Andrea Jones v. Southpeak Interactive Corporation

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 13-2399

ANDREA GAIL JONES,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

SOUTHPEAK INTERACTIVE CORPORATION OF DELAWARE; TERRY M.
PHILLIPS; MELANIE J. MROZ,

Defendants – Appellants.

---------------------------

THOMAS E. PEREZ, Secretary of the United States Department
of Labor,

Amicus Supporting Appellee.

No. 14-1765

ANDREA GAIL JONES,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

SOUTHPEAK INTERACTIVE CORPORATION OF DELAWARE; TERRY M.
PHILLIPS; MELANIE J. MROZ,

Defendants - Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia, at Richmond. Robert E. Payne, Senior
District Judge. (3:12-cv-00443-REP-DJN)

Argued: December 10, 2014 Decided: January 26, 2015

Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, and KEENAN and THACKER, Circuit
Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Thacker wrote the opinion,
in which Chief Judge Traxler and Judge Keenan joined.

ARGUED: Kevin D. Holden, JACKSON LEWIS PC, Richmond, Virginia,
for Appellants. James B. Thorsen, MARCHANT, THORSEN, HONEY,
BALDWIN & MEYER, LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. Mary J.
Rieser, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Washington, D.C., for
Amicus Curiae. ON BRIEF: M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Jennifer
S. Brand, Associate Solicitor, William C. Lesser, Deputy
Associate Solicitor, Megan E. Guenther, Counsel for
Whistleblower Programs, Office of the Solicitor, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae.

2
THACKER, Circuit Judge:

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 makes it illegal for

publicly traded companies to retaliate against employees who

report potentially unlawful conduct. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a).

In this case, a video game publishing company, SouthPeak

Interactive Corp. (“SouthPeak”), 1 fired its chief financial

officer after she raised concerns about a misstatement on one of

the company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange

Commission (“SEC”). A jury found that the company and two of

its top officers violated the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the

district court awarded the chief financial officer more than

half a million dollars in back pay and emotional distress

damages.

The ensuing appeal raises a number of questions about

employees’ rights under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The case

requires us to consider such issues as when a whistleblower may

file suit, what she needs to do to exhaust her administrative

remedies, and what types of remedies are available under the

statute. We affirm the district court’s rulings on each of

these issues. In doing so, we hold that Sarbanes-Oxley Act

1
In May 2008, a publicly traded acquisition company named
Global Services Partners Acquisition Corp. (“GSPAC”) acquired
all of the outstanding membership interests of SouthPeak. GSPAC
adopted SouthPeak’s name as its own.

3
retaliatory discharge claims are subject to the four-year

statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a), and not the

two-year limitations period set forth in § 1658(b)(1). We

further hold that the administrative complaint in this case

satisfies the exhaustion requirement, and that emotional

distress damages are available under the statute.

The case also requires us to address the handling of

apparent inconsistencies in a jury verdict and the steps a court

must take in calculating attorneys’ fees. On these issues, too,

we affirm the district court.

I.

SouthPeak is a Virginia-based company that designs,

develops, and distributes video games for PlayStation, Xbox,

Wii, and other gaming systems. In June 2007, the company hired

Andrea Gail Jones (“Appellee”) to work as an accountant. It

later promoted Appellee to chief financial officer.

A.

In February 2009, SouthPeak sought to place an order

with Nintendo for 50,400 units of a video game called My Baby

Girl. SouthPeak’s chief executive officer, Melanie Mroz

(“Mroz”), and its chairman, Terry Phillips (“Phillips”), hoped

to place the order “as soon as possible,” but the company lacked

4
the funds it would need to pay Nintendo in advance. J.A. 332. 2

To avoid delay, Phillips directed his assistant to send Nintendo

a wire transfer of $307,400 from Phillips’s personal account.

However, the company did not properly record this debt on its

balance sheet or in its quarterly financial report, which was

filed with the SEC on May 15, 2009.

When informed of the omission, Appellee became “very

concerned.” J.A. 1178. She asked Phillips for an explanation.

His response, she said, “did not seem, I guess, to make sense or

seem credible to me.” Id. at 1226. About a week later,

Appellee called the chairman of SouthPeak’s audit committee to

report her suspicion that the company was engaging in a fraud.

On August 3, 2009, SouthPeak’s outside counsel asked

Appellee to review and approve draft language for an amendment

to the company’s erroneous quarterly report. The proposed

amendment denied any intentional fraud or misstatement in the

earlier filing. Appellee refused to sign the amended report.

In an August 13, 2009 letter to the outside counsel, she

explained, “I do not know how a conclusion of no intentional

2
This case involves two sets of appeals, each with its own
case number and joint appendix. Though we consolidated the two
appeals (previously labeled 13-2399 and 14-1765) in September
2014, the joint appendices have not been merged. Here, we quote
only from the joint appendix associated with Case No. 13-2399.
All citations to the “J.A.” refer to this joint appendix.

5
wrongdoing or fraud can be reached.” J.A. 1274. That same day,

SouthPeak’s six-member board of directors held a special meeting

in which it voted to terminate Appellee’s employment. Mroz

notified Appellee of the board’s decision the next day.

B.

Appellee, through counsel, filed a complaint with the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) on

October 5, 2009. The complaint states, “On August 14, 2009, in

a clear violation of the [Securities Exchange] Act, SouthPeak

terminated Jones’ employment, apparently in retaliation for Ms.

Jones [sic] attempts to correct statements in periodic reports

filed, and proposed to be filed, by SouthPeak . . . .” J.A.

643. In the second numbered paragraph, the complaint further

provides:

The names and addresses of the company(s)
and person(s) who are alleged to have
violated the Act (who the complaint is being
filed against):

SouthPeak Interactive Corporation
2900 Polo Parkway.
Midlothian, VA 23113
804-378-5100

Terry Phillips, Chairman of the Board
Patrice Strachan, [VP] of Operations
Melanie Mroz, Chief Executive Officer

Id. at 645.

On October 16, 2009, OSHA sent SouthPeak a letter

notifying the company of Appellee’s complaint, along with a copy

6
of the complaint itself. The letter was addressed exclusively

to SouthPeak, without any reference to Mroz or Phillips.

