In Re: Kaliyah S.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
September 4, 2014 Session

IN RE KALIYAH S. ET AL.

Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals, Eastern Section
Juvenile Court for Bradley County
No. J-08-435 Daniel Ray Swafford, Judge

No. E2013-01352-SC-R11-PT - Filed January 22, 2015

In this petition to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent, we granted
permission to appeal to address whether the State is required to prove that it made reasonable
efforts to reunify the parent with the child as a precondition to termination. We hold that it
is not. An action to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent is governed by
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113. The language of Section 36-1-113 makes the State’s
efforts to assist the respondent parent one of the factors to be considered in determining
whether termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. After reviewing the
language of Section 36-1-113, other pertinent statutes, the legislative history, and caselaw
interpreting Section 36-1-113, we hold that, in a termination proceeding, the extent of the
efforts made by the State is weighed in the court’s best-interest analysis, but the State need
not prove that it made reasonable efforts as an essential component of its petition to terminate
parental rights. In so doing, we overrule In re C.M.M., No. M2003-01122-COA-R3-PT,
2004 WL 438326 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2004), and its progeny to the extent that those
cases required the State to prove reasonable efforts as an essential component of the
termination petition. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and
reinstate the judgment of the juvenile court terminating the parental rights of the respondent
father.

Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Appeals
Reversed; Judgment of the Trial Court Reinstated

HOLLY KIRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which SHARON G. LEE, C.J.,
and CORNELIA A. CLARK, GARY R. WADE, and JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JJ., joined.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Joseph E. Whalen, Acting Solicitor
General; Alexander S. Rieger, Assistant Attorney General; and Kathryn A. Baker, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellant, Tennessee Department of Children’s Services

Wilton Marble, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellee, Rontez L.

OPINION

F ACTS AND P ROCEEDINGS B ELOW

Kayla S. (“Mother”) is the biological mother of two children, the child at issue in this
appeal, Kaliyah S., born in July 2008, and Kaliyah’s younger sister Jaya P., born in January
2010. Respondent/Appellee Rontez L. (“Father”) is Kaliyah’s biological father. Josh P.
(“Josh”) is the biological father of the younger child, Jaya. This appeal reviews only the
termination of Father’s parental rights as to the older child, Kaliyah.

Factual Background

By the time Kaliyah was born, Mother and Father were no longer together, and
Mother had begun a relationship with Josh. Mother, Josh, and Father all knew that Father,
and not Josh, is Kaliyah’s biological father. Despite this knowledge, Mother listed Josh as
Kaliyah’s father on the child’s birth certificate. After Kaliyah’s birth, Mother, Josh, and
Kaliyah lived together as a family in Bradley County, Tennessee.

In October 2008, when Kaliyah was about three months old, the Petitioner/Appellant
State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services (“DCS” or “the State”) responded to
a call from the home of Mother and Josh and found suspicious bruises on Kaliyah. DCS filed
a dependency and neglect petition in the Juvenile Court for Bradley County (“Juvenile
Court”) against both Mother and Josh. The Juvenile Court entered an order finding Kaliyah
dependent and neglected and removed the child from the home. The order included a no-
contact provision that prohibited Josh from having any contact with Kaliyah. Kaliyah was
placed in a foster home.

The permanency plan DCS subsequently developed for Mother and Josh referenced
its ongoing child abuse investigation and the no-contact order against Josh. Despite this,
Mother continued her relationship with Josh. The younger child, Jaya, was conceived while
Kaliyah was in DCS custody.

On June 25, 2009, DCS returned Kaliyah to Mother’s custody. At the time, it
appeared to DCS that it was safe to return the child to Mother’s care because Josh was no

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longer living with Mother and the no-contact order against Josh remained in effect. Not long
after that, Josh moved back in with Mother and Kaliyah.

Jaya was born in January 2010. By October 2010, Mother, Josh, Kaliyah, and Jaya
had moved into an extended-stay motel room in Cleveland, Tennessee. Mother attended
school and worked one or two jobs. While Mother was away, Josh was the caregiver for
two-year-old Kaliyah and infant Jaya.

Meanwhile, Father spent a significant amount of time in jail. From February 2009 to
August 2009, Father was incarcerated on several drug offenses. In December 2009, Father
was convicted on a domestic assault charge. Shortly after that, he was convicted on a
vandalism charge and returned to jail in February 2010 for violating parole. He was again
released on probation in July 2010. A short time later, he was re-arrested for domestic
assault. He pleaded guilty and received a 364-day sentence. Father was released on
November 29, 2011, just a week before commencement of the trial in this case.

When Father was not in jail, Mother occasionally brought Kaliyah to visit Father at
his home.1 At times when Kaliyah was in foster care and Father was not in jail, he visited
her occasionally in her foster home. At no point, however, did Father seek or have custody
of Kaliyah. He never had any regular structured parenting time with the child, and he never
paid any child support for her.

In May 2010, during one of Father’s prison stays, the State of Tennessee filed a
petition on Mother’s behalf to establish Father’s paternity as to Kaliyah. In response, Father
waived his right to a DNA test and admitted that he is Kaliyah’s biological father.2 On May
6, 2010, the Juvenile Court entered an order establishing Father as Kaliyah’s biological father
and ordering him to make child support payments. Father made no support payments
according to that order or otherwise.

On the morning of November 22, 2010, eleven-month-old Jaya began having
seizures. Emergency medical personnel were called and Jaya was air-lifted to a local
hospital. Once there, the child was found to have suffered a horrifying array of injuries,
including intracranial hemorrhaging, retinal bleeding in both eyes, and fractures in both
legs. Some of the injuries were old, and others had occurred within seventy-two hours before

1
In his later testimony in the termination proceedings, Father asserted that Mother first brought
Kaliyah to visit him when the child was four months old. The record indicates, however, that by the time
Kaliyah was four months old, DCS had taken the child into protective custody and she was in foster care.
2
At some point, Josh took a paternity test and was excluded as Kaliyah’s biological father.

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the child was admitted to the hospital. DCS received a report diagnosing infant Jaya with
possible shaken baby syndrome.3 DCS concluded that Jaya’s injuries resulted from abuse by
either Mother, Josh, or both.

In the wake of the diagnosis of Jaya’s injuries, DCS took both Kaliyah and Jaya into
emergency protective custody. Both were placed in foster care.

Termination Proceedings

On November 30, 2010, about a week after the children were taken into DCS
protective custody, DCS filed a combined petition in the Juvenile Court, asserting that
Kaliyah and Jaya were dependent and neglected and seeking termination of the parental
rights of both Mother and Josh. The petition alleged that Mother and Josh had committed
severe abuse against both children.4 Severe abuse was the basis for DCS’s request for a
declaration of dependency and neglect as well as the statutory ground for termination of the
parental rights of Mother and Josh.5 See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4) (2014) (listing
severe abuse in dependency and neglect proceedings as ground for termination of parental
rights); id. § 37-1-102(b)(21) (2014) (defining severe abuse, which is a basis for a finding
of dependency and neglect). The Juvenile Court gave DCS temporary protective custody of
both children pending a hearing.

On December 2, 2010, after a preliminary hearing, the Juvenile Court found probable
cause to conclude that both children were dependent and neglected by reason of severe
abuse. Based on this finding, it excused DCS from making reasonable efforts to reunify the
children with either Mother or Josh.6 See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(4)(A) (2014).

3
Shaken baby syndrome generally refers to medical findings of a serious brain injury caused by
forcefully shaking a baby, usually out of frustration or anger. It is often accompanied by bleeding in the
brain or eyes, and there may be no outward signs of injury.
4
As relevant to this appeal, “severe child abuse” is defined as: “The knowing exposure of a child
to or the knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury
or death and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death . . . .”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(21)(A)(i) (2014).
5
A finding of severe abuse in dependency and neglect proceedings has serious ramifications not
ordinarily at stake in cases of less severe conduct, since a finding of severe abuse can serve as a ground for
termination of parental rights. In re Samaria S., 347 S.W.3d 188, 201 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011).
6
As discussed in detail below, Tennessee statutes require DCS to make reasonable efforts to reunify
a family after the child is removed from the home. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(2) (2014). Based on the
aggravated-circumstances exception to this general rule, codified in subsection (g)(4)(A) of the statute, DCS

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 When DCS filed its Juvenile Court petition against Mother and Josh, it was laboring
under the mistaken belief that Josh, listed as the father on Kaliyah’s birth certificate, was
Kaliyah’s biological father. Eventually, DCS discovered that Father had been determined
to be Kaliyah’s biological father in separate paternity proceedings. A DCS caseworker then
located Father, who was incarcerated at the time. In December 2010, DCS prepared a
permanency plan for Father and brought it to him in jail. Father signed the plan and mailed
it back to DCS.

