Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
City of Chicago v. Chicago Loop Parking LLC, 2014 IL App (1st) 133020
Appellate Court THE CITY OF CHICAGO, a Municipal Corporation, Petitioner-
Caption Appellant, v. CHICAGO LOOP PARKING LLC, Respondent-
Appellee.
District & No. First District, Fourth Division
Docket No. 1-13-3020
Filed November 26, 2014
Held Where the City of Chicago entered into a lease giving respondent the
(Note: This syllabus right to operate four garages in a certain area, the right to
constitutes no part of the compensation if the city allowed any new public parking facility to
opinion of the court but open in the vicinity of the leased garages and an agreement to arbitrate
has been prepared by the disputes, the city conceded that it had no grounds to vacate or modify
Reporter of Decisions the final and binding arbitration award of $58 million in damages to
for the convenience of respondent based on the city’s approval of a new public parking
the reader.) garage near the garages respondent leased, and when the city filed a
“Verified Petition to Enter Judgment on Arbitration Award, To Stay
The Judgment, And To Modify The Judgment” pursuant to sections 9
and 13 of the Federal Arbitration Act and sections 2-1203, 2-1305 and
2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the trial court properly
dismissed the city’s petition and entered a judgment confirming the
arbitration award, since no claim for relief from the valid arbitration
award was stated by the city under the Act or the Illinois postjudgment
statutes.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-CH-13381; the
Review Hon. Sophia H. Hall, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Martha M. Pacold and Reid M. Bolton, both of Bartlit Beck Herman
Appeal Palenchar & Scott LLP, and Stephen R. Patton, Corporation Counsel
(Benna Ruth Solomon and Myriam Zreczny Kasper, Assistant
Corporation Counsel, of counsel), both of Chicago, for appellant.
David A. Gordon, Melanie E. Walker, Kendra L. Stead, and Lawrence
P. Fogel, all of Sidley Austin LLP, of Chicago, for appellee.
Panel JUSTICE EPSTEIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Taylor concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This case involves two sophisticated parties that willingly chose arbitration as their
preferred method of resolving their disputes, thereby restricting the reach of the courts. Now,
unhappy with the result of that choice–a final and binding arbitration award it wishes to
avoid–one of the parties turns to the court for relief. This court finds, as did the trial court, that
it has no authority to overturn the valid arbitration award.
¶2 A brief chronology of events follows. In November 2006, appellant City of Chicago (the
City) and appellee Chicago Loop Parking LLC, now known as LMG2, LLC (CLP), entered
into an agreement whereby CLP paid the City $563 million in exchange for the City granting
CLP a 99-year lease and concession to operate the four underground garages in Grant and
Millennium Parks (the Concession and Lease Agreement). Unfortunately for the City–and the
taxpayers of Chicago–the City would not realize the full benefit of that bargain due to
subsequent events, which only can be characterized as a series of mistakes and unsuccessful
strategic choices made by the City.
¶3 A dispute arose in 2009 that the parties were not able to resolve. The City eventually
conceded liability but disputed the amount of damages it owed CLP. In 2011, as they had
previously agreed in the Concession and Lease Agreement, the parties proceeded to binding
arbitration for a determination of damages. In 2013, after an eight-day evidentiary hearing, the
three-member arbitration panel issued its final and binding award (the Arbitration Award).
Thus, the City found itself owing CLP nearly $58 million in damages as the result of the
Arbitration Award, and the City conceded there were no grounds on which to vacate or modify
the award. That did not stop the City from trying (belatedly) to mitigate the damages.
¶4 Five months after the Arbitration Award was entered, the City filed a “Verified Petition to
Enter Judgment on Arbitration Award, To Stay The Judgment, And To Modify The Judgment”
in the circuit court (the City’s petition). CLP filed its own motion to confirm the Arbitration
Award and also filed a motion to dismiss the City’s petition pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the
Illinois Code of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012). There was no dispute that
the Arbitration Award was final and binding and that no grounds existed under the Federal
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Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (2000)) (FAA) for vacating or modifying the award. There
was no dispute that the circuit court had the authority, and was in fact required, to confirm and
enter judgment on the Arbitration Award pursuant to section 9 of the FAA. 9 U.S.C. § 9
(2000). The City, however, sought to vacate or modify the judgment based on a contingent
contract that the City entered into with a third party after the arbitration, which the City
asserted would eliminate CLP’s future damages. After full briefing and hearing argument from
the parties, the circuit court confirmed the Arbitration Award but refused to vacate or modify
its judgment and dismissed the City’s petition. The City filed the instant appeal. As will be
explained below, there is no legal or equitable remedy available to the City to undo the
Arbitration Award–the award it bargained for–even where taxpayer funds are involved. There
are no grounds for vacating or modifying the court judgment confirming the Arbitration
Award. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶5 BACKGROUND
¶6 The Parties’ Arbitration Agreement
¶7 The Concession and Lease Agreement provides that any dispute between the parties “shall
be exclusively and finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration
Rules of the [American Arbitration Association] then in effect.” This arbitration provision
expressly states: “The award shall be final and binding on the Parties. Judgment on the award
may be entered by any court with competent jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added.) The parties
further agreed that “[t]he Federal Arbitration Act *** shall govern any arbitration conducted.”
¶8 The Dispute
¶9 The Concession and Lease Agreement contained a noncompete provision by which CLP
was entitled to compensation if the City authorized any new competition by allowing any new
public parking facility to open in a defined area in the immediate vicinity of CLP’s leased
garages (competing parking action). Soon after the parties entered into the Concession and
Lease Agreement, the City approved a site plan for a new building (the Aqua) developed by
Magellan Development, which included a 1,273-space public parking garage. On May 1, 2009,
after construction of the Aqua was substantially completed, the City issued a public garage
license to Standard Parking Corporation, the garage operator for the Aqua. The garage was
located approximately one block from the CLP garages and within the competing parking area.