More than 180 days passed without a final order from

OSHA; consequently, on July 23, 2010, Appellee sent OSHA a

letter explaining that she was electing to file a federal

lawsuit pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and 29 C.F.R.

§ 1980.114(b). See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1)(B) (authorizing

suits at law or equity in federal court if the Secretary of

Labor “has not issued a final decision within 180 days of the

filing of [an OSHA] complaint”). Appellee sent a copy of the

letter to a lawyer identified as “Counsel for SouthPeak

Interactive Corp.” She did not send a copy to Mroz or Phillips.

C.

Appellee waited nearly two years to file suit. Her

June 18, 2012 complaint named SouthPeak, Mroz, and Phillips

(collectively, “Appellants”) as defendants. The claims included

one count of retaliation pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 18

U.S.C. § 1514A, and one count of retaliation pursuant to the

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

(“Dodd-Frank”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A). 3 The district court

granted Appellants’ motion to dismiss the Dodd-Frank claims on

3
The complaint also included a breach-of-contract claim,
but Appellee withdrew this claim prior to trial.

7
retroactivity grounds. The court, however, denied Appellants’

motion to dismiss the Sarbanes-Oxley Act claims, rejecting

Appellants’ arguments that the statute of limitations barred

those claims and that Appellee failed to exhaust her

administrative remedies.

A jury trial began on July 15, 2013. At the

conclusion of the trial, the jury was provided a verdict form

naming each of the three defendants. The form addressed each

defendant separately. If the jury found a defendant liable, it

could place a check mark next to a statement to that effect.

The form also provided blank spaces for any back pay or

compensatory damages the jury wished to assess against that

defendant.

The jury returned a verdict (the “First Verdict”)

finding each of the three defendants was liable. With regard to

SouthPeak, the jury assessed $593,000 in back pay and $357,000

in compensatory damages. However, the jury did not assess any

damages against Mroz or Phillips. In a sidebar conference with

counsel, the court expressed some confusion over whether the

jury might be “trying to account for no duplication of damages.

And I think I need to ask them if that’s what they’re doing or

if they think that there were no damages caused.” J.A. 1935.

Turning to the jury, the court advised:

8
 Ladies and gentlemen, I notice that in
one place you articulate a sum to be
assessed as damages for compensatory and
backpay. In two other places, you find the
respective defendants liable but express no
damage figure at all. It is unclear to us
whether you are finding that that particular
defendant caused no damage or you are simply
trying to avoid awarding more than you
awarded, more damage than you found that Ms.
Jones had suffered. . . .

. . .

So I’m going to let you go back and
take your verdict form, and if you mean it,
with those instructions, you can return it,
or you can amend it, or you can do such
else, or send a question, or do whatever you
need to do.

Id. at 1936-37.

Before the jury could return to the jury room, the

court agreed to a second sidebar conference with counsel.

During this discussion, Appellants’ attorney told the court, “I

just want to make sure the jury doesn’t take it from your

instruction that they can go back and change it to have damage

against each of them. . . . I thought that maybe you were

suggesting that that’s what they were supposed to do.” J.A.

1937. To address this concern, the court clarified its previous

instruction, telling the jurors:

I am not by giving you this instruction
trying to do anything but clear up what
appears to be a problem. I am not telling
you what you have to do, nor suggesting that
you need to put a damage figure in either of
those places where you have a zero, but we

9
 need to make sure we have a verdict that we
know what you are doing.

Id. at 1938.

Following a brief discussion in the jury room, the

jury passed the court a note stating: “From SouthPeak we want a

total of 593,000 back pay [and] 357,000 compensatory. We do not

find that Terry Phillips or Melanie Mroz are individually

responsible for any amount.” J.A. 2052 (alteration in original)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Conferring again with

counsel, the court said, “[I]t seems to me if that’s what they

want to do, they need to make another finding on their verdict

form. . . . [T]hey need to check the one that says you’re not

liable.” Id. at 1939. The attorneys for both sides said they

agreed.

When the jury returned, the foreperson confirmed that

Mroz and Phillips were not individually responsible. “Then what

you need to do,” the court said, “is eliminate the checkmarks

[indicating liability for Mroz and Phillips] and initial it

there, and then we will have the verdict.” J.A. 1941. The

court asked the foreperson, “Do you need to retire or can you do

it here?” Id. The foreperson said she did not need to retire,

“but evidently someone else does.” Id. With that, the court

permitted the jury to return once more to the jury room.

10
 When, at last, the court session resumed, the jury

returned another verdict (the “Final Verdict”) in which it again

found all three defendants liable. This time, the assessment

against SouthPeak comprised $593,000 in back pay and no

compensatory damages. The assessments against Mroz and Phillips

were for $178,500 apiece in compensatory damages. In a sidebar

conference, Appellants’ attorney asked the court to “instruct

that they go back and reconsider because it is impossible to

come up with that verdict. . . . Clearly, there is something

wrong with the way they understand this case because it doesn’t

stand to reason, and the evidence wouldn’t support a verdict of

that nature.” J.A. 1947-48. The attorney then requested a

mistrial. The court denied the request. When the sidebar

conference ended, the clerk polled the jury; every member

affirmed the Final Verdict.

D.

Appellants moved for a new trial, remittitur, or an

amended judgment pursuant to Rules 59 and 60 of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure. They argued, among other things, that

the back pay award was not supported by the evidence, and that

the compensatory damages assessed against Mroz and Phillips were

excessive. Appellants also argued that the court should have

accepted the First Verdict. On October 29, 2013, the district

court denied most of Appellants’ requests. The court, however,

11
reclassified the assessment against SouthPeak, holding the

company responsible for $470,000 in back pay and $123,000 in

compensatory damages. The court also granted SouthPeak’s motion

for a new trial nisi remittitur with regard to the compensatory

damages awards against Mroz and Phillips, giving Appellee an

opportunity to accept a reduced award of $50,000 apiece from

those two defendants. Appellee accepted the reduced award.

On December 20, 2013, Appellee petitioned the court

for an order holding Appellants jointly and severally liable for

$406,851 in attorneys’ fees. Ultimately, the court awarded

$354,127.05 in attorneys’ fees. As requested, the court held

Appellants jointly and severally liable for the sum.

