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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-10050
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cv-02961-AKK
APRIL D. CHANDLER,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA,
NORTH ALABAMA, INC.,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
________________________
(January 27, 2015)
Before WILSON and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and CONWAY, * District
Judge.
*
Honorable Anne C. Conway, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Middle District
of Florida, sitting by designation.
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PER CURIAM:
April Chandler brought this action against Volunteers of America, North
Alabama, Inc. (“VOANA”), her now-former employer, alleging race-based
disparate treatment, a racially hostile working environment, and retaliation, in
violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as
amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(a)(1), 2000e-3(a) (“Title VII”). The district court
granted summary judgment to VOANA on the retaliation and hostile-work-
environment claims, and the case proceeded to trial on the disparate-treatment
claim, where the jury found that VOANA had not discriminated against Chandler.
Chandler now appeals the district court’s orders denying various motions for
recusal, granting summary judgment in favor of VOANA on the retaliation and
hostile-work-environment claims,1 and excluding certain testimony at trial on the
disparate-treatment claim.
For the reasons that follow, we now affirm the rulings and judgment of the
district court. For simplicity of discussion, we divide our discussion into three
parts: the denial of the recusal orders, the granting of the summary-judgment
motion, and the evidentiary rulings regarding trial evidence.
1
In passing footnotes in her briefs on appeal, Chandler also requests a retrial of her
disparate-treatment claim if this Court reverses the district court’s grant of summary judgment on
the retaliation or hostile-work-environment claims. Arguments “briefed” in such a cursory
fashion are waived. In re Globe Mfg. Corp., 567 F.3d 1291, 1297 n.3 (11th Cir. 2009);
Greenbriar, Ltd. v. City of Alabaster, 881 F.2d 1570, 1580 n.6 (11th Cir. 1989).
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I. RECUSAL
A. Background
This case was handled first by one district judge, who issued the summary
judgment order, and later, by a different district judge, who tried the case. 2
Both judges weathered a storm of poorly drafted and somewhat offensive
filings from the plaintiff. To take just a single example, when the district court
granted summary judgment on Chandler’s hostile-work-environment and
retaliation claims, counsel waited four months and then moved for reconsideration.
When the court denied the motion for reconsideration, counsel filed a second
motion for reconsideration. At a pretrial hearing several months later, the district
court agreed to allow Chandler to file a supplemental brief on the hostile-work-
environment claim. Although the court gave very specific instructions to counsel
about what the brief should contain—particularly in light of the fact that the court
had already considered two motions for reconsideration on the same issue, counsel
failed to comply with the court’s directives. The district court struck the brief from
the record but provided Chandler with yet another opportunity to file a
supplemental brief. Upon reviewing the supplemental brief, the court declined to
2
Chandler asserts that the case was not simply reassigned, but rather that the first judge
ultimately recused himself from the case. After oral argument, Chandler filed a motion for leave
to supplement her appendix with documents that allegedly support her view. We see no need to
address the issue, as it does not affect our decision. Therefore, Appellant’s motion is DENIED.
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reinstate the hostile-work-environment claim. So two months later, Chandler filed
yet another motion for reconsideration.
In fact, Chandler consistently filed two motions for reconsideration
following nearly every adverse court ruling, often months after the orders had been
entered. The briefs in support of these motions and other filings consisted in large
part of conclusory contentions followed by citations to large chunks of, if not the
entire, record, leaving the court to decrypt Chandler’s claims and arguments with
no aid from counsel.
Adding to the frustration of dealing with counsel’s failure to present a
supported, coherent argument, it appears to have been part of counsel’s strategy to
attempt to provoke the district court into making inappropriate statements.
Counsel’s filings repeatedly gratuitously took potshots at the court, denigrating it
and its decisions and accusing it of treating Chandler unfairly. For example,
counsel made the following comments, among many, many others, in briefs
submitted to the district court in this case:
• If imperfection implied negligence, it could be equally
suggested that this District Court may have failed in
its own professional duties.
• These reversals [in two other cases that the district
court had decided] demonstrate that this Court can err.
Still counsel will take the high road and refuse to
insinuate or suggest that this Court has been anything
less than professional in judging counsel’s cases. We
all do the best we can, yet still make mistakes. Not
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every judge can be Learned Hand or John Roberts.