CLP observed a decline in the number of its parkers. It is undisputed that the City’s action
entitled CLP to compensation. On August 20, 2009, CLP submitted a claim to the City for
compensation.
¶ 10 Attempts at Informal Dispute Resolution
¶ 11 The City realized its mistake. On August 28, 2009, the City sent a letter to Standard
Parking Corporation informing it that the Aqua’s public garage license had been issued in error
and was being rescinded. The City also offered to exchange the Aqua public garage license for
an accessory garage license. Apparently, Magellan Development still owned the garage and
chose to challenge the City’s decision.
¶ 12 Standard Parking Corporation filed an administrative proceeding contesting the rescission
of its license. In the administrative proceedings, the City took the position that if the license
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was changed to an accessory garage license, only residents, tenants, and guests of the Aqua
would be permitted to use the garage. On February 10, 2010, the City settled its dispute with
Standard Parking Corporation by replacing its license with an accessory garage license.
¶ 13 Unfortunately, the new license did not cure the City’s competing parking action. It is
undisputed that the Aqua garage continued to accept parkers from the general public. After
pursuing informal dispute resolution procedures mandated by the Concession and Lease
Agreement, the City and CLP were unable to resolve the dispute.
¶ 14 The Arbitration Proceedings
¶ 15 On March 1, 2011, CLP filed a statement of claim against the City with the American
Arbitration Association, requesting “an amount to be determined at arbitration but in no event
less than $200 million” to compensate it for past losses and losses projected over the balance of
the 99-year lease period. CLP later reduced its demand but still sought over $137 million. The
City’s position was that the amount of damages was approximately $13 million including
interest.
¶ 16 On March 23, 2011, the City filed its answering statement in the arbitration asserting that
the new license issued to Standard Parking Corporation in February 2010 cured the competing
parking action and CLP was not entitled to any compensation after that date. While the matter
was pending in arbitration, there were contested discovery issues. Eventually, under the facts
established in the case, the City admitted liability. The City conceded that both the original
public parking garage license and the replacement accessory license granted to the Aqua
constituted competing parking actions that entitled CLP to compensation. Although the City
chose not to contest its liability, it disputed the amount of damages it owed CLP. Thus, CLP
was required to prove its losses at an arbitration governed by the FAA.
¶ 17 A three-member arbitration panel heard evidence for seven days in October 2012. The
parties submitted prehearing memoranda relating to issues involved in the evidentiary hearing,
as well as posthearing memoranda. In addition to numerous fact witnesses, the arbitration
panel heard testimony from CLP’s expert witness and the City’s three experts. The parties
submitted nearly 1,000 exhibits. The hearing transcript constituted 1,784 pages. The
arbitration panel heard closing arguments on November 20, 2012.
¶ 18 The Arbitration Award
¶ 19 On January 14, 2013, the arbitration panel issued a unanimous 22-page award to CLP of
nearly $58 million, which included approximately $7.3 million in prejudgment interest (the
Arbitration Award). The City was not pleased with the Arbitration Award, but it was binding
and final. No grounds existed under the FAA for vacating or modifying the Arbitration
Award.1
¶ 20 In sum, the City found itself owing $58 million to CLP as the result of several choices
made by the City, which can be summarized as follows: (1) agreeing to arbitrate any disputes
under the Concession and Lease Agreement; (2) engaging in a competing parking action by
1
The United States Supreme Court has explained that the enumerated grounds in sections 10 and 11
of the FAA provide the “exclusive” grounds for obtaining relief from an arbitration decision. Hall
Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 578, 581 (2008). We need not list those grounds
here because it is undisputed that none apply in this case.
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issuing the original garage license to the Aqua; (3) engaging in a second competing parking
action by issuing a replacement accessory garage license to the Aqua that still allowed public
parking; and (4) proceeding to arbitration in the hope that the arbitration panel would find in
favor of the City’s position on the amount of damages.
¶ 21 The Aqua Agreement
¶ 22 After the arbitration panel issued its Arbitration Award, which the City states was nearly
two times more than what it would cost (or would have cost) the City to buy out the entire
license it had issued to the Aqua’s garage operator, the City made a deliberate and strategic
choice. The City chose to enter into a contingent agreement to terminate the Aqua’s license in
an attempt to reduce the impact of the Arbitration Award on taxpayers. Had this “fifth” choice
by the City been made prior to the arbitration proceedings, the outcome in this case may have
been far different. Then, the arbitrators could have considered the impact of this agreement on
the issue of future damages to CLP.
¶ 23 On May 17, 2013, after extended negotiations, the City entered into the contingent
agreement with the owner of the Aqua entitled an “Agreement to Dispose of and Terminate
Existing License and Grant New License” (the Aqua Agreement). Under the Aqua Agreement,
the City would pay the owner of the Aqua between $23 million and $28.5 million, depending
on certain developments and contingencies. In exchange, the Aqua would stop taking public
parking within 30 days following the entry of an order by the circuit court of Cook County that
grants the City at least $40 million in relief from the Arbitration Award. Thus, the Aqua
Agreement would not go into effect unless and until a court reduces the City’s liability to CLP
by at least $40 million. The Aqua Agreement also provides that it is subject to the approval by
the Aqua owner’s members and the mortgagee, and is subject to the approval of the city
council.
¶ 24 The Trial Court Proceedings
¶ 25 On May 23, 2013, the City filed a “Verified Petition To Enter Judgment On Arbitration
Award, To Stay The Judgment, And To Modify The Judgment” pursuant to sections 9 and 13
of the FAA (9 U.S.C. §§ 9, 13 (2000)) and sections 2-1203, 2-1305 and 2-1401 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1203, 2-1305, 2-1401 (West 2012)). The City asserted that the
“split-the-baby” Arbitration Award was “excessive” but conceded it had no basis to challenge
the Arbitration Award under any of the statutory grounds available to it under the FAA.
