The Court ofAppeals
of the DIVISION I
richard d. Johnson State 0f Washington J^„!JXte
Court Administrator/Clerk \onttlo 600 University Street
oeaiiie 98101-4170
(206)464-7750
TDD: (206)587-5505
January 26, 2015
Laurie Gail Robertson Neil Brunson
Law Offices of Jason S. Newcombe Po Box 1673
1218 3rd Ave Ste 500 Richland, WA, 99352
Seattle, WA, 98101-3067
laurier@washingtonstateattorneys.com
CASE #: 71496-1-1
In re the Marriage of: Jennifer Brunson, Respondent v. Neil Brunson, Appellant
Snohomish County, Cause No. 12-3-02880-1
Counsel:
Enclosed is a copy of the opinion filed in the above-referenced appeal which states in part:
"Affirmed."
Counsel may file a motion for reconsideration within 20 days of filing this opinion pursuant to
RAP 12.4(b). If counsel does not wish to file a motion for reconsideration but does wish to
seek review by the Supreme Court, RAP 13.4(a) provides that if no motion for reconsideration
is made, a petition for review must be filed in this court within 30 days. The Supreme Court
has determined that a filing fee of $200 is required.
In accordance with RAP 14.4(a), a claim for costs by the prevailing party must be supported by
a cost bill filed and served within ten days after the filing of this opinion, or claim for costs will
be deemed waived.
Should counsel desire the opinion to be published by the Reporter of Decisions, a motion to
publish should be served and filed within 20 days of the date of filing the opinion, as provided
by RAP 12.3 (e).
Sincerely,
Richard D. Johnson
Court Administrator/Clerk
jh
Enclosure
c: The Honorable George Appel
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
IN RE MARRIAGE OF,
No. 71496-1-1
JENNIFER L BRUNSON,
DIVISION ONE
Respondent
and UNPUBLISHED OPINION
NEIL F. BRUNSON,
Appellant. FILED: January 26, 2015
Spearman, C.J. — Neil Brunson appeals the trial court's orders dissolving
his marriage to Jennifer Brunson, dividing their property, and providing for the
care and support of their children. Because Neil fails to demonstrate any error or
abuse of discretion, we affirm. We also grant Jennifer's request for attorney fees
based on Neil's frivolous appeal.
FACTS
Neil and Jennifer married in July 2005 and separated on September 30,
2012. They have two daughters, A.B., born in March 2007, and L.B., born in
March 2010. During the marriage, Jennifer worked as a nurse. Neil worked
briefly in accounting, then in construction, masonry, and his own contracting
business. After losing a job, Neil began collecting unemployment benefits in
February 2012.
No. 71496-1-1/2
On September 30, 2012, Neil called Jennifer at work and told her that L.B.
tracked nail polish all over the bedroom carpet. After her shift, Jennifer listened
to a voicemail message from Neil of nothing but the sound of L.B. "screaming
and this loud smacking sound in the background." Verbatim Report of
Proceedings (VRP) (7/10/13) at 68. When Jennifer returned home, she found
L.B. naked in the bathtub with purple bruising from the middle of her back down
on to her legs and bruising on her neck. Neil yelled at Jennifer and threatened to
kill her. When Neil left the room, Jennifer took the children and left the house.
Over the next days, Jennifer obtained a protection order. She filed a petition for
dissolution on October 26, 2012.
At trial in July 2013, Jennifer testified that Neil began to physically abuse
her six months after they married and provided several detailed examples
occurring over the years of the marriage. After an incident in 2008, Snohomish
County police arrested Neil for domestic violence assault, but Jennifer told the
prosecutor she was not willing to testify. According to Jennifer, Neil enrolled in
domestic violence treatment, but dropped out shortly after the "charges were
dropped." VRP (7/9/13) at 76.
Jennifer also testified that Neil had kicked the children and had previously
spanked L.B. "severely," leaving bruises. VRP (7/9/13) at 82-83. Jennifer
testified that a jury found Neil guilty of domestic violence assault in the fourth
degree based on the September 30, 2012 incident involving L.B., and presented
his judgment and sentence as evidence. VRP (7/10/13) at 156-57.