II.

A.

Statute of Limitations

We first consider Appellants’ contention that the

statute of limitations bars this action. This is a legal issue,

which we review de novo. See Sewell Coal Co. v. Dir., Office of

Workers’ Comp. Programs, 523 F.3d 257, 259 (4th Cir. 2008).

Appellee filed suit on June 18, 2012, a little less

than three years after her termination. The district court held

that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act claims were timely because the suit

commenced within the four-year time limit set forth in 28 U.S.C.

§ 1658(a). However, Appellants argue that § 1658(a) does not

12
apply to these claims. Rather, they say, Appellee’s action is

subject to the two-year limitations period set forth in

§ 1658(b) because the retaliatory discharge claims “involve[] a

claim of fraud . . . in contravention of a regulatory

requirement concerning the securities laws.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 1658(b).

Section 1658(a) supplies a “catchall,” or “fallback,”

statute of limitations for certain federal statutes that

“create[] a cause of action but [are] silent as to the

applicable limitations period.” H.R. Rep. No. 101-734, at 24

(1990); see Jones v. R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369,

371 (2004). The default provision states:

Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil
action arising under an Act of Congress
enacted after the date of the enactment of
this section may not be commenced later than
4 years after the cause of action accrues.

28 U.S.C. § 1658(a). This provision was on the books for more

than a decade before Congress amended Section 1658 as part of

the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. With this legislation, Congress

retained the default provision but added a new subsection, (b),

which provides:

Notwithstanding subsection (a), a private
right of action that involves a claim of
fraud, deceit, manipulation, or contrivance
in contravention of a regulatory requirement
concerning the securities laws, as defined
in section 3(a)(47) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(47)),

13
 may be brought not later than the earlier
of--

(1) 2 years after the discovery of the
facts constituting the violation; or

(2) 5 years after such violation.

Id. § 1658(b).

Courts have not hesitated to apply § 1658(b) to

securities fraud claims brought under section 10(b) of the

Securities Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). See In re Exxon

Mobil Corp. Sec. Litig., 500 F.3d 189, 196 (3d Cir. 2007)

(“Indeed, the implied cause of action recognized under § 10(b)

is widely known and referred to as ‘securities fraud.’ To

conclude that § 1658(b) does not apply to § 10(b) claims would

be absurd.” (citation omitted)). It is easy to see why this is

so. Congress confined § 1658(b)’s reach to causes of action

involving a claim of “fraud, deceit, manipulation, or

contrivance in contravention of” securities regulations. 28

U.S.C. § 1658(b). This language, as several courts have

previously noted, closely tracks the language of section 10(b)

of the Securities Exchange Act, “which creates liability for

‘any person’ who ‘employ[s] . . . any manipulative or deceptive

device or contrivance in contravention of’ SEC regulations.” In

re Global Crossing, Ltd. Sec. Litig., 313 F. Supp. 2d 189, 197

(S.D.N.Y. 2003) (alterations in original) (quoting 15 U.S.C.

§ 78j(b)); see In re Exxon Mobil, 500 F.3d at 196.

14
 Typically, a section 10(b) securities fraud action

requires a plaintiff to “prove six elements: ‘(1) a material

misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter;

(3) a connection between the misrepresentation or omission and

the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the

misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss

causation.’” Yates v. Mun. Mortg. & Equity, LLC, 744 F.3d 874,

884 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v.

Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 552 U.S. 148, 157 (2008)). The second

element, scienter, separates securities fraud from other causes

of action under the Securities Exchange Act. It requires the

plaintiff to prove not only that the defendant made a material

misrepresentation, but that he did so with the “intent to

deceive, manipulate, or defraud.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues

& Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319 (2007) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

The text of § 1658(b), with its references to “fraud,”

“deceit,” “manipulation,” and “contrivance,” strongly implies a

need for proof of fraudulent intent. 4 The Third Circuit has held

4
Section 1658(b)(1) speaks in terms of “discovery.” See 28
U.S.C. § 1658(b) (barring suits brought later than “2 years
after the discovery of the facts constituting the violation”).
In this context, the Supreme Court has said, the word
“discovery” is a term of art. See Merck & Co. v. Reynolds, 130
S. Ct. 1784, 1793 (2010). It alludes to the “‘discovery rule,’
a doctrine that delays accrual of a cause of action until the
(Continued)
15
accordingly, concluding that § 1658(b) applies only to section

10(b) securities fraud claims “and other claims requiring proof

of fraudulent intent.” In re Exxon Mobil, 500 F.3d at 197. In

In re Exxon Mobil Corp. Securities Litigation, the Third Circuit

determined that § 1658(b) did not apply to claims for false or

misleading proxy statements pursuant to section 14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act because such claims do not require proof

of fraudulent intent. Id.

Here, in their opening brief, Appellants argue that

§ 1658(b) covers Appellee’s Sarbanes-Oxley Act claims because

those claims involve “allegations of fraud.” Appellants’ Br.

13. However, § 1658(b) does not speak in terms of

“allegations.” Per its text, § 1658(b) covers private rights of

action that “involve[] a claim of fraud.” 28 U.S.C. § 1658(b)

(emphasis supplied). Appellee has not advanced a claim of

plaintiff has ‘discovered’ it.” Id. In fraud cases, it is a
well-settled principle that the limitations period does not
begin until the plaintiff discovers the facts constituting the
fraud or, with due diligence, should have discovered such facts.
See id. at 1794. Critically, though, the Supreme Court has held
that discovery of an alleged misrepresentation is not alone
sufficient to start the two-year limitations period for a
securities fraud claim. In Merck & Co. v. Reynolds, the Court
held that the § 1658(b)(1) limitations period could not commence
without discovery of scienter, since “[a] plaintiff cannot
recover [for securities fraud] without proving that a defendant
made a material misstatement with an intent to deceive -- not
merely innocently or negligently.” Id. at 1796 (emphasis
omitted).

16
fraud. Her claim, rather, alleges retaliatory discharge under

the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. To succeed on this claim, she must show

that (1) she engaged in protected activity, (2) the employer

knew that she engaged in the protected activity, (3) she

suffered an unfavorable personnel action, and (4) the protected

activity was a contributing factor in the unfavorable action.

