NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
CCM PATHFINDER PALM HARBOR )
MANAGEMENT, LLC, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D13-5286
)
UNKNOWN HEIRS, DEVISEES, )
GRANTEES, ASSIGNEES, LIENORS, )
CREDITORS, TRUSTEES, OR OTHER )
CLAIMANTS OF NORMAND W. )
GENDRON, Deceased; DEUTSCHE )
BANK NATIONAL TRUST COMPANY, )
solely as Trustee for Harbor View )
Mortgage Loan Trust Mortgage Loan )
Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2006-14; )
MARIBEL RUIZ; WILLIAM SAVICKAS; )
U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, )
as Trustee of J.P. Morgan Alternative )
Loan Trust 2007-A2; PINNACLE )
FINANCIAL CORPORATION; C&N )
RENOVATION, INC.; RONDAL JOSEPH )
VICKERS; PALISADES COLLECTION, )
LLC; FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE )
ASSOCIATION; GARY STANNISH; )
CHRISTINE STANNISH; LOANCITY; )
MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC )
REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC.; )
CYPRESS FALLS AT PALM HARBOR )
CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC.; )
HOWARD CHAVEZ; DEUTSCHE BANK )
NATIONAL TRUST COMPANY, solely as )
Trustee for Natixis Real Estate Capital )
Trust 2007-HE2 Mortgage Pass-Through )
Certificates, Series 2007-HE2; BRIAN )
JAMES MAGARBAN; JENNIFER LYNN )
WATERS; AMNET MORTGAGE, LLC; )
SUNTRUST BANK; ALBERTO TURRINI; )
CESAR JOSEPH REY; JORBRIMAR )
ELECTRA TUMA REY; BANKUNITED; )
JAMES M. THEBEAU; MARY-MATHILDE )
THEBEAU; WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.; )
NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE, LLC; )
PATRICK DOYLE; GAIL DOYLE; )
JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.; )
PINELLAS COUNTY BOARD OF )
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS; MEZANKA, )
LLC; BRIAN DOYLE, a/k/a Brian M. Doyle; )
MIDFIRST BANK; CRAIG SOIFER; )
CRISTINA DRUKER; WELLS FARGO )
BANK, N.A., as Trustee on behalf of the )
Harborview 2006-12 Trust Fund; KEMI )
PRODUCTIONS, INC.; CLETUS WOO; )
SHERRY WOO; DEUTSCHE BANK )
NATIONAL TRUST COMPANY solely as )
Trustee for American Home Mortgage )
Assets Trust 2006-6, Mortgage-Backed )
Pass-Through Certificates Series 2006-6; )
JULIE EGERT, MICHELLE WOO, Trustee, )
or any successors in trust, under the )
Michelle Woo Living Trust dated May 2, )
2007, and any amendments thereto; )
AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE; )
ANTHONY J. MARTINO; JOANNE )
MARTINO; FIFTH THIRD BANK; FIFTH )
THIRD MORTGAGE COMPANY; ROLLIN )
GUY MARANVILLE; CHASE HOME )
FINANCE, LLC; ADELLA V. GONZALEZ; )
PELICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT )
GROUP, as Trustee, under the provisions )
of a trust agreement dated the 24th day of )
January, 2007 known as the Pelican )
Properties Land Trust; U.S. BANK )
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION as Trustee )
of Master Adjustable Rate Mortgages )
Trust 2006-OA2; AMERICA'S )
WHOLESALE LENDER; DEUTSCHE )
BANK NATIONAL TRUST COMPANY, as )
Trustee for the Pooling and Servicing )
Agreement Relating to IMPAC Secured )
Assets Corporation, Mortgage Pass- )
Through Certificates, Series 2006-4; )
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UNKNOWN HEIRS, DEVISEES, )
GRANTEES, ASSIGNEES, LIENORS; )