Counsel can only hope that this Court—like the
blindfolded statute [sic] of Lady Justice—can step
back and decide these issues fairly, dispassionately,
and free from any weariness or frustration with
counsel or the Court of Appeals panels that ruled
against it.
• The Court makes an odd, personal proclamation that it
is sympathetic to discrimination and retaliation [sic]. .
. . Why would the Court feel the need to make such a
statement? Chandler remains unmoved and is still
concerned that this Court’s actions speak louder than
its words. Almost every major corporate employer
who has been found guilty of discrimination or
retaliation over the last thirty years has circulated a
hypocritical statement in some sort of official
document to the extent that it “does not tolerate”
discriminatory or retaliatory behavior in its
workplace. If the Court were truly interested in
remedying the inexcusably racist conduct at VOANA,
it would follow settled federal law, deny the summary
judgment motion, and trust a jury to decide whether
Chandler was damaged by VOANA’s retaliation
and/or its racially hostile work environment.
• The Court’s decisions often seem capricious or
erratic.
• Many of the Court’s statements in its Amended Order
were misleading or wrong.
Nor did counsel stop with the district court. He repeated—and intensified—
several of these comments about the district court in support of Chandler’s appeal
before this Court.
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On occasion, a district judge’s frustration with counsel’s tactics found its
way into an opinion or an in-court remark. In response, Chandler filed motions for
recusal with both judges based on various statements that the court made during
the course of the litigation. Chandler claims that the challenged statements were
“part of an impermissible pattern of hostility or frustration against Chandler and
her counsel.” The district court denied Chandler’s motions for recusal.
B. Standard of Review
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for recusal for abuse of
discretion. See Jaffree v. Wallace, 837 F.2d 1461, 1465 (11th Cir. 1988) (per
curiam).
C. Discussion
Title 28, United States Code, Section 455(a) requires a district judge to
recuse himself “in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be
questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a); see also Thomas v. Tenneco Packaging Co., 293
F.3d 1306, 1329 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam). A judge’s impartiality might
reasonably be questioned if “an objective, fully informed lay observer would
entertain significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” Thomas, 293 F.3d at
1329 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Generally, “bias sufficient to disqualify a judge must stem from extrajudicial
sources.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). When no
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extrajudicial source is involved, such as when a bias or partiality motion is based
on judicial rulings alone or on “opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts
introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior
proceedings,” disqualification is required only where the judge “display[s] a deep-
seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible.”
Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1157 (1994).
“[J]udicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of,
or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a
bias or partiality challenge.” Id. Further, “expressions of impatience,
dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger” or “even a stern and short-tempered
judge’s ordinary efforts at courtroom administration[,]” do not establish bias or
partiality sufficient to support disqualification. Id. at 555-56, 114 S. Ct. at 1157.
We have reviewed all of the statements that Chandler alleges reveal the
judges’ personal biases against her or show that the judges’ impartiality might
reasonably have been questioned and find that none of them show bias or partiality
against Chandler, and none of them require recusal. Instead, the challenged
remarks arose out of and are based on the district court’s interaction with counsel
and Chandler in the course of the litigation.
For example, commenting on counsel’s practice of block-citing large chunks
of the record and failing to explain how those portions of the record in any way
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supported the legal points that Chandler sought to make, the district court
remarked, “This court has grown weary of attempting to correct and compensate
for the deficiency of [counsel]’s briefs”; “[Counsel’s] briefs are consistently
disorganized at best, and confused and confounding at worst”; and “[Counsel’s]
motion practice transcends the oft-criticized concept of ‘shotgun pleading’ to what
this court will characterize as ‘mudball pleading.’”
While we do not necessarily condone comments of this nature, these feelings
of frustration are understandable on this record and are not without basis. Indeed,
although the court is obligated to carefully review the entire record in reaching a
decision, it is counsel’s duty in the first instance to marshal the facts and show how
they support his legal argument. Counsel did not do this, despite being specifically
directed to on more than one occasion.