See Feldman v. Law Enforcement Assocs. Corp., 752 F.3d 339, 344

(4th Cir. 2014). The first of these elements does not require

proof that the employer’s conduct was, in fact, a legally

actionable fraud. The whistleblower need only show that she

“had both a subjective belief and an objectively reasonable

belief that the conduct” violated relevant law. Welch v. Chao,

536 F.3d 269, 275 (4th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Though courts have stated that the whistleblower’s

theory of fraud should “at least approximate the basic elements”

of fraud, Day v. Staples, Inc., 555 F.3d 42, 55 (1st Cir. 2009);

accord Van Asdale v. Int’l Game Tech., 577 F.3d 989, 1001 (9th

Cir. 2009), it is not necessary to show that a shareholder

would, in fact, have accrued a cause of action.

Appellee’s complaint was not specific in identifying

the securities law that she believed Appellants violated. Her

allegation does, however, approximate the basic elements of a

section 10(b) securities fraud claim. While a shareholder

bringing a section 10(b) claim would bear the burden of

17
establishing a strong inference of scienter, see 15 U.S.C.

§ 78u-4(b)(2)(A), Appellee is under no such obligation. Her

retaliation claim can succeed without “discovery of the facts

constituting” securities fraud. 28 U.S.C. § 1658(b)(1). It

stands to reason, then, that § 1658(b)(1), which hinges on the

discovery of such facts, does not apply. Section 1658(a)

controls, and because Appellee brought her suit within that

section’s four-year window, her claim is not barred.

B.

Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

The next question before us is whether Appellee

properly exhausted her administrative remedies as to Mroz and

Phillips. This is a pure question of law, which we review de

novo. See E.L. ex rel. Lorsson v. Chapel Hill-Carrboro Bd. of

Educ., No. 13-2330, 2014 WL 6783052 (4th Cir. Dec. 3, 2014).

By statute, a Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower cannot

go straight to court. Rather, she must first file an

administrative complaint with the Secretary of Labor. See 18

U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1). This complaint must be filed “not later

than 90 days after the date on which such violation occurs.” 49

U.S.C. § 42121(b)(1). The whistleblower must then wait 180 days

for OSHA to investigate the allegation and issue a decision.

See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1)(B). If, after 180 days, OSHA has

not issued a final decision “and there is no showing that such

18
delay is due to the bad faith of the claimant,” the

whistleblower may bring suit “for de novo review in the

appropriate district court of the United States.” Id.

Appellants recognize that Appellee’s administrative

complaint was timely, and that OSHA did not issue a final

decision within 180 days. They argue, though, that the OSHA

complaint did not clearly identify Mroz and Phillips as

respondents. They further assert that even if the fault lies

with OSHA for failing to pursue claims against Mroz and

Phillips, the burden was on Appellee to press OSHA to address

its oversight.

To be sure, an exhaustion requirement would be

meaningless if the complainant were free to litigate claims

bearing little or no connection to the preceding administrative

complaint. In the context of Title VII cases, we have long

recognized that “[t]he scope of the plaintiff’s right to file a

federal lawsuit is determined by” the contents of the charge

filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”).

Jones v. Calvert Grp., Ltd., 551 F.3d 297, 300 (4th Cir. 2009);

see Chacko v. Patuxent Inst., 429 F.3d 505, 506 (4th Cir. 2005)

(holding that a Title VII plaintiff “fails to exhaust his

administrative remedies where . . . his administrative charges

reference different time frames, actors, and discriminatory

conduct than the central factual allegations in his formal

19
suit”). However, we have also said that the administrative

charge “does not strictly limit” the ensuing lawsuit. Bryant v.

Bell Atl. Md., Inc., 288 F.3d 124, 132 (4th Cir. 2002) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Rather, the litigation may encompass

claims “reasonably related to the original complaint, and those

developed by reasonable investigation of the original

complaint.” Evans v. Techs. Applications & Serv. Co., 80 F.3d

954, 963 (4th Cir. 1996); see Sydnor v. Fairfax Cnty., Va., 681

F.3d 591, 595 (4th Cir. 2012) (“The touchstone for exhaustion is

whether plaintiff’s administrative and judicial claims are

reasonably related, not precisely the same . . . .” (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Our decision in Sydnor v. Fairfax County, Virginia,

681 F.3d 591 (4th Cir. 2012), is illustrative. There, a

disabled nurse indicated in a questionnaire accompanying her

EEOC charge that she had sought authorization to perform light-

duty work. Later, in a lawsuit alleging a violation of the

Americans with Disabilities Act, she sought a different

accommodation -- namely, authorization for full-duty work with

the assistance of a wheelchair. See 681 F.3d at 594. We found

this distinction to be insignificant, reasoning that the EEOC

questionnaire afforded the nurse’s employer “ample notice of the

allegations against it.” Id. at 595. We stated, “The

exhaustion requirement should not become a tripwire for hapless

20
plaintiffs. While it is important to stop clever parties from

circumventing statutory commands, we may not erect

insurmountable barriers to litigation out of overly technical

concerns.” Id. at 594.

Nothing in the record before us suggests that Appellee

was trying to circumvent the Sarbanes-Oxley Act exhaustion

requirement. See Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 90 (2006)

(“[E]xhaustion requirements are designed to deal with parties

who do not want to exhaust . . . .”). Appellee’s OSHA complaint

is substantially similar to her complaint in this action. The

alleged harm, a retaliatory termination, is identical. In

addition, the OSHA complaint plainly identifies Mroz and

Phillips as “person(s) who are alleged to have violated the Act

(who the complaint is being filed against).” J.A. 645. Nothing

more precise is required. Indeed, the Department of Labor

regulations in effect at the time Appellee filed the complaint

expressly provided that “[n]o particular form of complaint is

required.” 29 C.F.R. § 1980.103(b) (2009). Appellee satisfied

her burden, and OSHA’s subsequent treatment of the complaint

cannot take away her opportunity to seek recourse. Cf. B.K.B.

v. Maui Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir. 2002) (“The

EEOC’s failure to address a claim asserted by the plaintiff in

her charge has no bearing on whether the plaintiff has exhausted

her administrative remedies with regard to that claim.”).