CREDITORS, TRUSTEES, OR OTHER )
CLAIMANTS OF JOHN MARLOW, )
Deceased; PAULETTE MARLOW; )
DEPLESSIE DREW; MIRIAM DREW; )
DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY )
AMERICAS, solely as Trustee for )
Residential Accredit Loans, Inc. Pass- )
Through Certificates Series 2006-QS16; )
ROSE MARIE BARNES; JOHN C. )
IRIZARRY; GREEN TREE SERVICING, )
LLC; BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.; EDWIN )
VOGT; ONEWEST BANK FSB; TARA )
RAMSARAN; CHRISTOPHER )
SCHREINDORFER; SAGINE BERGERON; )
THIERRY BERGERON; CITIBANK, N.A., )
as Trustee for Structured Mortgage Asset )
Investments II, Inc., Bear Stearns Alt-A, )
Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates Series )
2007-1; GENEVA MORTGAGE CORP.; )
MONICA KARCZ; MICHAEL J. SIBALIC; )
JONATHAN D. ELROM; BADGER )
INVESTMENTS, LLC; THOMAS )
SALVATO; IAN STROUD; LUAN; )
DANIELLE BRINKMAN; ALEXIS )
THEBEAU; VERNELL JONES; STEVEN )
DUGAN; WILLIAM KRACHT IV; )
WILLIAM KRACHT V; NADIA QUELL; )
KAYAN JULIAN TELLER; FAITH OCASIO; )
WILLIAM OCASIO; KIMBERLEE BURRIS; )
GLENN BURRIS; LEORA HART; KELLY )
DORAN; JEAN PERSON; CHELSEA )
HIRVELA; KYLE HIRVELA; ALYSSA )
FOSTER; KEVIN JONES; SCOTT )
BENSON; ADRIANA MENDOZA; )
VICTOR ZOUBENKO; ANTHONY )
TIMONERE; GIOVANNI MANNINO; and )
JANE DOE XL and JOHN DOE XL and )
XLII, fictitious names representing )
tenants in possession, )
)
Appellees. )
)
Opinion filed January 21, 2015.
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Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas
County; Bruce Boyer, Judge.
Ceci Culpepper Berman of Brannock &
Humphries, Tampa, for Appellant.
Michele A. Cavallaro of Fidelity National Law
Group, Fort Lauderdale, for Appellees Mary-
Mathilde Thebeau, James M. Thebeau,
Anthony J. Martino, Joanne Martino, Monica
Karcz, and Jonathan D. Elrom.
Nancy M. Wallace and Michael J. Larson of
Akerman LLP, Tallahassee; and William P.
Heller of Akerman LLP, Fort Lauderdale, for
Appellee Nationstar Mortgage, LLC.
Michael K. Winston, Dean A. Morande, and
Donna L. Eng of Carlton Fields Jorden Burt,
P.A., West Palm Beach, for Appellees Wells
Fargo Bank, N.A.; Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,
as Trustee on behalf of the Harborview
2006-12 Trust Fund; and Federal National
Mortgage Association.
Michael A. Cohn and Martin S. Awerbach of
Awerbach│Cohn, Clearwater, for Appellees
Gary Stannish; Christine Stannish; Cesar
Joseph Rey; Jorbrimar Electra Tuma Rey;
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee for
Harborview Mortgage Loan Trust 2007-3;
Gail Doyle; Patrick Doyle; Adella V.
Gonzalez; Brian Doyle; MidFirst Bank;
Green Tree Servicing LLC; OneWest Bank,
FSB; and Deutsche Bank National Trust
Company, solely as Trustee for Harbor View
Mortgage Loan Trust Mortgage Pass-
Through Certificates Series 2006-14.
Michael W. Smith of Baker, Donelson,
Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C.,
Orlando, for Appellee Deutsche Bank
National Trust Company.
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Robert M. Coplen, Murray T. Beatts, Mary
Booth Ratanaruka, Ross S. Felsher, and
Elizabeth C. Fitzgerald of Robert M. Coplen,
P.A., for Appellees Tara Ramsaran,
Christopher Schreindorfer, Sagine Bergeron,
and Thierry Bergeron.