Nor did the district court’s statements about counsel’s understanding of the
law—such as, “the undersigned believes Plaintiff has a fundamental
misunderstanding of the law”—or reprimands of counsel’s conduct—such as,
“counsel’s professionalism and advocacy has been less than exemplary” or
“counsel must . . . [try the case] in a manner consistent with the professionalism
required of those who have the privilege of representing clients in this honorable
profession”—reveal anything more than the judge’s frustration with counsel’s
improper tactics in the litigation. At most, the court’s statements showed “[m]ere
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friction between the court and counsel,” which “is not enough to demonstrate
pervasive bias.” Thomas, 293 F.3d at 1329 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Finally, other remarks of which Chandler complains which were directed at
Chandler herself were made in a different trial, outside of the presence of the jury,
and, most significantly, after final judgment had already been entered in
Chandler’s case, for the purpose of controlling Chandler’s behavior as a witness in
the subsequent trial. The remarks did not indicate that the judge was biased or
prejudiced against Chandler, and a judge may “chastis[e] the parties . . . when
necessary to control the tenor of the trial.” United States v. Killough, 848 F.2d
1523, 1529 (11th Cir. 1988). In short, Chandler’s motions for recusal were
properly denied.
II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A. Background
1. Facts3
Chandler, an African-American female, started working at VOANA in
August 2005. VOANA was a Christian human-services organization that provided
group home care and instruction for the developmentally challenged. It operated
3
We recite the following facts in the light most favorable to Chandler, since she was the
party opposing summary judgment. See Gillis v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 400 F.3d 883, 884 n.2 (11th
Cir. 2005).
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group homes in and around Florence, Alabama, and it provided in-home care to
some non-resident patients through contracts with government agencies, such as
the Lauderdale County Department of Human Resources (“DHR”) and the Scope
310 Authority of the City of Florence.4
Chandler began as a House Manager I (“HM-1”), a position in which she
was primarily responsible for providing direct patient care. She was originally
assigned to work at group home #16, but in May 2006, at her request, she was
reassigned to work as an instructor at the Day Rehabilitation Center (“Day
Program”), VOANA’s training facility for patients, including some patients who
reside at the group homes. Chandler reported to a Service Coordinator, who
reported to Teresa Stephenson, the Program Director, who was Caucasian.
On September 11, 2006, Chandler was removed from her teaching job at the
Day Program and given a night shift at group home #88, a notoriously dangerous
and violent house. Chandler’s position at the Day Program was given to
Stephenson’s Caucasian mother.
On May 29, 2007, Chandler was reassigned to the day shift at group home
#88 and promoted to the House Manager II (“HM-2”) position, a position in which
she was largely responsible for supervising HM-1s. Around this time, Stephenson
4
On December 31, 2010, VOANA merged with, or was acquired by, Volunteers of
America, Southeast, Inc. (“VOASE”). VOASE then began to provide services to VOANA’s
former clients and to operate the group homes in North Alabama.
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also assigned Chandler to provide behavioral aide services, or direct client care, to
African-American clients who were not residents of VOANA’s group homes. The
non-resident homes were notoriously violent and dangerous, and Caucasian
employees refused to go to them. Chandler continued to do direct care
assignments until around January 2008.
In the beginning of April 2009, Chandler supervised a Caucasian employee,
Diana Vinson, and was told by other employees she supervised that Vinson had
mistreated certain residents. Chandler reported the misconduct to her supervisor,
Bonnie Davis, a Service Coordinator who was Caucasian. Davis, in turn, reported
the misconduct to Stephenson. According to Chandler, no actions were ever taken
in response to the complaint. A few weeks later, on April 23, 2009, Chandler was
placed on administrative leave based on an allegation of abuse. Davis told three of
Chandler’s subordinates about the administrative leave, which was confidential
information shared in violation of VOANA’s company policy. Davis also told one
of Chandler’s subordinates to disregard Chandler’s instructions. VOANA’s
investigation revealed that the allegations of abuse against Chandler were
unfounded, and she returned to work on May 4, 2009. No employee ever actually
disregarded Chandler’s instructions.
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2. Procedural History
Chandler believed she was being racially discriminated against at VOANA.