21
 We recognize that a primary objective of exhaustion

requirements is to put parties on notice of the allegations

against them. In the context of Title VII actions, exhaustion

gives the employer an opportunity to investigate and resolve the

issue and “prevents the employer from later complaining of

prejudice, since it has known of the allegations from the very

beginning.” Chacko, 429 F.3d at 510. Here, though, there can

be no doubt that Mroz and Phillips were well aware of Appellee’s

allegations. Mroz was the company’s chief executive, and

Phillips its chairman. In its October 2009 letter notifying

SouthPeak of Appellee’s administrative complaint, OSHA listed

Phillips as the contact person for the company. Subsequently,

SouthPeak’s counsel discussed the complaint with both Mroz and

Phillips. Surely, it could not have gone unnoticed that the

complaint identified Mroz and Phillips as “person(s) who are

alleged to have violated the Act.” J.A. 645. It should not

have been all that surprising, then, when Appellee named the two

executives in the instant civil action.

C.

Nature of Available Remedies

Appellants next challenge the award of emotional

distress damages. The Final Verdict held Mroz and Phillips

accountable for $178,500 apiece in compensatory damages. The

district court, which later reduced that sum to $50,000 apiece,

22
inferred that these awards must represent Appellee’s damages for

emotional distress. Appellants argue that such damages are not

permissible under the whistleblower protection provisions of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We reject this reading of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1514A(c), which expressly entitles a prevailing employee to

“all relief necessary to make [her] whole.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 1514A(c)(1). We also reject Appellants’ backup argument that

the emotional distress award in this case was excessive.

1.

Availability of Emotional Distress Damages

The first question is whether emotional distress

damages are available under 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c). This, too, is

a question of law that we review de novo. See Rice v. Cmty.

Health Ass’n, 203 F.3d 283, 287 (4th Cir. 2000) (applying de

novo review to a district court’s determination that West

Virginia contract law permitted consequential damages).

The remedies provision at § 1514A(c) has two parts.

Subsection (c)(1) provides: “An employee prevailing in any

[enforcement] action under [18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1)] shall be

entitled to all relief necessary to make the employee whole.”

18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(1). In subsection (c)(2), the provision

goes on to state that compensatory damages

shall include --

23
 (A) reinstatement with the same seniority
status that the employee would have had, but
for the discrimination;

(B) the amount of back pay, with interest;
and

(C) compensation for any special damages
sustained as a result of the discrimination,
including litigation costs, expert witness
fees, and reasonable attorney fees.

Id. § 1514A(c)(2).

Appellants argue that the three forms of compensatory

damages itemized in subsection (c)(2) are the only forms of

relief available under the statute. There are two problems with

this argument. First, it all but ignores the language in

subsection (c)(1) that says a prevailing employee “shall be

entitled to all relief necessary to make the employee whole.”

18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(1). Second, Appellants’ interpretation of

the words “shall include” in subsection (c)(2) is at odds with

our precedent. In Project Vote/Voting for America, Inc. v.

Long, we said that “the term ‘shall include’ sets a floor, not a

ceiling.” 682 F.3d 331, 337 (4th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (interpreting section 8(i)(2) of the National

Voter Registration Act). “Courts have repeatedly indicated that

‘shall include’ is not equivalent to ‘limited to.’” Id.

To date, two federal circuit courts have considered

the availability of emotional distress damages under § 1514A.

Both have concluded that such damages are available. See

24
Halliburton, Inc. v. Admin. Review Bd., 771 F.3d 254, 266 (5th

Cir. 2014); Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Admin. Review Bd., 717 F.3d

1121, 1138 (10th Cir. 2013). To support its position,

Appellants can only direct our attention to a smattering of

district court decisions, most of them unpublished. These

cases, by and large, liken § 1514A(c) to the remedies provision

in Title VII prior to its 1991 amendments. See, e.g., Walton v.

NOVA Info. Sys., 514 F. Supp. 2d 1031, 1035 (E.D. Tenn. 2007);

Murray v. TXU Corp., No. Civ.A.3:03-CV-0888-P, 2005 WL 1356444,

at *3 (N.D. Tex. June 7, 2005). At that time, Title VII

provided:

[T]he court may enjoin the respondent from
engaging in such unlawful employment
practice, and order such affirmative action
as may be appropriate, which may include,
but is not limited to, reinstatement or
hiring of employees, with or without back
pay . . ., or any other equitable relief as
the court deems appropriate.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g) (1988). In United States v. Burke, the

Supreme Court held that this provision did not support damages

for “pain and suffering, emotional distress, harm to reputation,

or other consequential damages.” 504 U.S. 229, 239 (1992). The

district court opinions cited by Appellants suggest that the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act remedies provision at 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)

operates the same way.

25
 The Fifth Circuit’s decision in Halliburton, Inc. v.

Administrative Review Board, 771 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2014),

explains why the district courts’ reasoning misses the mark. By

its terms, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act provision entitles a

prevailing plaintiff to “all relief necessary to make the

employee whole.” 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(1). Pre-amendment Title

VII was not so generous. See Halliburton, 771 F.3d at 265.

Beyond that, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act “plainly affords at least

some damages, that is, legal relief, in addition to equitable

remedies.” Id.; see 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1)(B) (authorizing

Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblowers to bring “an action at law or

equity”). Pre-amendment Title VII “afforded only equitable

relief.” Halliburton, 771 F.3d at 265.

In the Fifth Circuit’s view, and in ours, the remedies

provision in 18 U.S.C. § 1514A more strongly resembles the

remedies provision for retaliation claims under the False Claims

Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). In language that parallels the

provision now before us, the False Claims Act states that a

prevailing plaintiff “shall be entitled to all relief necessary

to make that [plaintiff] whole.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)(1). It

further states that relief “shall include” reinstatement, back

pay, and “compensation for any special damages sustained as a

result of the discrimination, including litigation costs and

reasonable attorneys’ fees.” Id. § 3730(h)(2). Every federal

26
circuit court to have addressed the issue has concluded that the

False Claims Act “affords noneconomic compensatory damages.”