On May 25, 2011, while Father was still incarcerated, DCS amended its Juvenile
Court petition to include Father as a respondent and to seek termination of his parental rights
as to Kaliyah. In the amended petition, the ground for termination of Father’s parental rights
was abandonment by engaging in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibited wanton
disregard for the child’s welfare.7 Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1), -102(1)(A)(iv). In
apparent reliance on the aggravated-circumstances exception in Section 37-1-166(g)(4)(A),8
DCS averred: “Reasonable efforts [to reunify] are not required in the termination grounds
against [Father].” DCS also asserted in the amended petition that Kaliyah’s best interest
would be served by terminating Father’s parental rights.

Beginning on December 5, 2011, the Juvenile Court conducted a trial in this matter
on six, non-consecutive days over the course of some fifteen months, concluding on March
11, 2013. Much of the testimony at trial centered on the abuse of the children by Mother and
Josh. The evidence related to Father was undisputed in all relevant respects. It included
Father’s October 2012 testimony that he was again incarcerated, this time on additional
charges of aggravated assault and aggravated domestic assault, and that he would not be
eligible for release from prison until early 2013.

need not make such reasonable efforts if a court of competent jurisdiction determines that the parent has
subjected the child, a sibling, a half-sibling, or any other child living in the home to “aggravated
circumstances,” including “severe child abuse, as defined in § 37-1-102.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 37-1-166(g)(4)(A) (incorporating definition of “aggravated circumstances” found in Section 36-1-102(9)
(2014)).
7
“We have repeatedly held that probation violations, repeated incarceration, criminal behavior,
substance abuse, and the failure to provide adequate support or supervision for a child can, alone or in
combination, constitute conduct that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of a child.” In re Audrey
S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 867-68 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
8
The statutory definition of the term “aggravated circumstances” includes abandonment, as well as
other behaviors such as aggravated assault, aggravated child abuse and neglect, aggravated and especially
aggravated sexual exploitation, rape, incest, and severe child abuse. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(9).

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 On the last day of trial, at the end of the State’s case-in-chief, Father’s attorney made
an oral motion to dismiss the termination petition against Father. As the basis for the motion,
counsel for Father stated: “[N]othing in the file . . . indicates the State made any reasonable
efforts with respect to [Father]. And I think what had happened was because [Father] had
been lumped in with two potential abusers, and in severe abuse cases [DCS does not] have
to make reasonable efforts.” Counsel for Father noted that the termination petition did not
even allege that DCS had made reasonable efforts as to Father, but instead maintained that
reasonable efforts were not required. The Juvenile Court reserved its ruling on Father’s
motion.

On May 30, 2013, the Juvenile Court entered an order terminating the parental rights
of Mother, Josh, and Father. Termination as to Mother and Josh was based on the ground
of severe abuse. As to Father, the Juvenile Court held that DCS had proven the ground of
abandonment by engaging in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibited wanton disregard
for Kaliyah’s welfare. Because it had proven that ground for termination, the Juvenile Court
held that DCS was “therefore absolved of the requirement of making reasonable efforts” as
to Father. The Juvenile Court also found that termination was in Kaliyah’s best interest, so
it granted DCS’s petition to terminate Father’s parental rights.

Father appealed the termination of his parental rights as to Kaliyah. Mother and Josh
did not appeal.

Intermediate Appellate Court Decision

The Court of Appeals issued a divided decision reversing the Juvenile Court’s
termination of Father’s parental rights. In re Kaliyah S., No. E2013-01352-COA-R3-PT,
2014 WL 819419 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2014). The majority disagreed with the trial
court’s holding that proving the ground of abandonment absolved DCS of its duty to make
reasonable efforts as to Father. Interpreting the aggravated-circumstances exception in
Section 37-1-166(g)(4)(A), the majority held that DCS is not relieved of its duty to make
reasonable efforts until after a court of competent jurisdiction has made an adjudication that
the alleged aggravating circumstances exist, and not before. Id. at *9 (citing In re B.L.C.,
No. M2007-01011-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 4322068, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2007)).
Consequently, the majority concluded that, until the time at which the Juvenile Court made
an actual finding of aggravated circumstances with respect to Father, DCS was required to
make reasonable efforts to assist Father. Because such reasonable efforts were not made, the
majority reversed the termination of Father’s parental rights. Id. at *9-10.

In a dissenting opinion, Judge D. Michael Swiney expressed the view that, when
aggravated circumstances are present, DCS is relieved of its duty to make reasonable efforts

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to reunify from the time the child is removed from the home. Id. at *11 (Swiney, J.,
dissenting). The dissent reasoned that, under the statutory definition of aggravated
circumstances, abandonment is treated the same as the other more severe aggravated
circumstances. Id. (citing Section 36-1-102(9)). Under the majority’s holding, the dissent
argued, DCS would be required to make reasonable efforts at reunification pending a hearing
even where more egregious aggravated circumstances were involved, such as where the
parent had perpetrated severe sexual abuse or rape against the child. Interpreting Section 37-
1-166(g)(4)(A), Judge Swiney argued that this result was not intended by the Tennessee
Legislature and concluded that he would affirm the trial court’s termination of Father’s
parental rights. Id.

Both the majority and dissent noted a split of authority within the Court of Appeals
regarding the point at which DCS is relieved of its duty to make reasonable efforts when
aggravated circumstances are involved. Based on this split, both viewed the instant case as
appropriate for this Court’s consideration. See id. at *9 (majority opinion); id. at *12
(Swiney, J., dissenting).

The State appealed the decision of the intermediate appellate court. We granted the
State’s application for permission to appeal.

I SSUE ON A PPEAL

The issue as framed by the Court of Appeals presupposes that, in this proceeding to
terminate Father’s parental rights, DCS must prove that it made reasonable efforts as to
Father unless and until a court of competent jurisdiction finds aggravated circumstances. The
majority and dissent disagreed only on the point at which DCS is relieved of its obligation
to make reasonable efforts.

On appeal to this Court, the State raises an argument that disputes the premise of the
issue as framed by the majority and the dissent on the intermediate appellate court. The State
argues that Section 37-1-166(g)—which requires DCS to make reasonable efforts to reunify
the family after a child is removed from the home based on dependency and neglect—is
generally not applicable in proceedings to terminate parental rights. It notes that, under the
statutory framework, dependency and neglect issues are addressed separately from
termination issues. The State claims that proving Section 37-1-166 reasonable efforts is a
precondition to termination of parental rights only to the extent that the reasonable-efforts
requirement is specifically incorporated into the termination statute.

In response, Father notes that the argument made by the State to this Court was not
made to either the trial court or to the intermediate appellate court. He contends that the

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argument therefore has been waived, citing the longstanding principle that issues not raised
at trial will not be considered for the first time on appeal. Lawrence v. Stanford, 655 S.W.2d
927, 929 (Tenn. 1983). The State disagrees, claiming that it “has consistently argued at trial
and on appeal that it had no obligation to make reasonable efforts.” Assuming arguendo that
the argument is new, the State contends that it should nevertheless be permitted to raise it
because the Court of Appeals expanded the reasonable-efforts requirement to include all
termination proceedings, a holding that “was unforeseen and unsolicited by the parties.” This
forced the State to address the issue on appeal to this Court.

Rules 13(b) and 36(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, considered
together, give appellate courts considerable discretion to consider issues that have not been
properly presented in order to achieve fairness and justice.9 Heatherly v. Merrimack Mut.
Fire Ins. Co., 43 S.W.3d 911, 916 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (citing Aaron v. Aaron, 909
S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tenn. 1995)). “Taken together, these rules permit appellate courts to grant
complete relief to the parties as long as they have been given fair notice and an opportunity
to be heard on the dispositive issues.” Id. (citing Realty Shop, Inc. v. RR Westminster
Holding, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 581, 608 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)).