In May 2009, Chandler filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. She
received a right-to-sue notification in August 2010 and filed the complaint in this
case in November 2010. In the complaint, Chandler alleged that VOANA had
racially discriminated against her and retaliated against her for engaging in
protected activity by (1) wrongfully placing her on unpaid administrative leave in
April 2009, (2) subjecting her to harassment and unfair discipline, (3) undermining
her authority as a supervisor in July 2009, (4) giving her unfair job assignments,
(5) refusing to address the racially hostile work environment to which she was
subjected, and (6) taking her position away from her and giving it to a Caucasian
employee. The allegations break down into claims for race-based disparate
treatment, retaliation, and a racially hostile work environment.
VOANA moved for summary judgment on all of Chandler’s claims. The
district court granted summary judgment on the retaliation and hostile-work-
environment claims. It also found Chandler’s claim about having her position
taken away from her and given to a Caucasian employee untimely under both Title
VII and § 1981. But the court allowed Chandler to proceed to trial on several
aspects of her disparate-treatment claim: (1) being forced to accept direct care
assignments that had been refused by Caucasian employees, (2) being placed on
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administrative leave in April 2009, and (3) having confidential information shared
about her administrative leave. At the close of trial, the jury returned a verdict
unanimously finding that VOANA had not discriminated against Chandler on the
basis of her race. 5
B. Standard of Review
We review de novo an order granting summary judgment, drawing all
inferences and reviewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. Adams v. Austal, U.S.A., L.L.C., 754 F.3d 1240, 1248 (11th Cir. 2014). In
our review, we “examine only the evidence which was before the district court
when [it] decided the motion for summary judgment.” Chapman v. AI Transp.,
229 F.3d 1012, 1026 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted) (emphasis in original). We may affirm the district court on any ground
fairly supported by the record, Rozar v. Mullis, 85 F.3d 556, 564 (11th Cir. 1996),
even on a ground the district court did not consider, Davis v. Coca-Cola Bottling
Co. Consol., 516 F.3d 955, 973 (11th Cir. 2008).
Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
5
The jury answered special interrogatories and found that (1) VOANA had forced
Chandler to accept direct care assignments that had been refused by Caucasian employees, but
Chandler’s race was not a motivating factor that prompted VOANA to take that action, (2)
VOANA had placed Chandler on administrative leave, but Chandler’s race was not a motivating
factor that prompted VOANA to take that action, and (3) VOANA had shared confidential
information about Chandler, but Chandler’s race was not a motivating factor that prompted
VOANA to take that action.
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Civ. P. 56(a). The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of
informing the district court of the basis for the motion and identifying the parts of
the record it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.
Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 683 F.3d 1283, 1292 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2553 (1986)).
However, “[t]he burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to rebut that showing . .
. .” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The nonmoving party
does not satisfy its burden if the rebuttal evidence is merely colorable, or is not
significantly probative of a disputed fact.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). A court must enter summary judgment “against a party who fails
to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to
that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Id.
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
C. Discussion
Much like her briefs in the district court, Chandler’s briefs on appeal make
little to no argument on the merits of her claims for retaliation and hostile work
environment and, instead, refer us to a large chunk of the district-court record and
complain about the quality of VOANA’s summary-judgment briefs. Indeed,
counsel still seems to be under the misimpression that it is the court’s job, not
counsel’s, initially to comb through the record, identify the facts supporting the
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plaintiff’s legal position, and apply them to the law—all without any guidance
from counsel. Counsel states, “Chandler would be at a great disadvantage if she
were forced to argue the full summary judgment record to the Court of Appeals
without the benefit of the District Court first bracketing and pinpointing the most
important or essential fact issues.”
And, to the extent that Chandler purports to make any argument at all on the
merits in her appellate brief, it consists entirely of the following: “Instead of
offering yet another iteration and rewording of her argument that a jury should
have heard her retaliation and hostile-work-environment claims, Chandler just cites
to the advocacy and opposition that she presented, repeatedly and in depth, to the
District Court.” Counsel then cites seven documents in their entirety that were
filed in the district court.
We have “rejected the practice of incorporating by reference arguments
made to district courts” and held that a party waives all arguments it presents in
this manner. Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts, B.V. v. Consorcio Barr S.A., 377
F.3d 1164, 1167 n.4 (11th Cir. 2004). Chandler may not “both bypass the rules
governing space limitations and transfer [her] duty to make arguments to the
judges of this panel.” Id. Because she has failed to properly present for review
any argument regarding the merits of her retaliation and hostile-work-environment
claims, she has waived her challenge to the viability of the claims.