Halliburton, 771 F.3d at 265; see Brandon v. Anesthesia & Pain

Mgmt. Assocs., Ltd., 277 F.3d 936, 944 (7th Cir. 2002) (stating

that the allowance for special damages in 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)

“permits recovery for emotional distress”); Hammond v. Northland

Counseling Ctr., Inc., 218 F.3d 886, 892-93 (8th Cir. 2000).

Though the case before us centers on a termination of

employment, we note that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower

protection provisions proscribe a wide range of retaliatory

actions, including threats and harassment. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 1514A(a). There will be times when the primary harm will be

noneconomic. In these instances, the Department of Labor (the

“Department”) observes, “non-pecuniary compensatory relief, such

as emotional distress damages, may be the only remedy that would

make the complainant whole.” Amicus Br. 23. The Department

takes the position that the statute countenances emotional

distress awards, and indeed the Department’s Administrative

Review Board has a history of upholding non-pecuniary

compensatory damages in Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower cases.

See Menendez v. Halliburton, Inc., Case Nos. 09-002, -003, 2013

WL 1282255, at *11 (Admin. Rev. Bd. March 15, 2013). In these

circumstances, where Congress has explicitly empowered the

Department to enforce § 1514A by formal adjudication, we afford

27
deference to the Department’s interpretation. See Welch, 536

F.3d at 276 n.2. We therefore join the Department, and the

Fifth and Tenth Circuits, in concluding that emotional distress

damages are available under § 1514A(c).

2.

Amount of Emotional Distress Damages

Appellants argue in the alternative that the emotional

distress award was excessive. Appellants, we note, have already

benefitted from a reduction in the emotional distress damages.

In its Final Verdict, the jury found Mroz and Phillips liable

for $178,500 apiece, all for emotional distress. The district

court later reduced these awards to $50,000 apiece.

The “power and duty of the trial judge to set aside”

an excessive verdict is “well-established.” Cline v. Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 294, 304 (4th Cir. 1998) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Under Rule 59(a) of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure, a court may order a new trial nisi

remittitur if it “concludes that a jury award of compensatory

damages is excessive.” Sloane v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 510

F.3d 495, 502 (4th Cir. 2007). On appeal, we reverse the grant

or denial of a motion for new trial “only upon a showing of

abuse of discretion. Pursuant to this standard, ‘[w]e must give

the benefit of every doubt to the judgment of the trial judge,’

while recognizing that ‘there must be an upper limit [to

28
allowable damages].’” Cline, 144 F.3d at 305 (alterations in

original) (citation omitted) (quoting Gasperini v. Ctr. for

Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 435 (1996)).

We find no abuse of discretion here. To the contrary,

the district court’s opinion offers a meticulous and well-

reasoned explanation for the reduced award the court selected.

See Jones v. SouthPeak Interactive Corp. of Del., 982 F. Supp.

2d 664, 677-82 (E.D. Va. 2013). The court properly took note of

Appellee’s testimony about the toll her firing took on her

family and her psyche. Appellee, describing herself as the

“bread winner of the family,” testified that her termination

“caused concern . . . . We have four children [who at] that

time ranged from age eleven to age four. So there was a lot of

responsibility, and always has been on my shoulders to provide

for the family.” J.A. 1278. Appellee said she felt “awful”

because she had no choice but to seek unemployment benefits.

Id. at 1279. On job interviews, she said, the interviewer

“would always get to the question, why you were terminated[.]

And that was not a good conversation.” Id. at 1287. All told,

it took 23 months for Appellee to secure a new full-time job.

Appellee also testified that, even years after her

termination, she still cries sometimes when she thinks about her

experience at SouthPeak. As the district court noted,

Appellee’s husband corroborated her account, saying he has “been

29
woken up many times in the middle of the night with her crying.

Not understanding, like, people do the things they do, and lie

about her. And just not knowing why bad things happen.” Jones,

982 F. Supp. 2d at 680.

After concluding that the evidence supported an award

for emotional distress, the court compared the jury’s damages

assessment to awards in comparable cases, just as we have done

in our own review of awards for emotional distress. See, e.g.,

Hetzel v. Cnty. of Prince William, 89 F.3d 169, 172-73 (4th Cir.

1996) (comparing cases involving awards for emotional distress).

This was a sound approach. We see no reason to disturb the

court’s judgment.

D.

Perceived Inconsistencies in the Verdict

We turn now to the hubbub that followed the jurors’

emergence from the jury room. Appellants raise two arguments

about this stage of the proceedings. In the first place, they

argue that the court should have accepted the First Verdict.

Separately, Appellants argue that the court should not have

accepted the Final Verdict. We address each of these arguments

in turn.

30
 1.

The First Verdict

First, we consider the district court’s decision to

reject the First Verdict as inconsistent. As this presents a

mixed question of law and fact, see Wilks v. Reyes, 5 F.3d 412,

415 (9th Cir. 1993), we inspect the court’s factual findings for

clear error and examine de novo the legal conclusions derived

from those facts, see Meson v. GATX Tech. Servs. Corp., 507 F.3d

803, 806 (4th Cir. 2007). Actions taken after the inconsistency

determination are reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Hauser

v. Kubalak, 929 F.2d 1305, 1308 (8th Cir. 1991) (per curiam).

Rule 49(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

outlines several options available to a district court when

answers to written questions are inconsistent with a general

verdict. 5 These options are: “(A) approve, for entry under Rule

5
Rule 49(b) covers general verdicts, which are those “by
which the jury finds in favor of one party or the other, as
opposed to resolving specific fact questions.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 1696 (9th ed. 2009). The rule does not apply to
special verdicts -- i.e., verdicts “in which the jury makes
findings only on factual issues submitted to them by the judge,
who then decides the legal effect of the verdict.” Id. at 1697.
Although the verdict form here has characteristics of both a
general verdict and a special verdict, in that it seeks a
conclusion on liability but separate damage assessments for each
defendant, it is best characterized as a general verdict. See
Mason v. Ford Motor Co., 307 F.3d 1271, 1275 (11th Cir. 2002)
(per curiam) (characterizing a similar verdict form as a general
verdict).