Instead, the City requested that the circuit court take three successive steps: first, confirm and
enter judgment on the Arbitration Award; second, stay that judgment; and finally, vacate or
modify the judgment “pursuant to 735 ILCS 5/2-1203 and/or 2-1401.” As support for the final
step, the City claimed that, as a result of the Aqua Agreement, CLP would incur no future harm
from public parking at the Aqua, thus eliminating the future damages element of the
Arbitration Award. The City argued that this fact justified the circuit court’s exercise of its
equitable powers to modify the judgment. The City argued that sections 2-1203 and 2-1401 of
the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure were applicable pursuant to the plain language of section
13 of the FAA (9 U.S.C. § 13 (2000)) which provides that, “[t]he judgment so entered shall
have the same force and effect, in all respects, as, and be subject to all the provisions of law
relating to, a judgment in an action; and it may be enforced as if it had been rendered in an
action in the court in which it is entered.” Specifically, the City contended that the clause
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“subject to all the provisions of law” means the judgment confirming the award is subject to
postjudgment relief including vacatur or modification.
¶ 26 On June 21, 2013, CLP filed: (1) its own motion to confirm the award; and (2) a motion to
dismiss the City’s verified petition, pursuant to section 2-619.1 (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West
2012)), which also served as an opposition to the City’s petition to the extent it was construed
as a motion to reconsider the judgment. CLP sought dismissal pursuant to section 2-615 (735
ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2012)), arguing that the City had failed to state a claim for relief from the
Arbitration Award under the FAA (which provides the exclusive means to vacate or modify an
arbitration award), or under Illinois law which precludes postjudgment relief based on facts
that did not exist at the time the Arbitration Award was issued.2
¶ 27 On August 27, 2013, after full briefing, the court heard extensive argument.3 The court
granted CLP’s motion to confirm the judgment and took its motion to dismiss the City’s
petition under advisement.
¶ 28 On September 13, 2013, the circuit court granted CLP’s motion to dismiss. The court
rejected the City’s contention that sections 9 and 13 of the FAA allowed the court to enter
judgment on an arbitration award and then vacate or modify that judgment where the
arbitration award otherwise complies with the FAA and does not implicate any of the grounds
for modifying or vacating an award as set forth in sections 9, 10, and 11 of the FAA. The court
noted that “[t]he national policy embodied in the FAA, chosen by the parties, is finality.”
(Emphasis added.) As the court further concluded:
“Accepting [the City’s] interpretation of the particular language cited in section 13
would accomplish just what Congress intended the FAA to avoid. It would authorize a
court, after the judgment on a concededly legal award, to reconsider it, thereby
eviscerating sections 9, 10, and 11, and plunging the parties into further litigation. In
the circumstances, herein, the situation would be even worse, because it would start
litigation over newly created facts which the arbitrators never had the opportunity to
consider.”
¶ 29 The trial court also determined that, even if it had the authority to confirm the Arbitration
Award and then modify it under section 2-1401, “any new evidence a court considers must
relate to facts in existence at the time of the trial.” The trial court stated that no cases have
“allowed post-judgment relief based on circumstances or conditions arising after the
judgment.” The trial court concluded that “evidence of the post-arbitration [Aqua Agreement]
is entirely new and does not relate to facts presented during those proceedings.” The City now
appeals.
2
CLP also argued that the City’s petition demonstrated the absence of due diligence, the City could
not establish that the Aqua Agreement would have precluded entry of the arbitration award, and the
City was not entitled to a stay. CLP further argued that, pursuant to section 2-619(a)(5) (735 ILCS
5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2012)), the City’s petition “was not commenced within the time limited by law”
because, under section 12 of the FAA, “[n]otice of a motion to vacate, modify, or correct an award must
be served upon the adverse party or his attorney within three months after the award is filed or
delivered.” 9 U.S.C. § 12 (2000). The trial court did not base its ruling on these arguments.
3
Prior to proceeding with argument, the trial court requested that the parties have a conversation
regarding possible settlement. The court ordered a short recess after which the court heard the parties’
arguments.
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¶ 30 ANALYSIS
¶ 31 Standard of Review
¶ 32 The City’s petition sought to vacate or modify the judgment “pursuant to 735 ILCS
5/2-1203 and/or 2-1401.” Section 2-1203 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides:
“[A]ny party may, within 30 days after the entry of the judgment or within any further
time the court may allow within the 30 days or any extensions thereof, file a motion for
a rehearing, or a retrial, or modification of the judgment or to vacate the judgment or
for other relief.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS 5/2-1203(a) (West 2012).
Section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure states, in relevant part:
“(a) Relief from final orders and judgments, after 30 days from the entry thereof,
may be had upon petition as provided in this Section. *** All relief heretofore
obtainable and the grounds for such relief heretofore available, *** shall be available in
every case, by proceedings hereunder, regardless of the nature of the order or judgment
from which relief is sought or of the proceedings in which it was entered. Except as
provided in Section 6 of the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984, there shall be no distinction
between actions and other proceedings, statutory or otherwise, as to availability of
relief, grounds for relief or the relief obtainable.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS
5/2-1401(a) (West 2012).
However, when the City filed its petition, no judgment had yet been entered.
¶ 33 Due to the unusual procedure employed by the City, i.e., requesting modification of a
“judgment” that had not yet been entered, this case does not fit precisely within the parameters
of either section 2-1203 or 2-1401. Both sections apply to motions for postjudgment relief filed
after the judgment has been entered. The problem here is that, unlike the typical postjudgment
motion or petition, the City is not contending that the judgment should not have been entered in
the first place. Instead, the City requested that the judgment be entered for the sole purpose of
obtaining a new judgment modifying or vacating the award (which the court was prohibited
from doing when first entering judgment).
¶ 34 “[T]he standard by which we should review the trial court’s disposition of a section 2-1401
petition depends upon the manner in which it was disposed.” Mills v. McDuffa, 393 Ill. App. 3d
940, 946 (2009) (citing People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 15-17 (2007)). “[W]hen a court enters
either a judgment on the pleadings or a dismissal in a section 2-1401 proceeding, that order
will be reviewed, on appeal, de novo.” People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2007); accord
CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Sharlow, 2014 IL App (3d) 130107, ¶ 14 (“appellate court applies a
de novo standard of review in cases in which the trial court either dismissed a section 2-1401
petition or ruled on the petition based on the pleadings alone, without an evidentiary hearing”).