In this case, we exercise our discretion to address the larger issue of whether DCS is
required to prove that it made reasonable efforts under Section 37-1-166 as a precondition
to termination of parental rights.10 First, the question impacts a biological parent’s right to

9
Rule 13(b) states:

Review generally will extend only to those issues presented for review. The appellate court
shall also consider whether the trial and appellate court[s] have jurisdiction over the subject
matter, whether or not presented for review, and may in its discretion consider other issues
in order, among other reasons: (1) to prevent needless litigation, (2) to prevent injury to the
interests of the public, and (3) to prevent prejudice to the judicial process.

Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b).

Rule 36(a) states:

[Appellate courts] shall grant the relief on the law and facts to which the party is entitled or
the proceeding otherwise requires and may grant any relief . . .; provided, however, relief
may not be granted in contravention of the province of the trier of fact.

Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).
10
We recognize the importance of the issue highlighted by the Court of Appeals in its divided
decision, but we consider the argument made by the State on appeal to this Court to be of overriding
importance.

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the care and custody of his or her child, a right that is among the oldest of the judicially
recognized liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state
constitutions. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn. 2007); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993); In
re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Moreover, the issue raised
by the State presents an important question of law and a matter of great public interest. As
discussed more fully below, our review indicates that a number of Tennessee cases have
applied the reasonable-efforts requirement to proceedings on termination of parental rights
in a manner that is inconsistent with the statutory language and framework enacted by our
Legislature. Therefore, we deem it prudent to consider the merits of the argument raised by
the State on appeal to this Court.

A NALYSIS

We first examine the relevant statutes and their legislative history, with an eye toward
the development of the reasonable-efforts requirement and its relation to Section 36-1-113,
the statute governing termination of parental rights. We then review Tennessee cases
involving termination of parental rights, focusing on those that have factored DCS’s
reasonable efforts into the analysis. Finally, we interpret Section 36-1-113 to determine the
circumstances under which DCS must prove that it made reasonable efforts to reunify child
and parent as a precondition to terminating parental rights.

Statutes

In Tennessee, proceedings to terminate parental rights are governed by statute. In re
S.M., Jr., No. 01-A-01-9506-JV-00233, 1996 WL 140410, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29,
1996) (“Termination proceedings are civil in nature and statutory in origin.”); see Osborn
v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn. 2004). Determining the circumstances, if any, under
which DCS must prove reasonable efforts in a proceeding to terminate parental rights
necessitates an in-depth examination of the applicable Tennessee statutes. As will be seen
below, it requires us to look at the evolution of Tennessee statutes on adoption, on
dependency and neglect, and on termination of parental rights.

In the early 1970s, the statutes governing termination proceedings were scattered
about in many sections of the Tennessee Code. Prior to 1977, the primary way to
involuntarily terminate the parental rights of a biological parent was to prove that the child
had been abandoned. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-110 (1977); id. § 37-203(a)(2)
(1977). Adjudicating a child to have been “abandoned” amounted to a substitute for the
biological parent’s consent to adoption. There were no specific procedures for termination

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of the parental rights of a biological parent. See id. § 36-102(5)(1), (2) (1977); id. § 37-246
(1977).

In 1977, Tennessee’s General Assembly amended Section 37-246, the primary statute
on termination of parental rights at that time. The amendment expanded the grounds for
termination and set out procedures for termination proceedings. See id. § 37-246 (Supp.
1978) (as amended by 1977 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 482, § 6). Section 37-246 as amended
permitted courts to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent if the petitioner
established abandonment, severe child abuse, substantial noncompliance with a foster care
plan (now a permanency plan), or the ground now known as “persistent conditions.” See id.
§ 37-246(c), (d)(1)–(3) (Supp. 1978) (as amended by 1977 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 482, § 6).

The 1977 amendment also required the petitioner to prove that termination of the
parental rights of the biological parent was in the best interest of the child. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 37-246(d), (e) (Supp. 1978). The new best-interest provision included six factors for courts
to consider in determining “whether there is a likelihood that the child can be returned to the
parent in the near future” or “whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests
of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-246(e) (Supp. 1978) (as amended by 1977 Tenn. Pub.
Acts ch. 482, § 6). The second of the six factors was: “Whether the parent has effected a
lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social agencies for such duration of
time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 37-246(e)(2) (Supp. 1978) (emphasis added). In this context, the reasonable-efforts
requirement first appeared in Tennessee statutory law.

At the time, the objective of Tennessee’s adoption and juvenile statutes was to keep
biological families intact. The same policy informed legislation at the national level. In
1980, the federal government enacted the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of
1980 (“AACWA”). See Pub. L. No. 96-272, 94 Stat. 500 (1980) (codified as amended at 42
U.S.C. § 671 (2012)). The AACWA was enacted for the express purpose of furthering
“family preservation . . . with a goal of reuniting children with their families after reasonable
efforts by social services.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000) (citing In re Lilley,
719 A.2d 327, 332 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998)). The Act sought to facilitate a nationwide child
welfare system that would keep children with their biological parents and reduce foster care
placements. David J. Herring, Inclusion of the Reasonable Efforts Requirement in
Termination of Parental Rights Statutes: Punishing the Child for the Failures of the State
Child Welfare System, 54 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 139, 152, 158 (1992) (hereinafter “Herring, 54 U.
Pitt. L. Rev.”). To do so, Congress offered federal funding for foster care to states that
enacted legislation in conformity with the federal regulations. See id. at 150; 42 U.S.C. §
671. Under the plan, participating states had to require their state agencies to make
reasonable efforts to keep children in their parents’ home. If foster care nevertheless became

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necessary, participating states were required to make reasonable efforts to reunify the family
as soon as practicable. See 42 U.S.C. § 671(a)(15)(B) (“[R]easonable efforts shall be made
to preserve and reunify families—(i) prior to the placement of a child in foster care, to
prevent or eliminate the need for removing the child from the child’s home; and (ii) to make
it possible for a child to return to the child’s home[.]”); see also In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at
493 (citing Debra Ratterman et al., Reasonable Efforts to Prevent Foster Placement: A
Guide to Implementation 1 (2d ed. 1987)).

When the federal law was enacted in 1980, it did not define the term “reasonable
efforts,” so the participating states were left to define it for themselves. Herring, 54 U. Pitt.
L. Rev. at 152, 154 (noting that, in defining “reasonable efforts,” state legislators typically
declined to “put any meat on the bare-boned federal reasonable efforts requirement” because
a state agency’s failure to make reasonable efforts could result in a loss of federal funds for
foster care, without which “the state child welfare system would break down
completely”). Courts all over the country began interpreting the federal reasonable-efforts
requirement; this resulted in varying definitions of “reasonable efforts” and differences
among states on the juncture at which the state agency had to make efforts to reunify
families. Id.

In an effort to comply with the federal laws and thus secure federal funding for foster
care, some states added a reasonable-efforts requirement to the statutory grounds for
termination of parental rights. Id. at 156-57. States that did so, some scholars later observed,
saw children suffer “by being denied a permanent home and by having instead to continue
participating in a plan to reunify the biological family” even when “there [was] no hope that
the parents [would] be able to provide a minimally adequate home.” Id. at 157. (“The result
in states that have added the reasonable efforts requirement to their [termination of parental
rights] statutes has been to trap children in temporary foster care placements.”). During this
time period, Tennessee’s Legislature did not enact a specific reasonable-efforts requirement.

In the early 1990s, Tennessee’s Legislature finally codified a reasonable-efforts
requirement in Section 37-1-166(g). The legislative history indicates that a primary goal of
the new statute was to comply with the federal requirements in order to preserve federal
funding for foster care.11 Sponsoring legislators thought that federal funding would be
imperiled if the Legislature failed to require juvenile courts in every case to make a specific
finding on reasonable efforts to reunify the subject family:

11
Some legislators had significant reservations about the proposed legislation. Senator Doug Henry
referred to it as “a bad bill, it’s a rachet bill.” Debate on H.B. 1146/S.B. 1324 Before the Joint Legis. Sess.,
87th Gen. Assemb. (Tenn. Mar. 9, 1992) (statement of Sen. Henry).

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 If we don’t have a true reasonable-efforts test applied by the court on an
individual case basis, we have a real risk, either we will lose federal funds or,
in sometime in the future, the federal government will come in, after an audit,
and say we will have to repay those dollars and it could be millions and
millions of dollars involved.

