County. Each will be discussed in turn.
Appeal in Case No. S-13-1091.
SID #1 filed its first class action complaint on December
21, 2012, against various county treasurers. In that complaint,
SID #1 alleged that the county treasurers collected assessments
of municipal improvements on behalf of SID #1 and
collected, for their services rendered, a sum of money
equal to two percent (2%) of the funds they received on
such special assessments, rather than a sum equal to one
and one half percent (1 1⁄2 %) of the special assessments
collected, as is provided by Neb. Rev. Stat. §33-114[(4)
(Reissue 2008)].
In its complaint, SID #1 sought damages, attorney fees,
and costs. SID #1 also sought class action status, alleging
that other sanitary and improvement districts had also been
subjected to similar unlawful deductions and that the number
of the proposed class was so numerous as to make it imprac-
ticable to bring each class member before the court. SID #1
further alleged that the assessments at issue were made for the
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916 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
purposes listed in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-744 (Reissue 2008) and
that such constituted “municipal improvements.”
Appeal in Case No. S-13-1092.
SID #1 filed its second class action complaint on March 28,
2013. This complaint alleged that defendant county treasurers
collected municipal taxes on behalf of SID #1 and “collected,
for their services rendered, a sum of money equal to two per-
cent (2%) of the funds they received on such taxes, rather than
a sum equal to one percent (1%) of the taxes, as is provided by
Neb. Rev. Stat. §33-114(3).” This complaint sought the same
relief as the appeal in case No. S-13-1091, including class
action status.
The various defendant county treasurers filed motions to
dismiss. Those motions were granted, with the district court
similarly concluding in two separate orders that (1) the coun-
ties had waived sovereign immunity and (2) SID #1 was not
a municipal corporation and thus could not make assessments
for municipal improvements or municipal taxes. As such, the
district court concluded that SID #1 failed to state a claim
upon which relief could be granted. SID #1 appeals. Defendant
county treasurers cross-appeal.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
In case No. S-13-1091, SID #1 assigns, restated and consoli-
dated, that the district court erred in finding that (1) the sani-
tary and improvement districts are not municipal corporations
and therefore do not create municipal improvements and (2)
the statutes creating sanitary and improvement districts do not
provide for the authority to enact legislation.
Defendant county treasurers cross-appeal and assign that
the district court erred in (1) rejecting their claim of sovereign
immunity and (2) failing to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction.
In case No. S-13-1092, SID #1 assigns, again restated
and consolidated, that the district court erred in finding that
(1) the sanitary and improvement districts are not munici-
pal corporations and that therefore their assessments do not
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SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 917
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
constitute municipal taxes and (2) the statutes creating sanitary
and improvement districts do not provide for the authority to
enact legislation.
On cross-appeal, defendant county treasurers assign that
the district court erred in (1) rejecting their claim of sovereign
immunity and (2) failing to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1-3] A district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss is
reviewed de novo.1 When reviewing an order dismissing a
complaint, the appellate court accepts as true all facts which
are well pled and the proper and reasonable inferences of law
and fact which may be drawn therefrom, but not the plain-
tiff’s conclusion.2 To prevail against a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts,
accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face. In cases in which a plaintiff does not or cannot
allege specific facts showing a necessary element, the factual
allegations, taken as true, are nonetheless plausible if they
suggest the existence of the element and raise a reasonable
expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the element
or claim.3
[4] To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpretation
or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an
independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made
by the court below.4
ANALYSIS
Immunity.
We turn first to the county treasurers’ cross-appeal. In that
cross-appeal, the county treasurers allege the district court
1
Bruno v. Metropolitan Utilities Dist., 287 Neb. 551, 844 N.W.2d 50
(2014).
2
Id.
3
Id.
4
Id.
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918 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
erred in finding that under Hoiengs v. County of Adams,5 “the
respective counties’ sovereign immunity ha[d] been waived.”