No. 71496-1-1/3
Jennifer also presented the testimony of Janell Berger, an investigator for
Child Protective Services (CPS), and Stanley Woody, a domestic violence
treatment provider, as well as documentary evidence.
Neil represented himself at trial. In addition to various documentary
evidence, he presented his own testimony, as well as that of his mother, Bridgid
Brunson, and his friend, Tobias Slaton.
In December 2013, the trial court entered written orders resolving the
issues presented at trial. The trial court found that Neil failed to meet his burden
to demonstrate that a Ford truck acquired during the marriage was separate
property and that the community owed a debt to his mother. The court also
found that the parties failed to present sufficient evidence to allow a
determination of the value of the marital home, and "therefore reasonably
concludes that the home is worth the mortgage debt." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 18.
The court found that Neil took "$62,000 in marital funds at the time of separation.
Said funds came from the following sources; $38,000 from the joint Sound Credit
Union Account, $5000 from the Chase account, $7000 from the bank of America
account and $12,000 from cash located in the parties' safe in their home." CP at
18.
In the parenting plan, the trial court limited Neil's residential time with the
children and assigned sole decision-making authority to Jennifer under RCW
26.09.191(1) and (2) based on the following findings regarding Neil's conduct:
A history of domestic violence as defined in RCW
26.50.010(1) or an assault or sexual assault which causes
grievous bodily harm or the fear of such harm.
No. 71496-1-1/4
The court found there is ample evidence of domestic
violence perpetrated by Respondent against Petitioner and
against one child. CP at 24.
In particular, the court ordered the children to reside with Jennifer at all times and
allowed Neil no visitation until he enrolls in a one-year domestic violence
treatment program. Once enrolled, Neil will be allowed up to 8 hours per week of
professionally supervised time with the children unless and until his treatment
provider determines that he "has made such progress in treatment that
supervision is no longer needed." CP at 27.
To calculate child support, the trial court found that Neil was voluntarily
unemployed and imputed income to him based on the Median Net Monthly
Income Table.
Neil appeals.
ANALYSIS
The law does not distinguish between litigants who elect to proceed pro se
and those who seek assistance of counsel. In re Marriage of Olson, 69 Wn. App.
621, 626, 850 P.2d 527 (1993). Both must comply with applicable procedural
rules, and failure to do so may preclude review. Id. at 626; State v. Marintorres,
93 Wn. App. 442, 452, 969 P.2d 501 (1999). An appellant must provide
"argument in support of the issues presented for review, together with citations to
legal authority and references to relevant parts of the record." RAP 10.3(a)(6).
This court generally will not consider arguments that are unsupported by
pertinent authority, references to the record, or meaningful analysis. Cowiche
Canvon Conservancy v. Boslev. 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992).
No. 71496-1-1/5
Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Zunino v. Raiewski, 140 Wn.
App. 215, 220, 165 P.3d 57 (2007) (citing Davis v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 94
Wn.2d 119, 123, 615 P.2d 1279 (1980)).
Although Neil lists 14 assignments of error and refers to the record, the
majority of his arguments are based on mischaracterizations of the record, his
own interpretation of various statutes, and his own assessment of the credibility
of various witnesses. The deficiencies in Neil's briefing are substantial obstacles
to our consideration of his appeal. Nevertheless, to the extent possible, we have
addressed the essence of his claims.
Temporary Orders
Neil claims several errors with respect to temporary orders entered by
commissioners prior to trial. A temporary order, however, neither resolves issues
relevant to residential time nor ends the litigation and is therefore not appealable
under RAP 2.2. In re Marriage of Greenlaw, 67 Wn. App. 755, 759, 840 P.2d
223 (1992), rev'd on other grounds, 123 Wn.2d 593, 869 P.2d 1024 (1994).
Moreover, temporary orders terminate upon the entry of a final decree. RCW
26.09.060(10)(c). Accordingly, we do not address the temporary orders in this
appeal.