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But even if she had not waived her challenge, the claims would still fail. We
briefly explain why below.
However, before addressing why Chandler’s claims fail on the merits, we
note that in this discussion of Chandler’s retaliation and hostile-work-environment
claims, we consider only those arguments that Chandler made and evidence that
she presented in her initial opposition to VOANA’s motion for summary judgment
and in an amended supplemental briefing on the hostile-work-environment issue
that the district court permitted her to file.
We take a moment to explain why we do not consider any arguments that
Chandler made in any of her motions for reconsideration of the district court’s
ruling on her hostile-work-environment and retaliation claims and in her original
supplemental brief that the court struck for failure to comply with the court’s
instructions—four of the seven filings to which Chandler refers us. As previously
noted, two of the filings are motions for reconsideration of the district court’s
summary-judgment order, the first of which Chandler filed four months after the
court entered the order, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). The district court denied
the motion. The district court similarly denied Chandler’s second motion for
reconsideration, brought pursuant to Rules 60(b) and 59(e). We review the denial
of these motions under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See Shuford v. Fid. Nat’l
Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 1337, 1341 (11th Cir. 2007); Region 8 Forest
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Serv. Timber Purchasers Council v. Alcock, 993 F.2d 800, 805-06 (11th Cir.
1993); Griffin v. Swim-Tech Corp., 722 F.2d 677, 680 (11th Cir. 1984). The
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying either of the motions for
reconsideration, as Chandler submitted no new evidence, nor did she make any
arguments that she could not have made in her initial opposition, nor did she
provide any reason to justify relief from the judgment. See Griffin, 722 F.2d at
680; Solutia, Inc. v. McWane, Inc., 672 F.3d 1230, 1238-39 (11th Cir. 2012) (per
curiam).
Later in the proceedings, the court decided to reconsider Chandler’s hostile-
work-environment claim and gave her the opportunity to file a supplemental
briefing on the issue, with specific instructions to “match[] facts to elements of law
that are required to allege a viable racially hostile work environment claim that
survives a motion for summary judgment.” Chandler filed a supplemental briefing
but failed to comply with the court’s directives. The district court thus struck the
supplemental briefing, but it gave Chandler an opportunity to submit an amended
supplemental briefing. Chandler’s amended supplemental briefing still failed to
comply with the court’s directives. Nonetheless, the district court reviewed both of
Chandler’s supplemental briefings on the hostile-work-environment issue and
found that reinstating the hostile-work-environment claim was not warranted.
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Approximately two months later, Chandler filed yet another motion for
reconsideration, pursuant to Rule 60(b), of her hostile-work-environment claim.
She also filed a motion for reconsideration, pursuant to Rule 60(b), of her
retaliation claims. With the briefings on these motions, Chandler filed a new
affidavit. The court denied Chandler’s motions. It did not abuse its discretion in
doing so, as Chandler made no argument and submitted no evidence that she could
not have submitted in her initial briefing in opposition to summary judgment.
Because we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Chandler’s various motions for reconsideration, we will not consider any
arguments that she made or evidence that she presented in those filings. Similarly,
we will not consider any arguments that Chandler made or evidence that she
presented in her first supplemental briefing on the hostile-work-environment issue
because the district court struck it from the record.6
1. Retaliation Claims
Chandler claims that VOANA retaliated against her for various statutorily
protected activity by (i) reassigning her from her teaching job at the Day Program
to a night shift at group home #88, (ii) requiring her to provide direct care services,
6
Similarly to her motions practice in the district court, and in addition to the motion for
leave to supplement her appendix discussed above, see supra note 2, Chandler filed four
additional motions with this Court in the month following oral argument—two additional
motions for leave to supplement her appendix and two motions to supplement her motions for
leave to supplement. As the material Chandler wishes to submit is of little to no relevance to her
reviewable claims on appeal and would not affect our decision, her motions are DENIED.