31
58, an appropriate judgment according to the answers,

notwithstanding the general verdict; (B) direct the jury to

further consider its answers and verdict; or (C) order a new

trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(b)(3). The purpose of this rule, we

have stated, “is to promote the efficiency of trials by allowing

the original deliberating body to reconcile inconsistencies

without the need for another presentation of the evidence to a

new body.” Austin v. Paramount Parks, Inc., 195 F.3d 715, 725

(4th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A district judge who “concludes that an inconsistent

verdict reflects jury confusion or uncertainty . . . has the

duty to clarify the law governing the case and resubmit the

verdict for a jury decision.” Hafner v. Brown, 983 F.2d 570,

575 (4th Cir. 1992). In Hafner v. Brown, the jury’s initial

responses on the verdict form indicated that two Baltimore

police officers were liable for conspiracy in a civil suit

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 983 F.2d at 574. The jury

awarded punitive damages against those officers, but,

perplexingly, it awarded no compensatory damages. See id. We

agreed that the jurors “clearly were confused,” and held,

accordingly, that the district court did not err in offering a

supplemental jury instruction and allowing the jury to reconvene

for further deliberation. Id. at 574-75.

32
 Here, the jury found all three Appellants liable.

Although it would not necessarily be inconsistent to find

liability but assess no damages, see Zhang v. Am. Gem Seafoods,

Inc., 339 F.3d 1020, 1036 (9th Cir. 2003), it is difficult to

square what the jury did in the First Verdict. With this

verdict, the jury indicated that Appellee was entitled to back

pay and compensatory damages, but only from SouthPeak. This is

peculiar, given Mroz and Phillips’s involvement in the unlawful

termination. Faced with this discrepancy, the district court

did the sensible thing: it conferred with counsel, then

administered a supplemental jury instruction and sent the jury

back to redeliberate. See Hafner, 983 F.2d at 575. In the

process, the court identified the source of its confusion but

was careful to state that it did not wish to influence the

jury’s decision. We see no error.

2.

The Final Verdict

We next consider the Final Verdict. Appellants argue

that it was “irreconcilably inconsistent to find that

SouthPeak . . . caused back pay damages but no compensatory

damages and that Phillips and/or Mroz caused no back pay damages

but did cause compensatory damages -- since it is the same set

of facts alleged against each defendant that supposedly caused

the same harm.” Appellants’ Br. 38. The district court

33
rejected this argument when Appellants raised it in a Rule 59

motion for a new trial. We review the denial of Appellants’

motion for abuse of discretion. See Gregg v. Ham, 678 F.3d 333,

342 (4th Cir. 2012).

“A jury verdict may be set aside and the case remanded

for a new trial when it is not possible to reconcile the

findings. Likewise, a new trial is appropriate if the verdict

is against the clear weight of the evidence . . . .”

TransDulles Center, Inc. v. USX Corp., 976 F.2d 219, 227 (4th

Cir. 1992). Here, the Final Verdict did not conflict with the

jury instructions. See id. at 227-28 (rejecting a claim of

verdict inconsistency where the verdict accorded with jury

instructions). In charging the jury, the district court did not

state that the jury must hold the defendants liable for equal

sums. The court instructed the jury: “[I]f you return a verdict

in favor of Mrs. Jones against any defendant, you should put in

the amount of damages you think are recoverable.” J.A. 1930.

The jury did just that.

Appellants have not shown that the Final Verdict was

“against the weight of the evidence or based on evidence which

is false.” Gregg, 678 F.3d at 343 (internal quotation marks

omitted). While it is true that a single act -- a retaliatory

discharge -- caused Appellee’s injury, we believe a reasonable

jury could recognize the distinct role that each appellant

34
played in that act. After all, it was SouthPeak -- not Mroz or

Phillips -- that paid Appellee’s salary and that stopped paying

it upon her termination. Though Mroz and Phillips were involved

in the decision to fire Appellee, they could not make it alone;

that decision belonged to the entire board of directors. That

being the case, it would hardly have been unreasonable for the

jury to conclude that SouthPeak, rather than two of its

executives, should cover the back pay award. Similarly, it is

not unreasonable to conclude that Mroz and Phillips bear

responsibility for Appellee’s emotional distress. Both were

involved in the decision to terminate Appellee. Beyond that,

Phillips allegedly lied to Appellee about the errors in the

company’s SEC filings. And it was Mroz who delivered the news

of Appellee’s termination. Appellee testified that she has

tearfully recalled her experiences at SouthPeak, again and

again, in the years since her firing, and we do not doubt that

these scenes loom in her recollections.

In short, we do not share Appellants’ view that the

Final Verdict was “inherently inconsistent.” Appellants’ Br.

38. The district court was not obliged to reject it, and its

denial of Appellants’ Rule 59 motion was not an abuse of

discretion.

35
 E.

Attorneys’ Fees

Lastly, there is the matter of attorneys’ fees.

Appellants make two arguments. First, they assert that the

district court failed to follow the three-step process outlined

in McAfee v. Boczar, 738 F.3d 81 (4th Cir. 2013). Second, they

challenge the court’s joint-and-several allocation of attorneys’

fees.

We review an award of attorneys’ fees for abuse of

discretion. See Robinson v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 560 F.3d

235, 243 (4th Cir. 2009). In making this assessment, we

recognize that our review of the record, no matter how careful,

cannot substitute for the district court’s “close and intimate

knowledge of the efforts expended and the value of the services

rendered.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly, “we will only reverse such an award if the district

court is clearly wrong or has committed an error of law.”

McAfee, 738 F.3d at 88.

1.

Calculation of Attorneys’ Fees

Our opinion in McAfee states that the “proper

calculation of an attorney’s fee involves a three-step process.”

738 F.3d at 88. First, “the court must determine the lodestar

figure by multiplying the number of reasonable hours expended

36
times a reasonable rate.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). Second, “the court must subtract fees for hours spent

on unsuccessful claims unrelated to successful ones. [Third],

the court should award some percentage of the remaining amount,

depending on the degree of success enjoyed by the plaintiff.”

Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Appellants argue the court neglected to perform the third step.

They deem this omission a reversible error and urge us to vacate

the fee award.