Parenting Plan
Parenting plan decisions are within the trial court's broad discretion, and
we will not reverse unless the decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on
untenable grounds or reasons. In re Marriage of Kovacs, 121 Wn.2d 795, 801,
854 P.2d 629 (1993). A primary concern in establishing parenting plans is that
No. 71496-1-1/6
parenting arrangements should serve the best interests of the child. RCW
26.09.002. RCW 26.09.191(1) and (2) specifically authorize the trial court to
place limits on parenting plan provisions where the court finds a history of
domestic violence and an assault of a child. There is nothing in the statute, nor
does Neil cite any other legal authority, which prevents the court from allowing
only supervised visitation on condition of participation in domestic violence
treatment in such a situation. Instead, RCW 26.09.191 (2)(m)(i) expressly
authorizes the court to impose "[supervised contact between the child and the
parent or completion of relevant counseling or treatment."
Without citation to relevant authority, Neil claims that the trial court
terminated his parental rights and violated his constitutional right to parent by
preventing him from contacting his children. He is incorrect. The trial court
divided "parental roles and responsibilities," but did not "[terminate] the rights of
either parent" as "both parents remain parents and retain substantial rights,
including the right to seek future modification of the parenting plan." In re
Marriage of King, 162 Wn.2d 378, 386, 174 P.3d 659 (2007).
Neil also claims that the trial court failed to consider or properly evaluate
the best interests of the children by (1) failing to order screenings or
comprehensive assessments under RCW 26.09.191(4); (2) failing to appoint a
guardian ad litem (GAL); and (3) relying on the temporary parenting plan in
violation of RCW 26.09.191(5). As to pretrial screenings, assessments, or
appointment of a GAL, Neil fails to identify any authority requiring a trial court to
employ such measures under the circumstances of this case. Neil did not
6
No. 71496-1-1/7
dispute the existence of his recent criminal conviction for assaulting L.B. Nothing
in the record suggests that the trial court improperly drew presumptions from the
provisions of the temporary parenting plan. To the contrary, our review of the
record reveals that the trial court carefully considered the testimony and other
evidence presented at trial to determine that restrictions on Neil's contact with the
children until he began treatment were in their best interests.
Next, without citation to relevant authority or cogent explanation, Neil
appears to challenge the admissibility ofthe testimony of Berger and Woody on
various grounds. Although Neil objected at trial to Jennifer's request to present
Woody's testimony telephonically and to admit Woody's evaluation prior to trial
under ER 904 without witness authentication, he did not object at trial to the
admission oftheir testimony as experts or to the admission of their reports and
records as exhibits. Accordingly, Neil has failed to preserve these issues for
review. RAP 2.5(a).
Finally, without citation to relevant authority or cogent argument, Neil
claims his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination was violated when (1)
a prosecutor came into the courtroom during Jennifer's testimony, and (2) the
trial court directed him to respond to Jennifer's question as to whether he had
obtained a domestic violence evaluation since leaving treatment in February
2009. Even if the claimed violation occurred, because Neil fails to identify any
possible connection between either incident and the provisions of the parenting
plan or any other order before us in this appeal, we do not review these claims.
No. 71496-1-1/8
Child Support Order
We review a child support order for abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of
Bell, 101 Wn.2d 366, 371-72, 4 P.3d 849 (2000). "This court will not substitute its
own judgment for that of the trial court where the record shows that the trial court
considered all relevant factors and the award is not unreasonable under the
circumstances." In re Marriage of Fiorito, 112 Wn. App. 657, 664, 50 P.3d 298
(2002). A court will impute income to a parent for purposes of child support when
the parent is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed. RCW 26.19.071(6).
"The court shall determine whether the parent is voluntarily underemployed or
voluntarily unemployed based upon that parent's work history, education, health,
and age, or any other relevant factors." Id.
Neil claims the trial court erred in (1) finding him voluntarily unemployed;
(2) failing to impute income based on minimum wage under RCW
26.19.071 (6)(d); and (3) not ordering a deviation from the standard child support
calculation based on supervision expenses. Neil fails to identify any evidence in
the record from which the trial court could have found that he was not voluntarily
unemployed. He admitted that he was unemployed and testified repeatedly that
he intended to return to school. He did not present any medical evidence to
suggest that he was physically unable to do any of the various kinds of work he
had performed during the marriage. As to the amount imputed, Neil did not
present any evidence of a history of minimum wage jobs or any other
qualification for RCW 26.19.071 (6)(d), and Jennifer testified that he made
significantly more than the statutory average while he was working. Neil did not
8
No. 71496-1-1/9
request a deviation from the standard calculation. Neil fails to demonstrate any
abuse of discretion in the child support order.