¶ 35 In the instant case, the facts are not in dispute and the trial court dismissed the petition on
purely legal grounds. We agree with the City that a de novo standard of review applies. Even
applying the less deferential de novo standard of review to the matter before us, we conclude
that the circuit court correctly denied the City’s petition as a matter of law.
¶ 36 The Parties Agreed to Arbitrate Their Disputes
¶ 37 Under the Concession and Lease Agreement, and as acknowledged by the City in its
petition, the parties agreed to arbitrate their disputes. Thus, the City and CLP made a conscious
decision to leave resolution of disputes to arbitration and to limit access to the courts to
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themselves and each other.
¶ 38 The Parties Agreed That the FAA Applied
¶ 39 The parties further agreed that the FAA would govern any arbitration. “The basic purpose
of the FAA is to overcome the historical reluctance of courts to enforce agreements to
arbitrate.” Carter v. SSC Odin Operating Co., 237 Ill. 2d 30, 41 (2010) (citing Allied-Bruce
Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 270 (1995)); see also Borowiec v. Gateway 2000, Inc.,
209 Ill. 2d 376, 384 (2004) (noting that the purpose was “ ‘to reverse the longstanding judicial
hostility to arbitration agreements that had existed at English common law and had been
adopted by American courts, and to place arbitration agreements upon the same footing as
other contracts’ ” (quoting Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 24 (1991))).
The FAA created substantive federal law that applies to both state and federal courts.
QuickClick Loans, LLC v. Russell, 407 Ill. App. 3d 46, 52 (2011); Ford Motor Credit Co. v.
Cornfield, 395 Ill. App. 3d 896, 905 (2009).
¶ 40 Public Policy Favors Arbitration
¶ 41 “It is well established that agreements to submit to arbitration, as an alternative method of
dispute resolution, are favored at both the state and federal level.” QuickClick Loans, 407 Ill.
App. 3d at 52 (citing Board of Managers of the Courtyards at the Woodlands Condominium
Ass’n v. IKO Chicago, Inc., 183 Ill. 2d 66, 71 (1998)). Illinois public policy favors arbitration
as a means of resolving disputes. Phoenix Insurance Co. v. Rosen, 242 Ill. 2d 48, 59 (2011);
Carter v. SSC Odin Operating Co., 237 Ill. 2d 30, 49 (2010); see also Johnson v. Orkin, LLC,
928 F. Supp. 2d 989, 1004 (N.D. Ill. 2013), aff’d, 556 F. App’x 543 (7th Cir. 2014) (“The
Illinois General Assembly clearly shares with Congress the same favorable view of arbitration
agreements and their enforcement, as evidenced by its enactment of the Illinois Uniform
Arbitration Act ***.”).
¶ 42 It follows that “[a]rbitration awards should be construed, wherever possible, so as to
uphold their validity.” Tim Huey Corp. v. Global Boiler & Mechanical, Inc., 272 Ill. App. 3d
100, 106 (1995). “Such deference is accorded because the parties have chosen in their contract
how their dispute is to be decided, and judicial modification of an arbitrator’s decision deprives
the parties of that choice.” Id. The City does not claim that the Arbitration Award itself should
be vacated or modified and concedes no grounds exist for doing so. The City admits it could
not challenge the entry of the judgment confirming the Arbitration Award. Instead, relying on
section 13 of the FAA, the City seeks to vacate or modify the judgment itself.
¶ 43 Section 13 of the FAA
¶ 44 Section 13 of the FAA provides, in relevant part, that the judgment entered on the
arbitration award “shall be docketed as if it was rendered in an action.” 9 U.S.C. § 13 (2000). It
also provides that the judgment “shall have the same force and effect, in all respects, as, and be
subject to all the provisions of law relating to, a judgment in an action.” Id. Finally, section 13
states that the judgment “may be enforced as if it had been rendered in an action in the court in
which it is entered.” Id. Thus, section 13 gives the judgment the same force and effect as any
other judgment.
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¶ 45 The City argues that “CLP’s insinuation that enforcement is section 13’s sole purpose is
unsupportable.” (Emphasis in original.) According to the City, section 13 treats a judgment
confirming an arbitration award just like any other federal civil judgment. Therefore, the City
contends, the “plain language” stating that the judgment shall “be subject to all the provisions
of law relating to[ ] a judgment in an action” means it is subject to state postjudgment relief
statutes such as sections 2-1203 and 2-1401. Thus, the City argues that, following entry of a
judgment confirming an otherwise valid final arbitration award, that judgment itself may be
vacated or modified by a court to change the arbitration award that the court would have been
powerless to alter before confirming the award. This position strains credulity.
¶ 46 Section 13 has been described as an enforcement provision. Employers Insurance Co. of
Wausau v. OneBeacon American Insurance Co., 744 F.3d 25, 28-29 (1st Cir. 2014). As the
Employers Insurance Co. of Wausau court explained, one of the purposes of the court’s review
of an arbitration decision is to provide “a mechanism for enforcement.” Id. Also, as recognized
by the Second Circuit, “[o]nce confirmed, [arbitration] awards become enforceable court
orders, and, when asked to enforce such orders, a court is entitled to require actions to achieve
compliance with them.” Zeiler v. Deitsch, 500 F.3d 157, 170 (2d Cir. 2007). Although these
cases did not involve the postjudgment relief argument at issue here, we believe section 13
embodies enforcement principles. Section 13 provides courts with the explicit authority to
enforce a judgment confirming an arbitration award in the same manner as it would enforce
any other judgment.