See Debate on H.B. 1146/S.B. 1324 Before the Joint Legis. Sess., 87th Gen. Assemb. (Tenn.
Mar. 9, 1992) (statement of Sen. Darnell).

The new Section 37-1-166 was entitled, “Orders committing or retaining a child
within the custody of the department of human services – Required determinations.” It
defined the term “reasonable efforts” as “the exercise of reasonable care and diligence by the
[Tennessee Department of Human Services] to provide services related to meeting the needs
of the child and the family.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g) (Supp. 1992)(as enacted by
1992 Pub. Acts ch. 587, § 2). It specifically required the State to make reasonable efforts to
prevent removal of the child from the home and to reunify the family if removal became
necessary. Id. Neither the language of this statute nor its legislative history contains any
indication that the Legislature contemplated whether the State’s reasonable efforts to reunify
would be considered in the context of a proceeding to terminate parental rights.

In 1993, Tennessee formed a study commission on adoption. The commission sought
to shift the State’s focus away from the interests of the parents to focus on children’s need
for stability and permanency, and to bring uniformity to the laws governing the termination
of parental rights.12 See Debate on H.B. 406, Before the House, 90th Gen. Assemb. (Tenn.
May 18, 1995) (statements by Rep. Fowlkes).

The work of the adoption commission resulted in a comprehensive revision of
Tennessee’s adoption statutes, enacted in 1995. The changes included an overhaul of the
statutes on the rights of biological parents and the procedures for terminating parental
rights. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 862 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); see Diana L. Schmied,
A Roadmap Through Tennessee’s New Adoption Statute, 27 U. Mem. L. Rev. 885, 886-87
(1997) (hereinafter “Schmied, 27 U. Mem. L. Rev.”).

The 1995 amendments removed the provisions on termination of parental rights from
Title 37 on juveniles, foster care, and dependency and neglect proceedings and consolidated

12
In the legislative debate on the legislation proposed by the commission, Representative Fowlkes
described the prior statutes as an “antiquated” statutory scheme that treated children as the property of the
biological parents, like “automobiles” or “cattle.” See Debate on H.B. 406, Before the House, 90th Gen.
Assemb. (Tenn. May 18, 1995) (statements by Rep. Fowlkes).

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the termination provisions into a single separate statute in Title 36—Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-113. Unlike the previous termination provisions, the new statute, Section
36-1-113, specifically applied to both the State and to private parties who sought to terminate
the parental rights of a biological parent, such as prospective adoptive parents.13 Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113 (1996) (as amended by 1995 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 532 (H.B. 406)); Schmied,
27 U. Mem. L. Rev. at 886-87.

The new termination statute included specific procedures for terminating the parental
rights of biological parents who would not consent to termination. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113; see In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 862. It clarified the now-familiar two-prong
test for termination of parental rights—grounds and best interest. A petitioner seeking
termination was required to prove that at least one of the six listed grounds for termination
existed, and that termination of the biological parent’s parental rights was in the child’s best
interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). The new statute listed nine factors to be
considered in determining the child’s best interest. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(h);
Schmied, 27 U. Mem. L. Rev. at 890 & n.35. The second best-interest factor remained
unchanged—whether the parent had “failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable
efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment
does not reasonably appear possible.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(h)(2) (emphasis added).
Thus, under the new termination statute, the State’s reasonable efforts to reunify the child
with the biological parent continued to be only a factor considered in determining whether
termination was in the child’s best interest.

The 1995 overhaul of the adoption and termination procedures left intact the 1992
reasonable-efforts requirement set forth in Section 37-1-166. See 1995 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch.
532 (amending significant portions of Titles 36, 37, 68, and 71, “and any other part of
Tennessee Code Annotated . . . relative to adoption, foster care, and adoption records,” but
making no changes to Section 37-1-166). The reasonable-efforts requirement remained in
Title 37 as part of the juvenile statutes, addressing foster care and dependency and neglect
proceedings, and was not expressly incorporated into Section 36-1-113, the new termination
statute.

By November 1997, federal officials recognized that the prior AACWA goal of
preserving and reunifying families had worked to the detriment of some children. They
discovered that, in some cases, continued efforts to reunify the child with a parent who had

13
The new termination statute provided specifically that “[t]he prospective adoptive parent(s) of the
child, any licensed child-placing agency having custody of the child, the child’s guardian ad litem, a court
appointed special advocate (CASA) agency, or the department shall have standing to file a petition” to
terminate a biological parent’s rights. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(b) (1996).

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lost custody resulted in the child languishing in foster care for many years. This realization
prompted enactment of the Federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (“ASFA”). In
re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493 (citing In re Lilley, 719 A.2d at 332). The ASFA changed gears
to “broaden[] the focus of reunification to place greater emphasis on the health and safety of
the child, . . . mandate[] a permanent home for a child as early as possible[,] . . . [and] also
eliminate[] the reasonable effort requirement for certain types of parental behavior.” Id.
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 675(5)(C); In re Lilley, 719 A.2d at 333). Thus, the ASFA shifted the
federal objective from reunification to giving children a permanent home as soon as
possible. Kathleen S. Bean, Reasonable Efforts: What State Courts Think, 36 U. Tol. L. Rev.
321, 335-36 (2005) (citing In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493).

Ever mindful of retaining federal funding for foster care, states again amended their
statutes to comply with the ASFA. Tennessee’s effort to comply with the federal mandates
took the form of amending Section 37-1-166(g). Tennessee legislators were told that
amending Section 37-1-166(g) was important to secure continued federal funding for foster
care, and that it would also benefit children by expediting permanency. See Hearing on H.B.
2875, Before the House Children & Fam. Aff. Comm., 93d Gen. Assemb. (Tenn. Mar. 4,
1998) (testimony of Jane Chittick, Director of Adoptions at DCS). The amended statute
redefined the term “reasonable efforts” to emphasize the child’s health and safety and listed
situations in which DCS did not have to make reasonable efforts to reunify the family.14

14
Section 37-1-166(g) as amended provided:

(1) As used in this section, “reasonable efforts” means the exercise of reasonable care and
diligence by the department to provide services related to meeting the needs of the child and
the family. In determining reasonable efforts to be made with respect to a child, as
described in this paragraph, and in making such reasonable efforts, the child’s health and
safety shall be the paramount concern.

(2) Except as provided in subparagraph (4), reasonable efforts shall be made to preserve and
reunify families:

(A) prior to the placement of a child in foster care, to prevent or eliminate
the need for removing the child from the child’s home; and

(B) to make it possible for a child to safely return to the child’s home.

(3) If continuation of reasonable efforts of the type described in subparagraph (2) is
determined to be inconsistent with the permanency plan for the child, reasonable efforts
shall be made to place the child in a timely manner in accordance with the permanency plan,
and to complete whatever steps are necessary to finalize the permanent placement of the
child.

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(4) Reasonable efforts of the type described in subparagraph (2) shall not be required to be
made with respect to a parent of a child if a court of competent jurisdiction has determined
that:

(A) the parent has subjected the child that is the subject of the petition or
any sibling or half-sibling of the child who is the subject of the petition or
any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home to
aggravated circumstances as defined in Section 3 of this act;

(B) as set out in Section 8 of this act, the parent has:

(i) committed murder of any sibling or half-sibling of the
child who is the subject of the petition or any other child
residing temporarily or permanently in the home;

(ii) committed voluntary manslaughter of any sibling or
half-sibling of the child who is the subject of the petition
or any other child residing temporarily or permanently in
the home;

(iii) aided or abetted, attempted, conspired, or solicited to
commit such a murder or such a voluntary manslaughter of
the child or any sibling or half-sibling of the child who is
the subject of the petition or any other child residing
temporarily or permanently in the home; or

(iv) committed a felony assault that results in serious
bodily injury to the child or any sibling or half-sibling of
the child who is the subject of the petition or any other
child residing temporarily or permanently in the home; or

(C) the parental rights of the parent to a sibling or half-sibling have been
terminated involuntarily;

(5) If reasonable efforts of the type described in subparagraph (2) are not made with respect
to a child as a result of a determination made by a court of competent jurisdiction in
accordance with subparagraph (4):

(A) a permanency hearing shall be held for the child within 30 days after
the determination; and

(B) reasonable efforts shall be made to place the child in a timely manner
in accordance with the permanency plan, and to complete whatever steps
are necessary to finalize the permanent placement of the child.