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(iii) putting her on administrative leave, and (iv) undermining her authority as a
supervisor. 7
The first of these allegations is barred by Title VII’s administrative-
exhaustion requirement and § 1981’s statute of limitations. Title VII requires a
plaintiff to exhaust administrative remedies by filing a timely charge of
discrimination with the EEOC before pursuing a discrimination claim. Wilkerson
v. Grinnell Corp., 270 F.3d 1314, 1317 (11th Cir. 2001). To be timely, the charge
must be filed within a prescribed time period, generally either 180 or 300 days
after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred, depending on the state.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Though a plaintiff is not required to exhaust
administrative remedies before filing a § 1981 action, a § 1981 action must be filed
within the four-year statute of limitations prescribed by 28 U.S.C. § 1658. See
Baker v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 531 F.3d 1336, 1338-39 (11th Cir. 2008).
Here, Chandler was reassigned from her teaching job at the Day Program to
work a night shift at group home #88 on September 11, 2006. But she did not file
7
Chandler also alleges that, around the beginning of April 2011, Defendant retaliated
against her for filing this lawsuit by changing its van-use policy as applied to her and
communicating with her only in writing, often via sticky note. Chandler discussed these claims
for retaliation in her deposition and raised them in her brief in opposition to summary judgment,
but she never amended her complaint to add the claims. We will therefore not consider them.
See Brown v. Snow, 440 F.3d 1259, 1266 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that the district court
correctly refused to address an allegation of retaliation that the plaintiff discussed in his
deposition because he never amended his complaint to include the claim); Gilmour v. Gates,
McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (“At the summary
judgment stage, the proper procedure for plaintiffs to assert a new claim is to amend the
complaint in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). A plaintiff may not amend her complaint
through argument in a brief opposing summary judgment.”).
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a charge with the EEOC until May 5, 2009—far too long after the reassignment to
exhaust administrative remedies for that claim under Title VII. And she did not
file the complaint in this case until November 2, 2010, more than four years after
the reassignment, when the statute of limitations for the claim under § 1981 had
run. So Chandler’s retaliation claim relating to her reassignment was barred by her
failure to timely exhaust administrative remedies under Title VII and her untimely
filing of the § 1981 action.
The other retaliation claims, while actionable, all lack merit. Title VII
prohibits retaliation against an employee “because [s]he has opposed any practice
made an unlawful employment practice by [Title VII], or because [s]he has made a
charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation,
proceeding, or hearing under [Title VII].” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Section 1981
similarly prohibits retaliation, see CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, 553 U.S. 442,
446, 128 S. Ct. 1951, 1954-55 (2008), and the framework for deciding retaliation
claims under Title VII also governs retaliation claims under § 1981. See Davis v.
Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consol., 516 F.3d 955, 978 (11th Cir. 2008); see also
Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1325 n.14 (11th Cir. 2011) (“Title
VII and § 1981 have the same requirements of proof and utilize the same analytical
framework.”). To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must
“show[] that: (1) she engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) she suffered a
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materially adverse action; and (3) there was a causal connection between the
protected activity and the adverse action.” Chapter 7 Tr. v. Gate Gourmet, Inc.,
683 F.3d 1249, 1258 (11th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Chandler did not satisfy the third prong of the test with respect to her direct-
care assignments because she failed to show how the assignments were connected
with any particular statutorily protected activity in which she engaged. The record
indicates that Chandler was assigned to provide direct care from around the end of
May 2007 until January 2008. But Chandler did not present any evidence that she
engaged in an activity opposing racial discrimination shortly before or during this
time.
“We construe the causal link element broadly so that a plaintiff merely has
to prove that the protected activity and the negative employment action are not
completely unrelated.” Id. at 1260 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
However, “merely showing that the alleged adverse action occurred sometime after
the protected expression does not establish the causation element.” Davis, 516
F.3d at 978 n.52.