¶ 47 In Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1133 (9th Cir. 2000),
the court addressed res judicata concerns but stated: “[W]hile a judgment entered upon a
confirmed arbitration award has the same force and effect under the FAA as a court judgment
for enforcement purposes, it is not wholly parallel to a court judgment for all purposes.” As the
court further explained:
“[T]here are fundamental differences between confirmed arbitration awards and
judgments arising from a judicial proceeding. Absent an objection on one of the narrow
grounds set forth in section[ ] 10 or 11, the [FAA] requires the court to enter judgment
upon a confirmed arbitration award, without reviewing either the merits of the award or
the legal basis upon which it was reached. A judgment upon a decision or order
rendered by the court at the conclusion of a judicial proceeding, by contrast, confirms
the merits of that decision. Along the same lines, a judgment under § 13 of the FAA is
not subject to [federal rules providing postjudgment relief] whereas a judgment arising
from a judicial proceeding is subject to reopening and challenge under those rules.
And, unless the provisions of the parties’ agreement provides to the contrary, there is
no right under the FAA to appeal the merits of a confirmed arbitration award. In sum, a
judgment upon a confirmed arbitration award is qualitatively different from a judgment
in a court proceeding, even though the judgment is recognized under the FAA for
enforcement purposes.” Id. at 1133-34.
¶ 48 Under the City’s interpretation, section 13 would permit a broader challenge to an award
after it has been converted to a judgment than would have been allowed under sections 10 and
11 prior to the conversion of the award into a judgment. We agree with CLP that section 13
does not exist to inhibit the enforcement of arbitration awards. The City cannot use section 13
to obtain postjudgment relief from an uncontested judgment confirming an arbitration award
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based on events that occurred after the final arbitration award.
¶ 49 The Illinois Postjudgment Relief Statutes
¶ 50 Even if we were to assume arguendo that the language of section 13 stating that a court
judgment affirming an arbitration award is “subject to all the provisions of law relating to, a
judgment in an action” is interpreted to mean the judgment is subject to the Illinois
postjudgment relief statutes, i.e., section 2-1203 and/or section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1203, 2-1401 (West 2012)), the City’s petition fails because there is
nothing wrong with the August 27, 2013 judgment itself.
¶ 51 “The intended purpose of a motion to reconsider [under section 2-1203] is to bring to the
court’s attention newly discovered evidence, changes in the law, or errors in the court’s
previous application of existing law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cable America, Inc.
v. Pace Electronics, Inc., 396 Ill. App. 3d 15, 24 (2009). “Relief under section 2-1401 is
predicated upon proof, by a preponderance of evidence, of a defense or claim that would have
precluded entry of the judgment in the original action and diligence in both discovering the
defense or claim and presenting the petition.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d
1, 7-8 (2007); see also People v. Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d 437, 463 (2000) (“[T]he purpose of a
section 2-1401 petition is to bring facts to the attention of the circuit court which, if known at
the time of judgment, would have precluded its entry.”). Thus, the proper inquiry is whether
knowledge of the Aqua Agreement would have precluded entry of the August 27, 2013
judgment. The Aqua Agreement could not have changed the court’s judgment (confirming the
award) because, in fact, it did not change the judgment. It was revealed to the court by the City
before the judgment, and the City urged the court to confirm the judgment following disclosure
of the Aqua Agreement.
¶ 52 “Actions to confirm arbitration awards *** are straightforward proceedings in which no
other claims are to be adjudicated.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Asset Acceptance, LLC
v. Tyler, 2012 IL App (1st) 093559, ¶ 25. “[T]he confirmation of an arbitration award is a
summary proceeding that merely makes what is already a final arbitration award a judgment of
the court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ottley v. Schwartzberg, 819 F.2d 373, 377 (2d
Cir. 1987). The circuit court had no authority to not enter a judgment confirming the award.
The only decision before a court when deciding whether to enter judgment confirming an
arbitration award is whether there is any basis to vacate, modify or correct that award under
section 10 or 11 of the FAA and, if not, the court “must” enter the judgment. See 9 U.S.C § 9
(2000).4 More importantly, both parties requested the original judgment, i.e., confirmation of
the Arbitration Award. The City could have opposed confirmation but chose not to, obviously
because there were absolutely no valid grounds to oppose its entry. As CLP notes, “[t]he City
does not seek relief from the Circuit Court’s decision to confirm the award; the City requested
that ruling and acknowledges that the court was bound to enter it under the FAA.” (Emphasis
in original.)
¶ 53 Although styled as a “post-judgment” motion, it is clear that the “apparent intent” of the
City is to vacate or modify the Arbitration Award. The judgment is merely the vehicle it is
4
Section 9 of the FAA states, in pertinent part, that “any party to the arbitration may apply to the
court *** for an order confirming the award, and thereupon the court must grant such an order unless
the award is vacated, modified, or corrected as prescribed in sections 10 and 11.” 9 U.S.C. § 9 (2000).
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using to accomplish that true purpose. On appeal, the City has not attacked the circuit court
proceedings that led to the judgment confirming the Arbitration Award.
¶ 54 The City cites several federal cases that stand for the proposition that Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 60(b)5 is an appropriate vehicle by which to challenge a judgment confirming an
arbitration award. The federal rules addressing postjudgment relief, Rules 59(b) and 60(b)(2)
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(b), 60(b)(2)), have been described
as “the functional equivalents of our section 2-1203 and section 2-1401 of the Code [of Civil
Procedure] [citation], respectively.” In re Marriage of Wolff, 355 Ill. App. 3d 403, 410 (2005).