(6) Reasonable efforts to place a child for adoption or with a legal guardian may be made

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1998 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 1097 (S.B. 3089); see also Debate on H.B. 2875, Before the House
Children & Fam. Aff. Comm., 93d Gen. Assemb. (Tenn. Mar. 4, 1998) (statements of Rep.
Scroggs). Incorporating language directly from the federal regulations, Section 37-1-166(g)
as amended relieved DCS of its duty to provide reasonable efforts to reunify “if a court of
competent jurisdiction has determined that” the child had been subjected to “aggravated
circumstances.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(4)(A); see 45 C.F.R. § 1356.21.15 At the
time the Legislature amended Section 37-1-166(g) to include the aggravated-circumstances
exception, it made no change to the recently enacted statute on termination of parental rights,
Section 36-1-113.

Thus, as Tennessee statutes exist today, Section 37-1-166(g), contained in Title 37 on
juveniles and addressing dependency and neglect proceedings, sets forth DCS’s duty to make
reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of children from their homes and to reunify parents
and children in the event that removal becomes necessary. Section 36-1-113, contained in
Title 36 on domestic relations and addressing general adoption proceedings, sets forth the
grounds and procedures for terminating the parental rights of a biological parent.

Parental Termination Cases and Reasonable Efforts

We next review Tennessee cases on termination of parental rights that involved the
issue of whether DCS had made reasonable efforts to reunify the family after the child was
removed from the home.

concurrently with reasonable efforts of the type described in subparagraph (2).

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g) (Supp. 1998).
15
Tennessee’s section 37-1-166(g) incorporates the following language from the relevant federal
regulation:

(3) Reasonable efforts to prevent a child’s removal from home or to reunify the child and
family are not required if the [state] agency obtains a judicial determination that such efforts
are not required because:

(i) A court of competent jurisdiction has determined that the parent has
subjected the child to aggravated circumstances (as defined in State [law]
. . . , which definition may include but need not be limited to abandonment,
torture, chronic abuse, and sexual abuse).

45 C.F.R. § 1356.21(b)(3)(i).

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 In cases decided after 1977 (when the termination statutes mentioned the the State’s
efforts to reunify only in the best-interest provisions) but before 1992 (when Tennessee
codified the reasonable-efforts requirement in Section 37-1-166), the question of DCS’s
reasonable efforts to reunify the family did not figure prominently in Tennessee courts’
decisions on whether to terminate parental rights.16 Even after the Legislature codified the
reasonable-efforts requirement in 1992, the extent of DCS’s efforts to reunify the family was
addressed in cases involving termination of parental rights only as a factor considered in the
best-interest analysis.17 See Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. L.L.T., No. E2003-00501-
COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 23094559, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2003); In re A.W., 114
S.W.3d 541, 545-46 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003); Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. T.S.W., No.
M2001-01735-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 970434, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 10, 2002); Tenn.
Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Henry, No. 02A01-9308-CV-00188, 1994 WL 704798, at *3-4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 1994).

That picture began to change in 2004, starting with an unreported but nevertheless
influential decision in In re C.M.M., No. M2003-01122-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 438326
(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2004). In that case, the Tennessee Court of Appeals discussed at
length whether the State is required to prove that it fulfilled its duty to provide reasonable
efforts under Section 37-1-166 in order to obtain termination of the parental rights of a
biological parent.

In In re C.M.M., two children were taken into DCS protective custody based on
allegations of dependency and neglect.18 Id. at *1. They were placed in the foster care of the

16
In one early case, the Tennessee Court of Appeals held that a parent’s rights could not be
terminated “[i]n the absence of any proof to show that reasonable efforts had been made by DHS to reunite
the family.” Tenn. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Caldwell, No. 82-251-II, slip. op. at 14 (Tenn. Ct. App. May
18, 1983). This holding, however, was based on the statutory scheme in effect long before the 1992
codification of the reasonable-efforts requirement in Section 37-1-166, and also before the 1995 overhaul
of the adoption statutes and the enactment of Section 36-1-113. Furthermore, the Caldwell court’s decision
was based on caselaw outside of Tennessee and not on any Tennessee authority. Perhaps for those reasons,
Caldwell has not been widely cited, and it appears to be an anomaly. But see In re Jeremy D., No.
01-A-01-9510-JV00479, 1996 WL 257495, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 17, 1996); Tenn. Dep’t of Human
Servs. v. Amundsen, No. 87-100-II, 1987 WL 18377, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 14, 1987).
17
The extent of DCS’s efforts to reunify the family was also examined in cases where the ground
for termination was abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home under Section 36-1-113(g)(1), and
Section 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii). See Baral v. Bombard, No. M2000-02429-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 1256246, at
*10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 5, 2002).
18
At the time DCS took the children into protective custody, the two children at issue and their three
siblings were not living with their parents but with their maternal grandmother. In re C.M.M., 2004 WL

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petitioners, who were social acquaintances of the children’s mother. The foster parents later
filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of the children’s parents. Id. at *2. The
petitioners named DCS as a respondent, so it was made a party to the termination
proceedings. Id. at *2 n.7. After a trial, the trial court granted the relief sought by the foster
parents based on the first three grounds listed in the termination statute: abandonment, 19
substantial non-compliance with the parenting plan, and persistent conditions. Id. at *3 n.13.
The mother appealed.

On appeal, the In re C.M.M. court underscored the importance of family to society and
the General Assembly’s policy of keeping families together where possible:

The concept of family is one of the fundamental building blocks of our
society. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-113(a) (2001). Parental autonomy is the
cornerstone of this concept. Thus, public policy strongly favors permitting
parents to raise their children as they see fit, free from unwarranted
governmental interference.

Because of the importance of family relationships, the General Assembly has
recognized that children should not be separated from their parents unless
separation is necessary for the children’s welfare or in the interest of public
safety. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 37-1-101(a)(3), 37-2-401(a) (2001). Even the
statutes defining the circumstances when the State may intervene in the
parent-child relationship reflect the General Assembly’s policy decisions that
separating parents and children should be a remedy of last resort, that the
Department should make “reasonable efforts” to preserve, repair, or restore
parent-child relationships whenever reasonably possible, and that the juvenile
court must independently determine that the remedial efforts the Department
proposes to engage in are reasonable.

In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *6 (citations omitted). After emphasizing the importance
of the Section 37-1-166 directive that DCS make reasonable efforts to “preserve, repair, or
restore” parent-child relationships, the court addressed the relationship between the statute on
reasonable efforts and the statute governing termination of parental rights:

There is a need to address the relationship between Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113 and Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166 regarding the Department’s

438326, at *1.
19
The type of abandonment found was not noted by the Court of Appeals in its decision.

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 obligation to preserve, repair, and restore parent-child relationships. The
Department’s brief implies that the “reasonable efforts” required by Tenn. Code
Ann. § 37-1-166 are somehow qualitatively and quantitatively different from
the “reasonable efforts” referred to in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113. The
Department is not required in every case to preserve or repair the parent-child
relationship. However, once the Department undertakes this obligation, the
courts should employ the same standards to determine whether the
Department’s remedial efforts have been reasonable.

Id. at *5. The In re C.M.M. court held that “the ‘reasonable efforts’ required by Tenn. Code
Ann. § 37-1-166 are precisely the same sort of ‘reasonable efforts’ required by Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113 [the termination statute].” Id. at *7. To reach this conclusion, the In re
C.M.M. court relied on the maxim in pari materia, that is, statutes must be construed together
when they relate to the same subject matter and share a common purpose. It found that
Section 37-1-166 on reasonable efforts shared a common purpose with Section 36-1-113 on
termination of parental rights.20 Id. at *7.

The In re C.M.M. court recognized that DCS “is not required in every case to preserve
or repair the parent-child relationship.” Id. at *5. However, the court held, “when the
termination proceeding involves grounds that implicate [DCS’s] obligation, establishing that
it made reasonable efforts to reunite the child with his or her parents is an essential ingredient
of the Department’s case.” Id. at *7 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted). Typically, it stated,
reasonable efforts by DCS are required in termination cases that are based on the first three
grounds listed in the termination statute, that is, abandonment,21 substantial noncompliance
with the permanency plan, and persistent conditions. In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7
n.27.