Chandler allegedly complained to her supervisor at the Day Program about
racial discrimination in May 2006 and allegedly refused to sign false statements
about her African-American supervisor, Sonja King, at Stephenson’s request in
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September 2006. But both of these incidents occurred well before May 2007 when
she was required to do direct-care assignments. All other conduct we could
possibly consider occurred in 2009, well after her direct-care assignments stopped:
Chandler reported Vinson for abuse in or around April 2009, Chandler complained
of racial discrimination to Kim O’Neal, a VOANA Human Resources
Representative, in a meeting following her administrative leave in or around May
2009, and Chandler spoke to Allen Robinson, VOANA’s Senior Human Resources
Representative, about racial discrimination pertaining to her Caucasian supervisor,
Nicole Jones, in or around June 2010. Because all of these events occurred after
the direct-care assignments were made, by definition, the assignments cannot be
considered acts of retaliation.8
Chandler similarly failed to show a causal connection between her
engagement in a statutorily protected activity and her administrative leave. Again,
Chandler’s May 2006 complaints of racial discrimination are too remote to have
any relation to her placement on administrative leave in April 2009. Chandler’s
reporting of Vinson for abusing a client, while admirable, is not statutorily
protected under Title VII because, in reporting Vinson, Chandler was not opposing
8
Chandler also asserts that she complained about or expressed dissatisfaction with racial
discrimination at VOANA to Cordia Bolden, a VOANA Human Resources Representative, “on
numerous occasions.” But nothing in the record reveals when Chandler made these complaints,
although it is her burden to establish a causal nexus. Because Chandler has failed to submit any
evidence showing that these complaints to Bolden occurred around or near the time of the
allegedly retaliatory conduct, Chandler has not satisfied her burden to establish a causal link
between these complaints and any of the adverse actions of which she complains.
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any racial discrimination; she was simply reporting a subordinate’s misconduct.
And any other conduct that can be considered statutorily protected, such as
Chandler’s complaints about racial discrimination to O’Neal and Robinson,
occurred after Chandler returned from administrative leave. Thus, Chandler failed
to establish a prima facie case of retaliation with respect to her administrative
leave.
Finally, for the same reasons, Chandler did not present evidence sufficient to
show a causal connection between any statutorily protected activity and the alleged
undermining of her authority, even assuming that such an action qualifies as
materially adverse. Gate Gourmet, Inc., 683 F.3d at 1259 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted) (“An action is materially adverse if it might have
dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.”). Thus, Chandler failed to present evidence sufficient to establish
a prima facie case of retaliation, and all of Chandler’s retaliation claims were
properly dismissed.
2. Hostile-work-environment Claim
To establish a hostile-work-environment claim under both Title VII and §
1981, see Jones, 683 F.3d at 1292, Chandler was required to “prove that the
workplace [wa]s permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult,
that [wa]s sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her]
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employment and create an abusive working environment.” Adams, 754 F.3d at
1248 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510
U.S. 17, 21, 114 S. Ct. 367, 370 (1993)). Because the claim was race-based,
Chandler had to show that (1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she was
subjected to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on her race; (4)
the “harassment was severe or pervasive enough to alter the terms and conditions
of [her] employment and create a discriminatorily abusive working environment”;
and (5) VOANA was responsible for the environment under a theory of either
vicarious or direct liability. Id. at 1248-49. The parties do not dispute that
Chandler belongs to a protected group. They also do not appear to dispute that
VOANA was responsible for Chandler’s work environment. Thus, we must
determine whether Chandler has presented sufficient evidence of the other three
elements.
The determination of whether any racial harassment Chandler suffered was
severe or pervasive enough to establish the existence of a hostile work
environment—the fourth element—“includes both subjective and objective
components,” but in reviewing summary judgment, we accept that Chandler
“subjectively perceived that the harassment rose to this level.” Jones, 683 F.3d at
1299. Thus, we evaluate the objective severity of the harassment and “consider,
among other factors: (1) the frequency of the conduct; (2) the severity of the
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conduct; (3) whether the conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, or a
mere offensive utterance; and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with
the employee’s job performance.” Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d
1269, 1276 (11th Cir. 2002). “[W]e ask whether, under the totality of the
circumstances, a reasonable person would find the harassing conduct severe or
pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of the plaintiff’s employment.” Adams,
754 F.3d at 1251.
We have reviewed all evidence that Chandler asserts supports her claims of
hostile work environment. Some of the conduct of which Chandler complains
hardly constitutes harassment. Other conduct is undoubtedly offensive, but
Chandler has not presented sufficient evidence that it was severe or pervasive. For
example, no evidence was presented that any racially derogatory comments were
directed at Chandler herself. See Adams, 754 F.3d at 1254-57 (finding harassment
less severe when not directed at the plaintiff). And, while this fact in and of itself
does not render such comments irrelevant, Chandler provides no context for the
majority of the statements to which she refers; we don’t know when or where they
were made, and we don’t even know whether Chandler herself heard them
firsthand or whether someone told her about them at a later point. It is
inappropriate for a court to rely on evidence of alleged incidents that are purely
speculative or statements where there is “insufficient information as to when the
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statements were made, how knowledge of them was acquired, and when [the
plaintiff] was informed of them (if she was).” Edwards v. Wallace Cmty. Coll., 49
F.3d 1517, 1522 (11th Cir. 1995).