The cases cited by the City are inapposite and we do not find them persuasive. In Fidelity
Federal Bank, FSB v. Durga Ma Corp., 387 F.3d 1021, 1024 (9th Cir. 2004), the court held
that the district court had acted within its discretion in correcting a mistake involving the
postjudgment interest rate on a confirmed arbitration award. In Clarendon National Insurance
Co. v. TIG Reinsurance Co., 990 F. Supp. 304, 311 (S.D.N.Y. 1998), the court did not change
the arbitration’s resolution of the dispute but merely modified the court’s prior judgment to
make it consistent with the arbitrators’ revised award in which they had explicitly
acknowledged a mathematical error. In Baltia Air Lines, Inc. v. Transaction Management, Inc.,
98 F.3d 640, 642 (D.C. Cir. 1996), the party that had lost in arbitration sought relief from the
judgment confirming the award, alleging fraud during the arbitration proceedings, as well as
fraud during the confirmation proceedings before the court.6
¶ 55 The City also relies on the case of AIG Baker Sterling Heights, LLC v. American
Multi-Cinema, Inc., 579 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2009) (AIG Baker II) as a “particularly good
illustration” of the City’s entitlement to postjudgment relief. We do not believe that the
situation in AIG Baker II is analogous to the one in the instant case. AIG Baker II involved the
second time the parties were before the Eleventh Circuit. The previous appeal was AIG Baker
Sterling Heights, LLC v. American Multi-Cinema, Inc., 508 F.3d 995 (11th Cir. 2007) (AIG
Baker I). Those appeals did not involve facts created after an arbitration hearing. Instead, the
appeals involved a unique situation whereby the court in AIG Baker II, with a strong dissent,
essentially condoned a procedure that was clearly an attack on the underlying arbitration award
5
Federal Rule 60(b) states: “Grounds for Relief from a Final Judgment, Order, or Proceeding. On
motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment,
order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable
neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered
in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or
extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the
judgment has been satisfied, released or discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment that has been
reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer equitable; or (6) any other reason that
justifies relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).
6
The Baltia Air Lines court stated that “Rule 60(b) is an appropriate vehicle by which to challenge a
judgment confirming an arbitration award ***.” Baltia Air Lines, 98 F.3d at 642. However, this
conclusory statement was considered by the court in Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. NL Industries,
618 F. Supp. 2d 614 (S.D. Tex. 2009). As the Halliburton court observed, the motion in Baltia Air
Lines was time-barred and had been dismissed by the district court. Id. at 631. The dismissal was
affirmed. Id. Thus, the Halliburton court concluded “[t]he offhand comment in Baltia Air Lines does
not expand or circumvent the specific procedures set out in the FAA to challenge an arbitration award.”
Id.
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under the guise of a motion to set aside the judgment confirming the award, in order to prevent
one party from receiving a windfall as a result of the double payment by the other party.
¶ 56 Both AIG Baker I and AIG Baker II concerned a tax dispute between a mall tenant and a
landlord. After an arbitration panel had issued an award in favor of the landlord, the tenant
discovered that it had already paid some of the disputed taxes directly to the taxing authority.
AIG Baker II, 579 F.3d at 1270. Therefore, the enforcement of the arbitration award would
result in a double payment by the tenant and a windfall for the landlord. However, the tenant
had not presented this information to the arbitration panel at the time of arbitration. Id. The
tenant first tried to modify the arbitration award to avoid paying the landlord the money that
the tenant had already paid to the government. Id. The district court granted the modification of
the award, but the landlord appealed, and the Eleventh Circuit reversed.
¶ 57 The AIG Baker I court acknowledged that the arbitration panel lacked knowledge of the
tenant’s payment to the taxing authority and that the arbitration award that the landlord
received might have been a product of ignorance attributable to the tenant’s oversight. AIG
Baker I, 508 F.3d at 999. Nonetheless, the court concluded that section 11(a) of the FAA,
which allows a court to modify or correct an award for mistakes, was not applicable because
the arbitration panel itself did not make a mistake. Id.
¶ 58 “On remand, the district court held a status conference.” AIG Baker II, 579 F.3d at 1270.
“The district court informed the parties that it wanted to credit [the tenant] for the actual
payment to the taxing authority and asked the parties to brief how the district court could
legitimately accomplish that goal.” Id. The tenant “suggested that the district court take two
steps: first, enter a judgment confirming the arbitration award; and, second, grant [the tenant]
relief from the judgment under Rule 60(b)(5) on the ground that the earlier tax payment had
satisfied some of the judgment.” Id. The district court adopted the approach suggested by the
tenant, entered a judgment confirming the arbitration award, and then granted relief from the
“judgment” under Federal Rule 60(b)(5) to the extent of the taxes already paid. Id.
¶ 59 The landlord appealed again, but this time the Eleventh Circuit affirmed in AIG Baker II.
The AIG Baker II court turned its attention to section 13 of the FAA. Id. at 1272. The court
concluded that a judgment which has confirmed an arbitration award is to be treated no better
or worse than any other civil judgment. Id. at 1273. The district court had stated that its
decision avoided the landlord’s “ ‘knowing receipt of a quarter-of-a-million dollar windfall.’ ”
Id. Thus, the AIG Baker II court decided that it could not say that “the district court abused its
discretion by granting [the tenant] some relief from the judgment under Rule 60(b)(5).” Id. at
1274.
¶ 60 Although the City characterizes the Arbitration Award as a “windfall” for CLP, CLP notes
that the Arbitration Award represents “the reasoned findings of three qualified, neutral
arbitrators based on substantial evidence as to damages that will occur over a 90+ year period.”
CLP asserts that it is entitled to the remedy that it bargained for and obtained after years of
costly litigation: a binding arbitration award, and the money and finality it affords. Merely
because the arbitrators rejected the City’s position as to the measure of damages does not mean
the award was excessive or that CLP received a “windfall.” Nor does the instant case involve a
double recovery, obviously the concern in AIG Baker II. As CLP also notes, the City has not
paid any money to CLP and does not argue that a portion of the judgment has been satisfied.
Rather, the City’s argument is that the “new evidence” of the conditional Aqua Agreement
makes the arbitration decision inequitable.