No appearance for remaining Appellees.
VILLANTI, Judge.
CCM Pathfinder Palm Harbor Management, LLC (Pathfinder), seeks
review of the order dismissing with prejudice its complaint as to six of the many
defendants in this foreclosure case. We agree with Pathfinder that dismissal of its
complaint based on the statute of limitations defense was improper because the facts
supporting such a defense were outside the four corners of Pathfinder's amended
complaint. We also agree that, on the facts presented here, the applicable statute of
repose did not bar Pathfinder's action. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal and
remand for further proceedings.
Pathfinder is the servicing agent for a consortium of lenders that financed
a $29 million condominium conversion loan in 2005. The loan was originally made to
Palm Harbor One, LLC, as the developer of the condominium conversion. As the
developer, Palm Harbor One signed a promissory note which was secured by a
mortgage. The promissory note had a stated maturity date of November 30, 2006, and
this maturity date was set forth in the mortgage, which was subsequently recorded. The
note itself was not recorded.
As part of the same transaction, Palm Harbor One signed a separate loan
agreement which contained additional terms and conditions relating to the loan and
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satisfaction of the note and mortgage. Rather than having a specified date for its
maturity, the loan agreement stated that its maturity date was "twelve (12) months after
the Mortgage is recorded." The loan agreement and its terms were incorporated into
the mortgage by specific reference; however, unlike with the maturity date of the note,
the mortgage did not identify the maturity date for the loan agreement in any manner.
Ultimately, the mortgage was recorded on December 16, 2005, making the maturity
date of the loan agreement December 16, 2006.1 Like the note, however, the loan
agreement itself was never recorded.
One of the terms of the loan agreement required Palm Harbor One to pay
Pathfinder a "release fee" when each condominium unit was sold. In exchange for
payment of the release fee on each individual unit, Pathfinder agreed to release its
mortgage as to that unit and to provide Palm Harbor One and the purchaser with a
partial release of its mortgage. For a period of time after the loan transaction, Palm
Harbor One sold units and paid the corresponding release fees for those units to
Pathfinder. Pathfinder in turn provided releases of its mortgage as to those units to their
purchasers. However, as to forty-five of the units sold by Palm Harbor One, Pathfinder
did not receive the release fee from either Palm Harbor One or the purchasers. At
1
On November 15, 2006, Pathfinder's predecessor executed a Fifth
Amendment to the Mortgage, which purported, among other things, to extend the
maturity date of the note from November 30, 2006, until December 16, 2006, so that the
maturity dates of the note and loan agreement would coincide. The Fifth Amendment
specifically contemplated that an amended mortgage would be recorded reflecting the
changes made by the amendment. However, there is no indication in the record that
Palm Harbor One ever executed the Fifth Amendment, and no amended mortgage was
ever recorded. Hence, the potential legal effect of this document cannot be properly
addressed at the motion to dismiss stage.
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some point after these forty-five units were sold, Palm Harbor One went into
bankruptcy.
After extended proceedings in the bankruptcy court, Pathfinder filed its
foreclosure complaint in March 2013 against the owners of the forty-five units for which
Pathfinder had never received the release fee. In response, six of those unit owners
filed motions to dismiss, asserting that Pathfinder's foreclosure action was barred by the
five-year statute of limitations set forth in section 95.11(2)(c), Florida Statutes (2013),
and by the five-year statute of repose set forth in section 95.281(1). The trial court held
a hearing on these motions and dismissed the foreclosure complaint as to those unit
owners under both statutes. Pathfinder now appeals this ruling.
We dispose first of the statute of limitations issue. Section 95.11(2)(c)
provides that an action to foreclose a mortgage must be commenced within five years
from when the right to foreclose accrues. See Travis Co. v. Mayes, 36 So. 2d 264, 265
(Fla. 1948); City of Riviera Beach v. Reed, 987 So. 2d 168, 170 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008). In
the case of an installment note, the right to foreclose accrues as to each installment on
the date the installment becomes due. See, e.g., Monte v. Tipton, 612 So. 2d 714, 716
(Fla. 2d DCA 1993). Obviously then, if the default is based on the failure to make the
final payment, the limitations period runs from the maturity date of the note.