The In re C.M.M. court further held that, in cases in which the termination petition
alleges grounds that implicate DCS’s obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunify, DCS
bears the burden of proving that it made reasonable efforts pursuant to Section 37-1-166(b)22

20
The In re C.M.M. court noted that “the interlocking relationship between” the reasonable-efforts
statute and the termination statute is “reflected in each statute’s references to the other.” In re C.M.M., 2004
WL 43826, at *7 n.22.
21
In making this general statement, the court did not differentiate among the various definitions of
abandonment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A).
22
Subsection (b) states: “Whenever a juvenile court is making the determination required by
subsection (a) [regarding custody], the department has the burden of demonstrating that reasonable efforts
have been made to prevent the need for removal of the child or to make it possible for the child to return

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“even when the parent has not questioned the adequacy of its efforts.” In re C.M.M., 2004
WL 438326, at *7. In such instances, it stated, DCS “must establish that it has made
reasonable efforts to reunite the child with his or her parents by clear and convincing
evidence.” Id. at *8 (emphasis added) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)). On the facts
of that case, the In re C.M.M. court reversed the termination of the mother’s parental rights
because DCS did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that it had made reasonable
efforts to reunify the mother with her children.23 Id. at *9.

Similarly, in In re Tiffany B., the parents of the children at issue were drug addicts
who turned to petty crime to support their habit; when not incarcerated, they were homeless
and unemployed. In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d 148, 151-52 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). The
children were taken into DCS protective custody and placed in foster care, and DCS later filed
a petition to terminate their parental rights. After a hearing, the trial court terminated the
parental rights of both parents based on the first three grounds listed in the termination
statute: abandonment,24 substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan, and persistent
conditions. Id. at 154. Both parents appealed the termination of their parental rights.

On appeal, the In re Tiffany B. court emphasized that children’s well-being hinges on
DCS’s efforts to assist their parents: “The welfare of children living in a family setting is
inextricably linked to their parents’ ability to care for them.” Id. at 157. “[O]ne of the most
effective ways to improve the lives of dependent and neglected children,” the court observed,
“is to improve the ability of their parents to be nurturing caregivers.” Id. The opinion
detailed DCS’s responsibility to develop a permanency plan for every dependent and
neglected child and to make reasonable efforts to help parents rehabilitate themselves and
become better able to provide their children with a safe and stable home. Id. at 157-59.

The appellate court in In re Tiffany B. deemed DCS’s efforts in that case to be
lacking. A review of the evidence in the record, the opinion stated, left the court with “a
distinct impression that [DCS] did not expend much effort either to locate or to assist either
[parent] after it obtained custody of” the child, but instead expected the cocaine-addicted,
homeless, unemployed parents to initiate remedial efforts on their own. Id. at 160. The
appellate court reversed the termination as to both parents because DCS failed to prove “by

home.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(b).
23
The In re C.M.M. court did not explain why DCS would bear the burden of proving reasonable
efforts in a case in which the termination petition was filed by the foster parents, not DCS.
24
The trial court in In re Tiffany B. found three types of abandonment: failure to visit, failure to
pay support, and failure to provide a suitable home. In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 154.

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clear and convincing evidence” that it had made reasonable efforts to assist the parents and
reunify the family.25 Id.

In the wake of the In re C.M.M. and In re Tiffany B. decisions, in cases filed by DCS
to terminate parental rights, many courts began requiring DCS to prove that it had made
reasonable efforts to assist the respondent parent. Consistent with the language in In re
C.M.M. on termination grounds for which reasonable efforts was “implicated,” these cases
typically involved one of the first three grounds listed in the termination statute. See, e.g., In
re Arteria H., 326 S.W.3d 167, 178-79 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010); In re R.L.F., 278 S.W.3d 305,
315-16 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008); In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 518; see also In re Zeylon
T.S., No. E2011-00287-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 5052957, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 24,
2011); In re J.L.E., No. M2004-02133-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1541862, at *12 n.13 (Tenn.
Ct. App. June 30, 2005); In re B.B., No. M2003-01234-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 1283983, at
*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2004).

This Court has not addressed directly whether DCS is required to prove that it made
reasonable efforts to assist to reunify the parent and child as a precondition to termination. In
In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586 (Tenn. 2010), this Court discussed the reasonable-efforts
requirement in the context of a termination case but did not address the precise issue presented
here.

In In re Bernard T., the putative father’s parental rights were terminated based on
failure to comply with the parenting plan, persistent conditions, and failure to establish
paternity. Id. at 594-95. On appeal, a majority of the intermediate appellate court reversed
the termination because the record did not establish that DCS had made reasonable efforts to
assist the father in maintaining stable housing and income, nor that it had assisted the father
in establishing his paternity. Id. at 595.

On appeal to this Court in In re Bernard T., we opined that this was “the first occasion
for this Court to address the Department’s statutory obligation to use ‘reasonable efforts’ to
preserve, repair, and restore parent-child relationships whenever the circumstances require the
Department to intervene in family matters,” particularly with regard to persons who are not
legal parents. Id. at 599-600. The In re Bernard T. Court recognized that the duty to provide
reasonable efforts “arises when [DCS] first separates the child from his or her parents,” and
that this statutory duty “plays an important role” in termination proceedings. Id. at 600. It
stated that DCS’s duty to make reasonable efforts to assist parents typically arises in cases that
involve the first three grounds listed in the termination statute. The Court observed that, when

25
The appellate court did not dismiss the termination petition but instead remanded the case to the
trial court to permit DCS to put on additional proof of its efforts to assist the parents. Id. at 160 n.21.

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reasonable efforts are required in a given case, DCS may demonstrate that it fulfilled its duty
to establish that termination is in the child’s best interest under the second factor in Section
36-1-113(i)(2). Id. Ultimately, the Court reversed the decision of the Court of Appeals
because the record contained clear and convincing evidence that DCS made reasonable efforts
to assist the putative father. Id. at 606. Thus, the Court in In re Bernard T. discussed
reasonable efforts in the context of a termination proceeding, but it stopped short of holding
that, to obtain termination of parental rights, the State is required to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that it made reasonable efforts to assist the respondent parent.

Still based on the premise that DCS is required to prove reasonable efforts in
termination cases involving certain grounds, some courts have held that DCS could satisfy its
burden of proof by establishing either that it made reasonable efforts or that making
reasonable efforts to assist the parent would have been futile. See In re Q.D.B., No.
W2008-01933-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1362311, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 15, 2009); In re
T.L.N., No. M2008-01151-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 152544, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 21,
2009); Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Estes (In re Q.E.), 284 S.W.3d 790, 800 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2008); In re A.R., No. M2007-00618-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 4357837, at *11
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2007).

In still other parental termination cases, as demonstrated by the intermediate appellate
decision below, DCS has sought to avoid being required to prove reasonable efforts to reunify
the family by showing that there were “aggravated circumstances” that absolved it of the duty
to make such efforts. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(9); id. § 37-1-166(g)(4). Often this
has occurred in cases where the ground for termination is the one at issue in the instant
case—abandonment by conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits wanton disregard for the
child’s welfare.26 See In re Dacia S., No. E2012-01337-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 709635, at
*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 2013); In re Zada M., No. E2010-02207-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL
1361575, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 11, 2011); In re Arteria H., 326 S.W.3d at 183; In re
C.A.H., No. M2009-00769-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 5064953, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 22,
2009) (citing In re B.P.C., No. M2006-02084-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 1159199, at *11 & n.5
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 18, 2007)).

26
A few courts have held that other types of abandonment—abandonment by failure to visit or failure
to support—if proven, constitute an “aggravating circumstance” that relieves DCS of its obligation to make
reasonable efforts to reunify. In re Natasha A., No. M2012-01351-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 776211, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 21, 2013); Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs.
v. L.H., No. M2007-00170-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 2471500, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2007); Tenn.
Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.D.T., No. M2006-00671-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 2135427, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 31, 2006).