Dissolution Property Division
In a dissolution action, all property, community and separate, is before the
court for distribution. In re Marriage of Stachofskv, 90 Wn. App. 135, 142, 951
P.2d 346 (1998).
We review an order distributing property for an abuse of discretion and will
only reverse a trial court's decision if there is a manifest abuse of discretion. ]n
re Marriage of Kraft. 119 Wn.2d 438, 450, 832 P.2d 871 (1992). The relevant
factors in determining a just and equitable distribution of property are provided by
statute. They include (1) the nature and extent of community property; (2) the
nature and extent of separate property; (3) the duration of the marriage; and (4)
the economic circumstances of each spouse at the time the division of the
property is to become effective. RCW 26.09.080. The trial court is in the best
position to determine what is "'fair, just and equitable'" under the circumstances.
In re Marriage of Brewer. 137 Wn.2d 756, 769, 976 P.2d 102 (1999) (internal
quotation marks omitted), quoting In re Marriage of Hadlev, 88 Wn.2d 649, 656,
565 P.2d 790 (1977). We will reverse a distribution based on a
mischaracterization of property only when the trial court's reasoning indicates
that the property division was significantly influenced by the characterization, and
it is unclear whether the trial court would have made the same division had the
property been correctly characterized. In re Marriage of Olivares, 69 Wn. App.
No. 71496-1-1/10
324, 330, 848 P.2d 1281 (1993). disapproved on other grounds by In re Estate of
Borghi. 167 Wn.2d 480, 219 P.3d 932 (2009).
Neil first contends that the trial court abused its discretion by arbitrarily
determining that the value of the house was equal to the mortgage debt. We will
not substitute our judgment for the trial court on a factual dispute over the
valuation of property. Worthington v. Worthington. 73 Wn.2d 759, 762, 440 P.2d
478 (1968). A trial court does not abuse its discretion by assigning values to
property within the scope of the evidence. In re Marriage of Soriano. 31 Wn. App.
432, 435, 643 P.2d 450 (1982).
Jennifer testified that the parties owed $309,000 on the mortgage at the
time of trial and that the tax assessor's valuation of the property at the time of
separation was $228,200. Neil testified that he believed the house would be
appraised for $320,000 to $340,000. Because the trial court's valuation was
within the limited evidence presented by the parties at trial, Neil fails to
demonstrate abuse of discretion.1
Neil next claims the trial court's finding that he took $12,000 in cash from
the safe lacked substantial support in the record because only Jennifer testified
as to the existence of the money. We defer to the fact finder on witness
credibility and the persuasiveness ofthe evidence. In re Marriage ofAkon, 160
Wn. App. 48, 57, 248 P.3d 94 (2011). It was within the trial court's discretion to
rely on Jennifer's testimony.
1After trial, Neil sought reconsideration based in part on a recent appraisal of $358,000
Jennifer obtained for refinancing purposes. But Neil fails to identify or demonstrate any abuse of
discretion in the trial court's order denying reconsideration based on its determination that in the
circumstances here, "it cannot be said that substantial justice was not done." CP at 3-4.
10
No. 71496-1-1/11
Neil also contends the trial court failed to properly characterize as his
separate property or his mother's property: (1) the $7,000 Bank of American
account; (2) the Ford truck; (3) his $7,000 workers compensation award; and 4)
certain assets of the "home based business." Brief of Appellant at 41-42. But
because it was undisputed that each of these assets were acquired during the
marriage, Neil had the burden of rebutting the presumption of community
property by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. In re Marriage of Zahm, 91
Wn. App. 78, 85-86, 955 P.2d 412 (1998). The trial court found that Neil failed to
meet this burden. Neil's references to his own testimony, which the trial court
found to be less credible than Jennifer's testimony, do not establish error.