Here, the maturity date of the note was November 30, 2006. Hence, the
limitations period expired no later than November 30, 2011. Further, to the extent that
the loan agreement required that certain payments be made, its maturity date was
December 16, 2006, and the limitations period expired as to those obligations no later
than December 16, 2011. However, Pathfinder's foreclosure complaint was not filed
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until March 15, 2013—a date clearly after the expiration of the statute of limitations
regardless of which date is used. Hence, it initially appears that Pathfinder's action is
barred by the statute of limitations.
However, the recorded mortgage, which was attached to and incorporated
into the amended complaint, contains an explicit provision waiving the statute of
limitations as a defense to a foreclosure action. While the current unit owners are not
parties to that mortgage, the law is clear that if a recorded mortgage is valid on its face,
a subsequent purchaser "is assumed to have recognized it as a valid lien against the
property which he is buying." Spinney v. Winter Park Bldg. & Loan Ass'n, 162 So. 899,
904 (Fla. 1935). Thus, a purchaser who takes title to property subject to a prior
recorded mortgage is "estopped from contesting the validity of the mortgage."
Eurovest, Ltd. v. Segall, 528 So. 2d 482, 483 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988); see also Irwin v.
Grogan-Cole, 590 So. 2d 1102, 1104 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991) (holding that a party
purchasing property subject to a preexisting recorded mortgage could not assert the
invalidity of the mortgage). Here, the complaint alleges that the unit owners took title to
their units subject to the prior recorded mortgage, and the recorded mortgage waives
the statute of limitations as a defense. Therefore, it appears from the four corners of the
amended complaint and its attachments that the unit owners are precluded from raising
the statute of limitations as a valid defense. To the extent that it held otherwise, the trial
court erred.
We recognize, as the unit owners argued at the hearing below, that there
may be facts that can be developed by each unit owner to show that he or she should
not be subject to the waiver provision of the mortgage. But the existence or
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nonexistence of any such facts could not be properly resolved at the motion to dismiss
stage because those facts are necessarily outside the four corners of the complaint.
See, e.g., Brooke v. Shumaker, Loop & Kendrick, LLP, 828 So. 2d 1078, 1080 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2002) (reversing dismissal of plaintiff's complaint based on the expiration of the
statute of limitations because the facts necessary to determine the statute of limitations
defense were not apparent on the face of the complaint and its attachments).
Therefore, we hold only that dismissal of the complaint based on the statute of
limitations was erroneous. On remand, the unit owners may pursue this as an
affirmative defense if they so choose.
The second basis articulated by the trial court for dismissing Pathfinder's
complaint was the statute of repose found in section 95.281(1). We explained the
difference between a statute of repose and a statute of limitations in Houck Corp. v.
New River, Ltd., Pasco, 900 So. 2d 601, 603 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005):
A "statute of limitations" is a procedural statute that
prevents the enforcement of a cause of action that has
accrued. See WRH Mortgage, Inc. v. Butler, 684 So. 2d
325, 327 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996). It does not determine the
underlying merits of the claim but merely cuts off the right to
file suit on that claim. Allie v. Ionata, 503 So. 2d 1237, 1240-
41 (Fla. 1987). A "statute of repose," in contrast, "is a
substantive statute which not only bars enforcement of an
accrued cause of action but may also prevent the accrual of
a cause of action where the final element necessary for its
creation occurs beyond the time period established by the
statute." WRH Mortgage, 684 So. 2d at 327. It provides a
substantive right to be free from liability after the established
time period. Parham v. Balis, 704 So. 2d 623, 626 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1997), approved, Musculoskeletal Inst., Chartered v.