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 Meanwhile, in cases in which the subject child was never taken into DCS custody and
a private party filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent, the
private-party petitioner has not been required to prove reasonable efforts to reunify as a
precondition to termination. See In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 575 (Tenn. 2013); In
re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 391-92 (Tenn. 2009); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at
813; In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530-31 (Tenn. 2006); Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d
835, 839-40 (Tenn. 2002); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 876-77, 883; In re S.M., 149
S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). This holds true even in cases in which the subject
child was at some point taken into DCS custody—the private-party petitioner was nevertheless
not required to establish reasonable efforts as part of his case.27 See In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d
360, 364, 368 (Tenn. 2003); In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 182 (Tenn. 1999); Nash-Putnam
v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 172 (Tenn. 1996); In re London V.P., No. E2010-02650-COA-
R3-PT, 2011 WL 4477997, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 9, 2011); In re Joshua S., No.
E2010-01331-COA-R3-PT, 2011 WL 2464720, at *1-3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 16, 2011); In re
J.G.H., Jr., No. W2008-01913-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 2502003, at *6, *16 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 17, 2009); In re J.R.B., No. M2007-00442-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 3244637, at *4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Nov. 2, 2007); Stokes v. Arnold, 27 S.W.3d 516, 519, 521 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

Regardless of whether the petitioner is DCS or a private party, all of these cases apply
the same statute, Section 36-1-113, which governs termination of parental rights.

Interpretation of Section 36-1-113

We have reviewed the legislative history of the statutes on reasonable efforts and
termination of parental rights, as well as the caselaw addressing reasonable efforts in the
context of termination of parental rights. We now examine whether DCS must prove
reasonable efforts to assist the respondent parent in order to obtain termination of parental
rights. This task requires us to interpret Section 36-1-113, the statute governing termination
of parental rights.

In doing so, we are guided by the familiar rules of statutory construction. “The most
basic principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent
without unduly restricting or expanding a statute’s coverage beyond its intended
scope.” Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995) (citing State v. Sliger, 846 S.W.2d
262, 263 (Tenn. 1993)). “The text of the statute is of primary importance.” Mills v.
Fulmarque, 360 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2012). A statute should be read naturally and

27
Interestingly, the only termination case we have discovered in which a private-party petitioner was
required to establish that DCS made reasonable efforts at reunification is In re C.M.M., discussed herein. In
re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *8.

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reasonably, with the presumption that the legislature says what it means and means what it
says. See BellSouth Telecomms., Inc. v. Greer, 972 S.W.2d 663, 673 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).

Statutes that relate to the same subject matter or have a common purpose must be read
in pari materia so as to give the intended effect to both. “[T]he construction of one such
statute, if doubtful, may be aided by considering the words and legislative intent indicated by
the language of another statute.” Graham v. Caples, 325 S.W.3d 578, 582 (Tenn. 2010)
(quoting Wilson v. Johnson Cnty., 879 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Tenn. 1994)). We seek to adopt the
most “reasonable construction which avoids statutory conflict and provides for harmonious
operation of the laws.” Carver v. Citizen Utils. Co., 954 S.W.2d 34, 35 (Tenn. 1997). Issues
of statutory interpretation present a question of law, which we review de novo on appeal,
giving no deference to the lower court decision. Mills, 360 S.W.3d at 366; Lind v. Beaman
Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn. 2011).

We begin by looking at the language of Section 36-1-113. The statute provides that,
in order to obtain termination of the parental rights of a biological parent, a petitioner must
prove two elements by clear and convincing evidence: (1) at least one of the listed grounds
for termination, and (2) that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest.28 Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); see In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); In re
M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d at 392; In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 808-09; In re F.R.R.,
III, 193 S.W.3d at 530; Jones, 92 S.W.3d at 838; In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn.
2002); In re Adoption of E.N.R., 42 S.W.3d 26, 29 (Tenn. 2001). Grounds for termination and
consideration of the child’s best interest are the only two elements expressly listed in Section
36-1-113.

Section 36-1-113 does not include DCS’s reasonable efforts to reunify as a required
element to be established along with grounds and best interest. Rather, reasonable efforts is

28
Pursuant to section 36-1-113(c):

(c) Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:

(1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the
grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been
established; and

(2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best
interests of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). The party petitioning for termination has the burden of making both of these
showings. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010) (citing In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d at 639).

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referenced in one of the factors to be weighed in determining whether termination of parental
rights is in the child’s best interest. Section 36-1-113 directs a court to consider whether the
parent “has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts” have been
made. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(2) (emphasis added). As noted in our earlier
discussion, the reasonable-efforts factor in the best-interest determination has been in the
statutory framework from as early as 1977.

Apart from the reference in one of the best-interest factors, the phrase “reasonable
efforts” appears only tangentially in Section 36-1-113. The definition of one ground for
termination, abandonment, mentions reasonable efforts. Id. §§ 36-1-113(g)(l), -102(1)(A)(ii).29
In addition, Section 36-1-113 provides that DCS may elect not to file a petition to terminate
parental rights if it has not yet made reasonable efforts to reunify the parent and child. Id. §
36-1-113(h)(2)(C).30 Section 36-1-113 does not otherwise refer to DCS’s obligation to make
reasonable efforts to reunify the child with the parent.

Section 37-1-166, found in the dependency and neglect statutes, defines “reasonable
efforts” and outlines DCS’s obligation to make reasonable efforts to assist the biological parent

29
Reasonable efforts is mentioned in the second definition of the five definitions of abandonment,
namely, abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home:

(ii) The child has been removed from the home of the . . . parent or parents or a guardian or
guardians as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in which the child was found
to be a dependent and neglected child, as defined in § 37-1-102, and the child was placed
in the custody of the department or a licensed child-placing agency, that the juvenile court
found, or the court where the termination of parental rights petition is filed finds, that the
department or a licensed child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to prevent removal
of the child or that the circumstances of the child’s situation prevented reasonable efforts
from being made prior to the child’s removal; and for a period of four (4) months following
the removal, the department or agency has made reasonable efforts to assist the . . . parent
or parents or a guardian or guardians to establish a suitable home for the child, but that the
parent or parents or guardian or guardians have made no reasonable efforts to provide a
suitable home and have demonstrated a lack of concern for the child to such a degree that
it appears unlikely that they will be able to provide a suitable home for the child at an early
date. The efforts of the department or agency to assist a parent or guardian in establishing
a suitable home for the child may be found to be reasonable if such efforts exceed the efforts
of the parent or guardian toward the same goal, when the parent or guardian is aware that
the child is in the custody of the department . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii) (emphasis added).
30
We note that the language in this provision is permissive; that is, DCS is not required to forgo the
filing of a termination petition if it has not made reasonable efforts to assist the parent.

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in order to reunify the parent with the child. Id. § 37-1-166(g)(1). As noted above, the
aggravated-circumstances exception relieves DCS of this obligation when a court of competent
jurisdiction determines that aggravated circumstances, as defined in Section 36-1-102(a), are
involved. Section 37-1-166 does not explicitly reference the termination statute.

Thus, nothing in the plain language of Section 36-1-113 indicates that a petitioner in
a proceeding to terminate parental rights is in fact required to put on proof of DCS’s reasonable
efforts to assist the respondent parent. Rather, the language of the statute indicates only that
the trial court is to consider DCS’s reasonable efforts, or the lack thereof, in determining
whether termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest.31 See id. § 36-1-
113(i)(2). Likewise, Section 37-1-166, which details DCS’s obligation to make reasonable
efforts in a dependency and neglect proceeding, contains no language indicating that proof of
reasonable efforts is required in a termination proceeding. In cases in which DCS removes a
child from the home, Section 37-1-166 generally directs DCS to make reasonable efforts to
reunify the parent with the child unless DCS can show that it is not required to do so. Nothing
in Section 37-1-166, however, addresses proof on reasonable efforts in a termination
proceeding.

Reading Section 36-1-113 in pari materia with Section 37-1-166, the Court of Appeals
in In re C.M.M. concluded that, if DCS is directed under Section 37-1-166 to make reasonable
efforts to reunify in the context of a dependency and neglect proceeding, then ergo, in any
ensuing termination proceeding, DCS must prove that it made such reasonable efforts as to the
respondent parent. In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7. The In re C.M.M. court reasoned
that Section 37-1-166(b) “applies to any proceeding to determine whether a child should
remain in [DCS’s] custody.” Id. at *7 n.28. The court found this provision broad enough to
include termination proceedings “because these [termination] proceedings result in placing the
child in [DCS’s] custody prior to adoption.” Id.