To be sure, it can be challenging to put a number on

“success.” There is no “precise rule or formula” to aid the

court in determining just how successful a plaintiff may have

been. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436 (1983). To wit,

the Supreme Court has said it would be inappropriate to simply

compare “the total number of issues in the case with those

actually prevailed upon.” Id. at 435 n.11 (internal quotation

marks omitted). Likewise, although we have advised courts to

compare the damages award to the amount sought, a court should

not reduce a fee award “simply because the plaintiff failed to

prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit.” Id. at 435.

A court may consider whether a fee award seems reasonable in

light of the amount of damages awarded. However, “a substantial

disproportionality between a fee award and a verdict, standing

37
alone, may not justify a reduction in attorney’s fees.” McAfee,

738 F.3d at 94.

Here, the district court did not organize its opinion

as our instructions in McAfee indicate it should have. However,

it is simply untrue to claim that the court failed to consider

Appellee’s degree of success. The court’s opinion takes note of

Appellants’ claim that Appellee “was not successful in certain

aspects of the case.” Jones v. SouthPeak Interactive Corp. of

Del., No. 3:12cv443, 2014 WL 2993443, at *11 (E.D. Va. July 2,

2014). The court acknowledged that Appellants, “to some extent,

were successful in reducing the damage award.” Id. at *12.

However, it said, that reduction “is not an unsuccessful claim

as to which a fee request needs to be reduced in the same manner

as not succeeding on the claim at all.” Id. The same is true,

the court said, of Appellee’s unsuccessful efforts to block

discovery and to prevent the withdrawal of defense counsel. See

id.

The court also addressed Appellants’ argument that

“the amount of hours attributed to post-judgment motions is

excessive and in light of the limited success [Appellee]

obtained at the post-judgment stage, it is not reasonable and it

should be reduced.” 2014 WL 2993443, at *14 (internal quotation

marks omitted). In response, the court repeated that Appellee

“had substantial and material success at trial . . . . [I]t is

38
not true that [Appellee] had limited success [in the post-

judgment stage]. [Appellee] retained a large portion of the

total judgment and she successfully opposed [Appellants’]

request for a new trial.” Id.

Plainly, then, the court considered Appellee’s success

in the litigation and concluded that Appellee was substantially

and materially successful. The facts support this conclusion.

The jury found all three defendants liable for violations of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act and awarded damages against each defendant.

Following remittitur, the total award came out to $737,000,

including $44,000 in pre-judgment interest. This is about one-

third of the roughly $2 million that Appellee sought. 6 Given

this result, we cannot say that declining to reduce the lodestar

figure was an abuse of discretion. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435

(“Where a plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney

should recover a fully compensatory fee.”).

2.

Allocation of Attorneys’ Fees

Appellants’ final argument is that the joint-and-

several allocation of attorneys’ fees was an abuse of

6
Appellee’s Rule 26 disclosures list $2,524,337 in damages
sought. This figure includes $500,000 in punitive damages;
however, Appellee did not request punitive damages in her
complaint.

39
discretion. We disagree, on the ground that the district court

enjoys considerable latitude in deciding how it will allocate

attorneys’ fees.

The proposition that district courts have discretion

over the proper allocation of a fee award among multiple

defendants is widely recognized. See, e.g., Torres-Rivera v.

O’Neill-Cancel, 524 F.3d 331, 337 (1st Cir. 2008); Herbst v.

Ryan, 90 F.3d 1300, 1304 (7th Cir. 1996); Council for Periodical

Distribs. Ass’ns v. Evans, 827 F.2d 1483, 1487-88 (11th Cir.

1987). Options available to a court may include: dividing the

award equally among the defendants; apportioning the award

according to the defendants’ relative culpability; awarding fees

“in the same proportions as [the] jury assessed actual damages”;

or holding a single defendant liable for fees related to a claim

for which that defendant was “solely or largely responsible.”

Council for Periodical Distribs., 827 F.2d at 1487-88. A court

is free to combine two or more of these methods, or it may

select another method entirely. See id. at 1488.

Two of our sister circuits -- the Seventh and District

of Columbia Circuits -- have identified several situations in

which it may be appropriate to hold all defendants jointly and

severally liable for attorneys’ fees. See Turner v. D.C. Bd. of

Elections & Ethics, 354 F.3d 890, 897-98 (D.C. Cir. 2004);

Herbst, 90 F.3d at 1305. For instance, they have said, “[i]t is

40
frequently appropriate to hold all defendants jointly and

severally liable for attorneys’ fees in cases in which two or

more defendants actively participated in a constitutional

violation.” Herbst, 90 F.3d at 1305; accord Turner, 354 F.3d at

897. A defendant’s ability to pay the award may be of some

relevance as well. In civil rights cases, “courts have upheld

the imposition of joint and several liability for a fee award

where there existed a question as to whether the fee would be

collectible from one of the defendants.” Herbst, 90 F.3d at

1306 n.13; accord Turner, 354 F.3d at 897-98. The District of

Columbia Circuit has also said that “a plaintiff’s fully

compensatory fee for claims centered on a set of common issues

against two or more jointly responsible defendants should be

assessed jointly and severally.” Turner, 354 F.3d at 898

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, Appellants call on us to redistribute the fee

award in proportion to each appellant’s share of the damages

awarded. We have never required a defendant’s share of a fee

award to equal his share of damages, nor have other circuits.

See, e.g., Corder v. Gates, 947 F.2d 374, 383 (9th Cir. 1991)

(“We have never mandated apportionment based on each defendant’s

relative liability under a jury’s verdict.”). Such a

requirement would take away the discretionary power that

district courts have traditionally enjoyed in this area.

41
 Even if, in the first instance, we might not have

decided to hold Appellants jointly and severally liable for the

fee award, we cannot say that the district court’s decision was

an abuse of discretion. Mroz and Phillips were high-level

executives at SouthPeak. Both were involved in the decision to

fire Appellee. The claims against all three Appellants were the

same, and although the damages awards ended up differing, the

work that Appellee’s counsel put into developing, investigating,

and pursuing those claims cannot be so easily divided.

Accordingly, we affirm.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the

district court is

AFFIRMED.

42