We recently clarified the principles of sovereign immunity
in suits against the state and in official-capacity suits against
state agents in Anthony K. v. State6 and Anthony K. v. Nebraska
Dept. of Health & Human Servs.7 “The immunity of states
from suit is a fundamental aspect of the sovereignty which the
states enjoyed before the ratification of the Constitution and
which they retain today.”8
[5,6] Thus, under the 11th Amendment, a nonconsenting
state is generally immune from suit unless the state has waived
its immunity.9 A county is a political subdivision of the state
and has subordinate powers of sovereignty conferred by the
Legislature.10 As such, it acts purely as an agent of the state11
and is entitled to immunity from suit.12
[7] But Neb. Const. art. V, § 22, provides: “The state may
sue and be sued, and the Legislature shall provide by law in
what manner and in what courts suits shall be brought.” This
allows the state to lay aside its sovereignty if the Legislature
should so choose.13
The district court relied upon Hoiengs, wherein this court
noted that the state’s immunity was waived by Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 25-21,206 (Reissue 1989),14 which allowed the state
to be sued in any matter “‘founded upon or growing out
of a contract, express or implied, originally authorized or
5
Hoiengs v. County of Adams, 245 Neb. 877, 516 N.W.2d 223 (1994).
6
Anthony K. v. State, ante p. 523, 855 N.W.2d 802 (2014).
7
Anthony K. v. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., ante p. 540, 855
N.W.2d at 788 (2014).
8
Anthony K. v. State, supra note 6, ante at 536, 855 N.W.2d at 812.
9
Doe v. Board of Regents, 280 Neb. 492, 788 N.W.2d 264 (2010).
10
State ex rel. Steinke v. Lautenbaugh, 263 Neb. 652, 642 N.W.2d 132
(2002).
11
Id.
12
Anthony K. v. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., supra note 7.
13
See Hoiengs v. County of Adams, supra note 5.
14
See § 25-21,206 (Reissue 2008).
Nebraska Advance Sheets
SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 919
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
s ubsequently ratified by the Legislature, or founded upon any
law of the state.’”15
[8,9] Statutes authorizing suits against the state are to
be strictly construed because such statutes are in deroga-
tion of the state’s sovereign immunity.16 Waiver of sovereign
immunity will be found only where stated “‘“by the most
express language or by such overwhelming implications from
the text as [will] leave no room for any other reasonable
construction.”’”17
In part, SID #1 seeks declaratory relief, but we have held
that the declaratory judgment statutes are insufficient to waive
the state’s immunity.18 As such, another source of waiver, if
any, must be found.
SID #1 argues that contract theory presented in Hoiengs
is applicable here. We disagree. The contract in Hoiengs was
based upon the employment relationship, which is plainly a
contractual one. The provisions of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 33-114
(Reissue 2008) at issue here simply allow county treasurers a
fee in exchange for collecting certain assessments and taxes.
We find no merit to SID #1’s contention. To find a contract
here would potentially result in the finding of a contract, and
a waiver of immunity, with every statutory duty created. Such
would clearly not be in keeping with the proposition that stat-
utes authorizing waiver be strictly construed and found only
when expressly stated.
Beyond this contract theory, SID #1 directs us to no other
provision of law which would show any waiver, let alone the
express language of waiver required under Nebraska law. We
conclude there has been no waiver of the counties’ sovereign
immunity in these cases.
[10] In addition to filing suit against the individual coun-
ties, SID #1 filed suit against the county treasurers of those
15
Hoeings v. County of Adams, supra note 5, 245 Neb. at 890, 516 N.W.2d
at 235.
16
Hoeings v. County of Adams, supra note 5.
17
Wiseman v. Keller, 218 Neb. 717, 720, 358 N.W.2d 768, 770 (1984).
18
Concerned Citizens v. Department of Environ. Contr., 244 Neb. 152, 505
N.W.2d 654 (1993).
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920 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
counties. As we recently noted in Anthony K. v. Nebraska
Dept. of Health & Human Servs., “sovereign immunity has
potential applicability to suits brought against state officials
in their official capacities only. It does not apply when state
officials are sued in their individual capacities—that is, when a
suit seeks to hold state officials personally liable.”19
[11] SID #1 did not explicitly state whether those suits
were filed against the county treasurers in their official capac-
ities or individual capacities. This court has held that in order
to sue a public official in his or her individual capacity, a
plaintiff must expressly and unambiguously state so in the
complaint; otherwise, it will be assumed that the defendant is
being sued only in his or her official capacity.20 We therefore
conclude that the county treasurers have been sued in their
official capacities.