We must respectfully disagree. Neither the language of Section 36-1-113 nor its
legislative history bears out this interpretation. First, Section 37-1-166 does not apply to “any
proceeding,” but rather it applies only in “any proceeding of a juvenile court .” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 37-1-166(a) (emphasis added). While the juvenile court has exclusive original
jurisdiction over dependency and neglect proceedings, circuit and chancery courts have
concurrent jurisdiction with the juvenile court in actions to terminate parental rights. Id. § 36-
1-113(a). Limiting the application of Section 37-1-166 to juvenile court actions indicates
legislative intent that it apply only in dependency and neglect actions.

31
As noted above, if the petitioner in a termination proceeding seeks to rely on the ground of
abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home, DCS’s reasonable efforts are mentioned specifically in
the definition of that ground for termination. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(l); id. § 37-1-102(l)(A)(ii).

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 In addition, Section 36-1-113 does not include reasonable efforts in the grounds for
termination or otherwise require proof of reasonable efforts as a precondition to
termination. In discerning legislative intent, we may employ the principle of “expressio unius
est exclusio alterius, [which] provides ‘that where the legislature includes particular language
in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same act, it is generally
presumed that the legislature acted purposefully in the subject included or excluded.’” State
v. Pope, 427 S.W.3d 363, 368 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting State v. Loden, 920 S.W.2d 261, 265
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). At the time Section 36-1-113 was enacted, states were free to adopt
termination statutes that expressly require a showing of reasonable efforts in termination
proceedings, and a number of states did just that. Tennessee did not do so.32 Instead,
Tennessee’s Legislature chose to make reasonable efforts one of the enumerated factors for
the trial court to weigh in determining the child’s best interest.33

The Legislature’s choice to include reasonable efforts only in the factors to be
considered in the best-interest analysis evidences an intent not to make proof of reasonable
efforts a precondition to termination of parental rights. This is so even if reasonable efforts
to reunify were required in the related dependency and neglect proceedings. We read Sections
37-1-166 and 36-1-113 in pari materia, but we must also respect the clear language of each
provision. Accordingly, we overrule the holding in In re C.M.M. insofar as it required DCS
to prove by clear and convincing evidence, as a precondition to obtaining termination of
parental rights, that it made reasonable efforts to reunify the family.34

In addition to its reliance on the plain language of the statutory scheme, the State argues
that it is anomalous to interpret Section 36-1-113 to require DCS to prove reasonable efforts
by clear and convincing evidence, but not require similar proof from a private party who files

32
As noted above, proof of reasonable efforts is required to prove the ground of abandonment by
failure to provide a suitable home. Even under that ground for termination, DCS’s efforts to assist the parent
“may be found to be reasonable if such efforts exceed the efforts of the parent or guardian toward the same
goal.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii).
33
Moreover, if reasonable efforts is viewed as a stand-alone component of the required proof, this
makes superfluous the General Assembly’s inclusion of reasonable efforts in the factors to be weighed in
the best-interest analysis. In other words, in any case in which DCS was required under the dependency and
neglect statutes to make reasonable efforts to assist the respondent parent and its efforts are deemed lacking,
the trial court would never reach the question of the child’s best interest to weigh the reasonable-efforts
factor in its best-interest determination.
34
Likewise, we overrule the holding of In re Tiffany B. and other cases following the holding in In
re C.M.M. to the extent that the courts required DCS to prove by clear and convincing evidence that it made
reasonable efforts to reunify as a precondition to termination of parental rights. See In re Tiffany B., 228
S.W.3d at 160.

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a petition for termination of parental rights, because the same statute applies regardless of
whether DCS is the petitioner. We agree. Nothing in the statutes or the legislative history
indicates that the Legislature intended to create an additional barrier to permanency for
children in termination cases in which DCS is the petitioner. This is further indication that the
Legislature did not intend for Section 36-1-113 to be interpreted to require proof of reasonable
efforts in a termination proceeding.

For these reasons, we hold that, in a termination proceeding, the extent of DCS’s efforts
to reunify the family is weighed in the court’s best-interest analysis, but proof of reasonable
efforts is not a precondition to termination of the parental rights of the respondent parent. As
with other factual findings made in connection with the best-interest analysis, reasonable
efforts must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing
evidence. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861. After making the underlying factual findings,
the trial court should then consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether
they amount to clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest.
See In re Adoption of Kleshinski, No. M2004-00986-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1046796, at *17
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 4, 2005) (citing In re M.J.B.,140 S.W.3d 643, 654 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004)); see also In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 516; Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs.
v. T.M.B.K., 197 S.W.3d 282, 288 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

In reaching this conclusion, we do not seek to minimize the importance of DCS’s efforts
to assist parents who lose custody of their child and seek to regain it. We agree with the
observation in In re C.M.M. that:

In many circumstances, the success of a parent’s remedial efforts is intertwined
with the efforts of the Department’s staff to provide assistance and
support. Reasonable efforts entail more than simply providing parents with a list
of service providers and sending them on their way. The Department’s
employees must use their superior insight and training to assist parents with the
problems the Department has identified in the permanency plan, whether the
parents ask for assistance or not.

In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7 (citations omitted). In a given parental termination
case, the best-interest factor regarding DCS’s efforts to assist the respondent parent may be
determinative, i.e., DCS’s lack of reasonable efforts may weigh heavily enough to persuade
the trial court that termination of the parent’s rights is not in the best interest of the subject
child. Nevertheless, the extent of DCS’s efforts remains a factor to be weighed in the best-
interest analysis, not an essential element that must be proven in order to terminate the parental
rights of the respondent parent. See In re B.S.G., No. E2006-02314-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL
1514958, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 24, 2007).

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 We arrive at this conclusion with great care, recognizing the impact of a judicial decree
to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent. No civil action carries with it graver
consequences than a petition to sever family ties irretrievably and forever. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(l); see M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 118-19 (1996); In re Knott, 197 S.W. 1097,
1098 (Tenn. 1917); In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 515. We are, however, constrained
to interpret statutes in a way that comports with the clear language chosen by our Legislature.

The Court of Appeals reversed the termination of Father’s parental rights because (1)
DCS had a duty to make reasonable efforts to reunify Father and Kaliyah, and (2) DCS was
not relieved of its duty to make reasonable efforts until a court of competent jurisdiction found
aggravated circumstances. Therefore, the Court of Appeals went on to address whether DCS
had proven by clear and convincing evidence that it made reasonable efforts to support the
petition for termination. Under our holding, DCS was not required in the termination
proceedings to prove that it made reasonable efforts to assist Father, even if it had such a duty
in the custody/dependency and neglect proceedings.35

The question of whether DCS made reasonable efforts to assist Father remained, of
course, one of the factors considered by the trial court in its best-interest analysis. In this
appeal, Father does not challenge the juvenile court’s determination that termination of his
parental rights is in Kaliyah’s best interest.36 Therefore, this issue is waived. Because the State
established by clear and convincing evidence one ground for termination of Father’s parental
rights and that termination of Father’s rights is in Kaliyah’s best interest, we reinstate the
juvenile court’s termination of Father’s parental rights as to Kaliyah.

35
We note some question as to whether DCS had a duty to make reasonable efforts to assist Father
under Section 37-1-166(g), since Kaliyah never lived with Father and therefore was never removed from his
custody. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166 (referring to DCS’s efforts to “reunify” families and make it
possible for the child to “safely return to the child’s home”). Based on our holding in this case, however,
we need not address this issue.

36
Father did not challenge the juvenile court’s best-interest determination in his appeal to the
intermediate appellate court. The issues Father raised to the Court of Appeals were (1) whether the trial
court erred in concluding that DCS was not required to make reasonable efforts prior to terminating Father’s
parental rights, and (2) whether DCS made reasonable efforts at reunification. See In re Kaliyah S., 2014
WL 819419, at *2. Likewise, Father did not challenge the juvenile court’s best interest determination in this
Court; he claims instead that DCS was not relieved of its duty to make reasonable efforts under Section
37-1-166(g)(4)(A).

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 C ONCLUSION

The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the decision of the juvenile court
is reinstated. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to Respondent/Appellee Rontez L., for which
execution may issue, if necessary.

__________________________________
JUSTICE HOLLY KIRBY

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