Parham, 745 So. 2d 946 (Fla. 1999). Thus, the statute of
repose does not work to provide a time limitation for filing a
suit after the accrual of the cause of action, but prevents the
cause of action from arising after its time limitation. Nehme
v. Smithkline Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 863 So. 2d 201,
-9-
208 (Fla. 2003). The purpose of a statute of repose is to set
a definitive time limitation on a valid cause of action even if
there are circumstances that would make it difficult to
discover. Id.
Thus, while both a statute of repose and a statute of limitations may bar a party from
proceeding with an action, they do so for two different reasons and based on two
different legal theories.
As a statute of repose, section 95.281(1) operates to terminate a
mortgage lien and render it completely unenforceable if the statutory conditions are
satisfied. That section provides in pertinent part:
(1) The lien of a mortgage or other instrument
encumbering real property, herein called mortgage, except
those specified in subsection (5), shall terminate after the
expiration of the following periods of time:
(a) If the final maturity of an obligation secured by a
mortgage is ascertainable from the record of it, 5 years after
the date of maturity.
(b) If the final maturity of an obligation secured by a
mortgage is not ascertainable from the record of it, 20 years
after the date of the mortgage, unless prior to such time the
holder of the mortgage:
1. Rerecords the mortgage and includes a copy of
the obligation secured by the mortgage so that the final
maturity is ascertainable; or
2. Records a copy of the obligation secured by the
mortgage from which copy the final maturity is ascertainable
and by affidavit identifies the mortgage by its official
recording data and certifies that the obligation is the
obligation described in the mortgage;
in which case the lien shall terminate 5 years after the date
of maturity.
(Emphasis added.) In determining whether the five-year or the twenty-year statute of
repose applies, the dispositive question is whether the final maturity date of the
obligation or obligations secured by the recorded mortgage is ascertainable from the
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face of the recorded mortgage itself. A maturity date is "ascertainable from the record
of it" if the maturity date can be determined by reading the public records. See, e.g.,
Layton v. Bay Lake Ltd. P'ship, 818 So. 2d 552, 553 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002). If so, the
statute of repose is five years from the date of maturity. If not, the statute of repose is
twenty years.
Here, there were two obligations secured by the mortgage—the note and
the loan agreement. While the recorded mortgage identified the maturity date of the
note, it did not identify the maturity date of the loan agreement. Hence, because the
maturity date of all of the obligations secured by the recorded mortgage was not
ascertainable from face of the record of the recorded mortgage, the twenty-year statute
of repose of section 95.281(1)(b) applies. Since Pathfinder's foreclosure complaint was
filed before the expiration of that twenty-year period, its action is not barred by the
statute of repose, and the trial court erred by dismissing the complaint on this basis.
We recognize that this application of section 95.281(1) appears to conflict
with the purpose of recording documents in the public records. Documents such as
mortgages are recorded in the public records to provide a measure of certainty about
the ownership of real property and the encumbrances on that property and to protect
subsequent purchasers from claims arising from unrecorded instruments. See, e.g.,
Mayfield v. First City Bank of Fla., 95 So. 3d 398, 401 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012). Recordation
is also the source of imputing constructive knowledge of claims to subsequent
purchasers. Id. With those purposes in mind, it seems counterintuitive—and
counterproductive—to provide a longer statute of repose when the recorded documents
provide less certain information. The law should encourage specificity in recorded
- 11 -
documents—not ambiguity. Nevertheless, it is this court's role to apply the law as
written rather than to question the wisdom of the legislature in enacting those laws.
Therefore, we are constrained by the language of section 95.281(1) to conclude that the
statute of repose does not bar Pathfinder's foreclosure action.
For both of these reasons, we reverse the dismissal of Pathfinder's
foreclosure complaint and remand for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
PLEUS, ROBERT J., JR., ASSOCIATE SENIOR JUDGE, Concurs.
KELLY, J., Concurs in result only.
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CCM Pathfinder Palm Harbor Management, LLC v. Unknown Heirs, Devisees, Grantees, Assignees, Lienors, Creditors, Trustees, or other of Norman W. Gendron
Combined Opinion