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¶ 61 We recognize that AIG Baker II supports the basic proposition that the City advances–that
a court can grant postjudgment relief from its own judgment confirming an otherwise valid
arbitration award. However, it must be noted that there was a dissent in AIG Baker II from that
part of the decision affirming the district court’s application of Rule 60(b)(5) to amend the
judgment confirming the arbitration award. AIG Baker II, 579 F.3d at 1275-79 (Kravitch, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part). According to the dissent, the FAA “does not allow
modification of arbitration awards in the manner used by the district court.” Id. at 1275. As the
dissent explained:
“The majority holds that Rule 60(b)(5) may be used to modify a judgment
confirming an arbitration award even though the same arbitration award may not be
modified under the FAA. Although the Federal Rules apply to court proceedings
involving arbitration awards, [citation], they apply ‘only to the extent that matters of
procedure are not provided for in those statutes.’ [Citation.] Because the FAA provides
for methods to correct an arbitration award [citation], the Federal Rules should not be
read to provide alternative ways to modify arbitration awards. Furthermore, Rule 60(b)
should not be used to circumvent other requirements of the law. [Citation.] It is obvious
from the procedural history in this case that Rule 60(b) was used as an end run around
the FAA after §§ 10 and 11 were found to be inapplicable. The district court
unsuccessfully attempted to modify the award under the FAA, sought advice from the
litigants about how to get around the frustration of that attempt, and then relied on Rule
60(b) to do exactly what it had been told was impossible under the FAA. The FAA
prevents courts from using Rule 60(b) in this manner to avoid the strict limitations on
judicial review set forth in the FAA. [Citations.]” (Emphases added.) Id. at 1276.
¶ 62 As the dissent in AIG Baker II noted, postjudgment relief cannot be granted by amendment
of the judgment if the court could not have properly granted that relief in the original judgment.
Id. at 1277-78. The dissent also relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in Hall Street
Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008), noting its emphasis on “the narrow
nature of the judicial review permitted under the FAA.” AIG Baker II, 579 F.3d at 1276
(Kravitch, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The Hall Street Court held that sections
10 and 11 of the FAA “provide the FAA’s exclusive grounds for expedited vacatur and
modification” of arbitration awards. Hall Street, 552 U.S. at 584. In the instant case, the trial
court also relied on Hall Street in considering the City’s interpretation of section 13. As the
Hall Street Court explained:
“Instead of fighting the text, it makes more sense to see the three provisions,
§§ 9-11, as substantiating a national policy favoring arbitration with just the limited
review needed to maintain arbitration’s essential virtue of resolving disputes
straightaway. Any other reading opens the door to the full-bore legal and evidentiary
appeals that can rende[r] informal arbitration merely a prelude to a more cumbersome
and time-consuming judicial review process, [citations], and bring arbitration theory to
grief in postarbitration process.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 588.
We believe the principles enunciated in Hall Street regarding the limited judicial review
permitted under the FAA, as noted by the dissent in AIG Baker II and the circuit court here, are
relevant to the proper interpretation of section 13. Applying the “plain” language of section 13,
without construing it together with the entire FAA, appears to lead to an absurd result: a party
can expand upon the grounds in the act for vacating or modifying an otherwise legally proper
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final arbitration award. As a result, the losing party would obtain more rights after an
arbitration award is “confirmed” under the FAA than the party had before the award was
confirmed. A party cannot indirectly attack an arbitration award “under the guise of a motion
to set aside the judgment confirming the award.” Lafarge Conseils Et Etudes, S.A. v. Kaiser
Cement & Gypsum Corp., 791 F.2d 1334, 1339 (9th Cir. 1986).
¶ 63 It appears that the majority of courts have decided that litigants cannot circumvent sections
10 and 11 of the FAA through the use of a “post-judgment” motion. In applying postjudgment
relief statutes to court orders confirming arbitration awards, courts have addressed the
distinction between an attack on the court proceedings producing the judgment and an attack
on the arbitration proceedings and/or the arbitration award.
¶ 64 In Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. NL Industries, 618 F. Supp. 2d 614 (S.D. Tex.
2009), the court noted that the party challenging the court’s judgment had not shown any
justification for using Federal Rule 60(b) to overturn a judgment confirming an arbitration
award on grounds that could not have been used to vacate the award in the first place. Id. at
635. As the court noted:
“[The appellant] has not attacked the district court proceedings. [The appellant’s]
focus is on alleged misconduct at the arbitration proceedings. Yet [the appellant] asks
this court to view the Confirmation Order and Partial Final Judgment as subject to a
separate review process from the arbitration awards themselves, compounding the
anomalous nature of the approach it proposes. The authority [the appellant] relies on to
support its proposed procedure is neither on point nor persuasive. [The appellant] does
not take into account authority that a court cannot use Rule 60(b) to expand the FAA’s
grounds for vacatur.” (Emphasis added.) Id.
Halliburton stands for the proposition that Federal Rule 60(b) cannot be used to circumvent or
expand the FAA’s limits on judicial review of an arbitration award. See id. at 635-36 (and
cases cited therein).
¶ 65 One of the cases relied on by the Halliburton court was Washington-Baltimore Newspaper
Guild, Local 35 v. Washington Post Co., 442 F.2d 1234, 1235-36 (D.C. Cir. 1971), in which
the appellant sought unsuccessfully to vacate an order confirming an arbitrator’s award
pursuant to Federal Rule 60(b)(6) based on “ ‘newly available evidence’ ” from a witness who
refused to testify at the arbitration. The Washington-Baltimore court acknowledged that
“[b]ecause subpoenas are not available in private arbitration proceedings, [the] appellant was
unable to compel [the witness’s] attendance and testimony.” Id. at 1238. “Nevertheless, it was
the [appellant’s] bargain with the [appellee] to have [the subject] disputes *** settled by
arbitration, with all of its well known advantages and drawbacks.” Id. As the court explained:
“To give appellant a rematch before the arbitrator, merely because a witness who
refused to enter the original contest has now decided to participate, would be not only
to give the [appellant] more than the benefit of its bargain in this case, but would
undercut the finality and therefore the entire usefulness of arbitration as an expeditious
and generally fair method of settling disputes.” Id.
Although the Washington-Baltimore court did not address section 13, the court concluded that
“neither Rule 60(b) nor any judicially constructed parallel thereto was meant to be applied to
final arbitration awards.” Id. at 1239.