[12] “‘Official-capacity suits . . . “generally represent only
another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an
officer is an agent.”’”21 As such, in reviewing actions against
state officials, we must “‘determine whether an action against
individual officials sued in their official capacities is in real-
ity an action against the state and therefore barred by sover-
eign immunity.’”22
[13] In an action for the recovery of money, the state is
the real party in interest, because “‘“a judgment against a
public servant ‘in his official capacity’ imposes liability on
the entity that he represents.”’”23 As such, if not waived, sov-
ereign immunity bars claims for money damages even where
19
Anthony K. v. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., supra note 7,
ante at 546-47, 855 N.W.2d at 795.
20
Holmstedt v. York Cty. Jail Supervisor, 275 Neb. 161, 745 N.W.2d 317
(2008). See Johnson v. Outboard Marine Corp., 172 F.3d 531 (8th Cir.
1999).
21
Anthony K. v. Nebraska Dept. of Health & Human Servs., supra note 7,
ante at 547, 855 N.W.2d at 795.
22
Id.
23
Id.
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SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 921
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
the plaintiff has named, as nominal defendants, individual
state officials.24
[14] Official-capacity actions for prospective relief are
treated differently, and are not treated as actions against the
state.25 “Where a court ‘commands a state official to do nothing
more than refrain from violating [the] law,’” the state official is
not the state for purposes of sovereign immunity.26
The counties in this case are protected from suit by sover-
eign immunity. To the extent SID #1 seeks money damages
from the county treasurers acting in their official capacities,
those suits are also viewed as against the county and are barred
by sovereign immunity.
SID #1 also seeks prospective relief in the form of a declara-
tion that the county treasurers have been incorrectly interpret-
ing and applying § 33-114. To the extent this prospective relief
is sought, it is not barred by principles of immunity.
We also note that we have considered, but reject, SID #1’s
contention that the counties are not entitled to immunity from
suit against SID #1 because both entities are political subdi-
visions. SID #1 cites to no authority on this point which we
find persuasive.
Assessments for Municipal Purpose
or Municipal Taxes.
We therefore turn to the merits of this litigation: whether
the county treasurers correctly deducted a 2-percent fee from
assessments collected on behalf of SID #1. These appeals cen-
ter on the correct interpretation of the term “municipal” as used
in § 33-114(3) and (4). Section 33-114 provides:
Each county treasurer shall receive for and on behalf
of the county for services rendered to other governmen-
tal subdivisions and agencies, when fees for services
rendered by him or her are not otherwise specifically
provided, the following fees: (1) On all sums of money
24
Id.
25
Id.
26
Id. See Doe v. Board of Regents, supra note 9.
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922 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
collected by him or her for each fiscal year, two percent
of the sums so collected; (2) for the collection of all sums
of money, general or bonded, of drainage, irrigation, or
natural resources districts, one percent of the sums so
collected; (3) for the collection of all sums of money
for municipal taxes, general or special, including money
for bond sinking fund or bond interest fund and school
money, one percent of the sums so collected; and (4) for
the collection of all sums of money for special assess-
ments for municipal improvements, one and one-half
percent of the sums so collected.
Here, the county treasurer deducted a 2-percent fee under
§ 33-114(1), but SID #1 argues that the appropriate fee was
actually 1 percent for municipal taxes under § 33-114(3) and
11⁄2 percent for municipal assessments under § 33-114(4). The
district court concluded that the 2-percent fee was appropriate,
because SID #1 was not a municipal corporation and that thus,
its taxes and assessments were not municipal for purposes of
§ 33-114(3) and (4). These appeals present the question of
whether taxes and improvements by a sanitary and improve-
ment district are municipal under § 33-114.
[15] A sanitary and improvement district is a legislative
creature, a political subdivision of the State of Nebraska.27
Sanitary and improvement districts have been termed “quasi-
municipal corporations” by some commentators and courts.28
In fact, this court just recently referenced a sanitary and
improvement district’s status as a limited-purpose, quasi-
municipal corporation when considering whether an interlocal
agency was a quasi-municipal corporation or a private corpo-
ration.29 Nevertheless, this court has concluded that for certain
limited purposes involving the payment of warrants under
27
Rexroad, Inc. v. S.I.D. No. 66, 222 Neb. 618, 386 N.W.2d 433 (1986).