Moreover, Neil fails to argue or establish that the trial court's division of
the property was significantly influenced by the characterization of the identified
property. Instead, the record reveals that the trial court's division of the property
was particularly driven by Neil's taking $62,000 of marital property at the time of
separation. In its oral ruling, the trial court described the "roughly" $62,000, less
a mortgage payment, as Neil's "preallocation," and added his $12,109 retirement
for a total of $74,109, less the mortgage payment. VRP (7/31/13) at 664. The
trial court calculated Jennifer's allocation as $73,336, and described their shares
as "roughly equal." VRP (7/31/13) at 664. Neil fails to demonstrate grounds for
reversal or any abuse of discretion.
We also reject Neil's claim that the order requiring him to pay a private
moving company to obtain his personal property was punitive and a violation of
his constitutional rights. Given the history of domestic violence in this case and
11
No. 71496-1-1/12
the existing protection orders, Neil fails to demonstrate abuse of discretion in the
trial court's attempt to prevent additional conflict between the parties.
Appearance of Fairness
For the first time on appeal, Neil claims that the trial judge should have
recused himself because he worked for the domestic violence unit of the
Snohomish County Prosecutor's Office when Neil was arrested in 2008.
After hearing Jennifer's initial trial testimony about the 2008 arrest, the trial
judge interrupted to "make a record of my own," identified his prior position,
indicated he had no recollection of the case, and invited both parties to testify
about whether they recognized him. VRP (7/9/13) at 78. The trial court
specifically asked whether either party had "any further questions of me, or
motions, or anything for the record?" VRP (7/9/13) at 79. Neil did not object,
saying, "I believe there's no conflict of interest, as far as I'm concerned." VRP
(7/9/13) at 80.
Because Neil did not object or make a motion for recusal at trial, he failed
to preserve this issue for appeal and we will not address it. RAP 2.5(a);
Henriksen v. Lyons. 33 Wn. App. 123, 128, 652 P.2d 18 (1982).
Attorney Fees
Neil challenges $3,000 in attorney fees awarded by a commissioner in a
temporary order filed in February 2013, as well as an additional award of $285.
Neil did not designate the orders awarding attorney fees in his notice of appeal.
Moreover, Neil fails to properly support his arguments with references to the
record and citation to authority. Instead, he baldly asserts that the awards are
12
No. 71496-1-1/13
improper because the court did not find intransigence and did not consider the
financial resources of the parties under RCW 26.09.140. Given Neil's
inadequate briefing and his failure to sufficiently identify or provide the portions of
the record necessary to review this issue, we will not consider it.
Jennifer requests an award of attorney fees as a sanction for Neil's
frivolous appeal. RAP 18.9(a) authorizes the appellate court, on its own initiative
or on motion of a party, to order a party or counsel who files a frivolous appeal to
pay sanctions, including an award of attorney fees and costs to the opposing
party. Yurtis v. Phipps, 143 Wn. App. 680, 696, 181 P.3d 849 (2008) (citing
Rhinehartv. Seattle Times. Inc., 59 Wn. App. 332, 342, 798 P.2d 1155 (1990)).
"An appeal is frivolous if, considering the entire record, the court is convinced
that the appeal presents no debatable issues upon which reasonable minds
might differ and that it is so devoid of merit that there is no possibility of reversal.
And we resolve all doubts to whether an appeal is frivolous in favor of the
appellant." Lutz Tile. Inc. v. Krech, 136 Wn. App. 899, 906, 151 P.3d 219 (2007)
(internal citations omitted). Because many of Neil's claims depend on his own
mischaracterization of the record or misapplication of various statutes and the
resolution of other claims turn on the trial court's clear and explicit determinations
of credibility and weight of the evidence or lack of evidence, matters which are
not subject to review, we are convinced that the appeal presents no debatable
issues upon which reasonable minds might differ and is devoid of merit. We
award reasonable appellate attorney fees to Jennifer under RAP 18.9 upon her
compliance with RAP 18.1.
13
No. 71496-1-1/14
Affirmed.
J^-Ll/r^c^ CjJ^
WE CONCUR:
^xckei2;
14
In Re The Marriage Of: Jennifer Brunson v. Neil Brunson
Combined Opinion