Chandler argues that our decisions in King v. Volunteers of America, North
Alabama, Inc., 502 F. App’x 823 (11th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), and Nichols v.
Volunteers of America, North Alabama, Inc., 470 F. App’x 757 (11th Cir. 2012)
(per curiam), control the outcome of this case. Chandler’s reliance on these cases
is misplaced. In King, we did not consider whether the plaintiff had met her
burden to establish the existence of a hostile work environment because the district
court had not addressed that issue. King, 502 F. App’x at 829-30. And Nichols
similarly provides no legal basis or argument for vacating the district court’s grant
of summary judgment here.
In sum, we find that the evidence that Chandler presented was insufficient to
support a racially hostile-work-environment claim, and the district court properly
granted summary judgment to VOANA on the claim.
III. EVIDENTIARY ISSUE
A. Background Facts
Opposing counsel in the present case conducted interviews with VOASE
(and former VOANA) employees in May 2011 to investigate Chandler’s claims of
racial discrimination in the present case. Chandler contends that, in the interviews,
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opposing counsel furthered VOANA’s practice of routinely harassing,
intimidating, and discriminating against African-American employees when she
allegedly harassed, intimidated, or discriminated against two African-American
VOANA employees—Armstead and Fuqua—who allegedly refused to provide
false testimony for the case. Chandler wished to call opposing counsel, as well as
Armstead and Fuqua, at the trial on her disparate-treatment claims to show “pattern
or practice” and prove that VOANA acted against Chandler with discriminatory
intent and treated Chandler differently because of her race. At a pretrial hearing
and in several pretrial orders, however, the district court precluded Chandler from
calling opposing counsel as a witness and from asking any other witnesses about
any purported threats opposing counsel made during the litigation. Chandler
argues this ruling was an abuse of the court’s discretion. We disagree.
B. Standard of Review
We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.
Adams, 754 F.3d at 1248. “An abuse of discretion occurs where the district court’s
decision rests upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law,
or an improper application of law to fact.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). “We overturn evidentiary rulings only when the moving party
has proved a substantial prejudicial effect.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
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C. Discussion
The district court properly excluded the evidence as irrelevant. “Irrelevant
evidence is not admissible[,]” Fed. R. Evid. 402, and “[e]vidence is relevant if: (a)
it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without
the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action,” Fed. R.
Evid. 401. “A plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of disparate treatment by
showing that she was a qualified member of a protected class and was subjected to
an adverse employment action in contrast with similarly situated employees
outside the protected class.” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1087
(11th Cir. 2004).
Here, to prove disparate treatment, Chandler had to show at trial that she was
assigned to provide behavioral-aide services, placed on administrative leave, and
had her confidential information revealed because she was African-American, in
contrast to similarly situated Caucasian employees at VOANA. Testimony that
opposing counsel for VOANA harassed, intimidated, or discriminated against
African-American employees over the course of the present litigation has nothing
to do with whether Chandler herself was treated differently during her employment
at VOANA in relation to the claims at issue. Nor did Chandler bring a pattern-or-
practice claim, so no such claim was at issue. Cf. Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator
Co., 513 F.3d 1261, 1283 (11th Cir. 2008) (finding evidence relating to a pattern or
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practice of discrimination admissible because it was relevant to the plaintiff’s
pattern-or-practice claim). The district court did not commit any error in excluding
the evidence, so it did not abuse its discretion.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Chandler’s
motions for recusal, the district court’s grant of summary judgment to VOANA on
Chandler’s retaliation and hostile-work-environment claims, and the district court’s
exclusion of irrelevant evidence at trial on Chandler’s disparate-treatment claims.
AFFIRMED.
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