See, also, S.I.D. No. 95 v. City of Omaha, 221 Neb. 272, 376 N.W.2d 767
(1985).
28
Rexroad, Inc. v. S.I.D. No. 66, supra note 27.
29
City of Falls City v. Nebraska Mun. Power Pool, 279 Neb. 238, 777
N.W.2d 327 (2010).
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SID NO. 1 v. ADAMY 923
Cite as 289 Neb. 913
statute, a sanitary and improvement district was a munici-
pal corporation.30
But a determination of whether a sanitary and improvement
district is a municipal corporation is not necessary to our dis-
position of these appeals. Rather, § 33-114 requires not that the
assessments or taxes be assessed by a municipal corporation,
but only that those assessment or taxes be “municipal.”
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “municipal” as “[o]f, relat-
ing to, or involving a city, town, or local governmental unit.”31
This definition suggests that if a tax or improvement is “munic-
ipal” in nature, it must be made by a city, town, or local
government.
A sanitary and improvement district is clearly not a city or
town, but it is a local governmental unit. Contrary to the dis-
trict court’s conclusion, the board of trustees of a sanitary and
improvement district has the “power to pass all necessary ordi-
nances, orders, rules, and regulations for the necessary conduct
of its business and to carry into effect the objects for which the
sanitary and improvement district was formed.”32
Sanitary and improvement districts have other powers
that suggest they are local governmental units. Sanitary and
improvement districts have the power to acquire property
by purchase or condemnation, though that power is tem-
pered by the need to gain approval for the acquisition by the
municipality or county having zoning jurisdiction over the
subject property.33 Members of the board of trustees for any
given sanitary and improvement district are elected by spe-
cial election,34 which is held by the election commissioner or
county clerk of the local county.35 As noted above, sanitary
30
In re Application of S.I.D. No. 65, 219 Neb. 647, 365 N.W.2d 456 (1985).
31
Black’s Law Dictionary 1175 (10th ed. 2014).
32
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-733(3) (Reissue 2008). See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 31-742 (Reissue 2008).
33
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-736 (Reissue 2008); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-737
(Reissue 2008).
34
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-735(1) (Cum. Supp. 2014).
35
§ 31-735(3).
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924 289 NEBRASKA REPORTS
and improvement districts have the power to levy taxes and
issue bonds36 and to enter into contracts.37
We noted in Hollstein v. First Nat. Bank of Aurora38 that
the primary function of a sanitary and improvement district is
to install and maintain public improvements such as streets,
sewers, utility lines, and other improvements associated with
residential or commercial subdivisions. The statutes allow-
ing for the creation and procedures surrounding sanitary and
improvement districts clearly provide such districts with the
ability to make such improvements.39
A sanitary and improvement district has many of the powers
typically associated with a local governmental unit. If a city
or town made the same improvements or levied the same tax
alleged in these cases, such would undoubtedly be considered
municipal in nature.
Moreover, as noted above, there is nothing in the plain lan-
guage of § 31-114 that requires these improvements to be made
or taxes to be levied by a municipal corporation. Rather, the
statute simply requires the tax or improvement to be “munici-
pal.” This language is plain and unambiguous, and not open to
further interpretation.40
CONCLUSION
A sanitary and improvement district can levy municipal
taxes and make municipal improvements. As such, we con-
clude that SID #1 has stated a cause of action under § 31-114.
We reverse, and remand with directions to grant prospective
declaratory relief.
R eversed and remanded with directions.
36
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-739 (Reissue 2008). See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat.
§§ 31-755 to 31-759 (Reissue 2008).
37
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 31-740 (Reissue 2008).
38
Hollstein v. First Nat. Bank of Aurora, 231 Neb. 711, 437 N.W.2d 512
(1989).
39
§ 31-740; § 31-744.
40
Kerford Limestone Co. v. Nebraska Dept. of Rev., 287 Neb. 653, 844
N.W.2d 276 (2014).