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¶ 66 In Congressional Securities, Inc. v. Fiserv Securities, Inc., Nos. 02 Civ. 3740(RJH), 02
Civ. 7914(RJH), 02 Civ. 6593(RJH), 02 Civ. 8364(RJH), 2004 WL 829028 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 15,
2004), the court considered a motion to set aside a previous judgment confirming an arbitration
award based on newly discovered evidence. The court cited section 13 of the FAA and also
accepted the proposition that “Rule 60(b) may be used to modify a judgment confirming an
arbitration award.” Id. at *2. Nonetheless, the court denied the Rule 60(b) motion to set aside
the judgment confirming the arbitration award. The court denied the motion for two reasons.
Id. First, the court noted that “the alleged exculpatory evidence [did] not indicate any fault with
[the district judge’s] order confirming the arbitration award.” Id. As to the second reason, the
court stated that “neither Rule 60(b) nor any other rule involving ‘newly discovered evidence’
is available to vacate an arbitration award,” which the court noted was the “apparent intent” of
the motion. Id.
¶ 67 In Lafarge Conseils Et Etudes, S.A. v. Kaiser Cement & Gypsum Corp., 791 F.2d 1334,
1338 (9th Cir. 1986), the appellant sought, under Federal Rule 60(b), to set aside the judgment
confirming an arbitration award. Id. The appellant contended that “fraud in the arbitration
proceedings tainted the award and judgment.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 1335. However, as the
court explained:
“Under Rule 60(b)(3), the moving party must establish by clear and convincing
evidence that a judgment was obtained by fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct, and
that the conduct complained of prevented the moving party from fully and fairly
presenting the case. [Citations.] [The appellant] failed to identify any fraud,
misrepresentation or misconduct in the court proceedings. Fraud alleged in the
arbitration does not render the judgment fraudulently obtained.” (Emphases added.) Id.
at 1338.
¶ 68 In Sportsman’s Quikstop I, Ltd. v. Didonato, 32 P.3d 633, 635 (Colo. App. 2001), the court
accepted that its postjudgment relief statute was “available to attack a judgment confirming an
arbitration award.” However, as the court further noted, the attack had to be “on grounds of a
defect inherent in the judgment itself or the means by which it was obtained.” Id. In other
words, there must be a problem with the court’s judgment or “the court proceedings.” The
court gave an example of when it might be appropriate to seek to vacate a judgment confirming
an arbitration award: “for example, the movant had not received notice of a motion seeking to
confirm the arbitration award.” Id. However, the party in Sportsman’s Quikstop I, Ltd., similar
to the City here, was not using the postjudgment relief statute to attack “a defect inherent in the
judgment itself or the means by which it was obtained.” Id.
¶ 69 The distinction between the arbitration and the “court” proceedings in entering judgment is
relevant. In setting aside, vacating, or modifying a judgment, the focus is on the court
proceedings leading to the judgment. Here, there is no error or defect in the judgment
confirming the award or the means by which it was obtained, i.e., in the court proceedings. The
judgment was requested by both parties and the court was required to enter it pursuant to the
FAA. Clearly, the City’s petition aimed to vacate or modify the Arbitration Award, under the
guise of a postjudgment motion. The City’s position that the so-called “excessive” and
“split-the baby” Arbitration Award now constitutes a “windfall” in view of the subsequent
Aqua Agreement is an attack on the Arbitration Award itself and not on the court’s judgment,
which the City itself had sought.
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¶ 70 We recognize that the circuit court’s second basis for dismissing the City’s petition was
different. The court reasoned that, even if it had the authority under the FAA to reconsider its
judgment confirming a concededly legal arbitration award, it could not grant postjudgment
relief based on circumstances or conditions arising after the arbitration proceedings ended.
Although most of the case law supports the proposition that, for purposes of obtaining
postjudgment relief based on new evidence, the evidence must have existed at the time of
judgment, this court has also acknowledged that “there is a split of authority within this court
as to whether such evidence [arising after judgment] may be considered.” People v. Howard,
363 Ill. App. 3d 741, 746 (2006). We need not address this debate because, as we have
explained, with respect to the judgment at issue here, there was no newly discovered evidence
after the court proceedings took place on August 27, 2013. Whether the evidence existed prior
to, or subsequent to, the arbitration proceedings or the final arbitration award is not pertinent to
this analysis. If the Aqua Agreement had been in existence during the arbitration and presented
to the arbitrators, and if the arbitrators were not troubled by the contingent nature of the
agreement, it may have affected the amount of the Arbitration Award. The Aqua Agreement
could not, and did not, impact the circuit court’s decision to confirm the award.
¶ 71 We hold that the City was not entitled to postjudgment relief in the circuit court based on
the existence of the Aqua Agreement created after the Arbitration Award. The court was aware
of this new contingent agreement with a third party and it would not have changed and, in fact,
did not change the circuit court’s original judgment confirming the award. Therefore, the
judgment does not need be modified or vacated for any reason.
¶ 72 General Equitable Principles
¶ 73 The City contends that the circuit court erred in dismissing its petition based on its failure
to exercise the broad authority it has under the postjudgment relief statutes to remedy any error
to do justice. “One of the guiding principles in the administration of section 2-1401 relief is
that the petition invokes the equitable powers of the circuit court to prevent enforcement of a
judgment when doing so would be unfair, unjust, or unconscionable.” People v. Lawton, 212
Ill. 2d 285, 297 (2004). The City cites Lawton and relies on general “equitable” principles,
noting that “significant public funds are at stake in this case.” The circuit court thoroughly
considered Lawton and found it was “not apt.” We agree.
¶ 74 The defendant in Lawton sought postjudgment relief on the basis of ineffective assistance
of counsel in connection with his civil commitment. Id. at 287, 298. Section 2-1401 was being
invoked to protect “federal constitutional rights.” Id. at 301. As the Lawton court explained: “If
this were a conventional civil case in which a litigant sought to collaterally attack a judgment
on the grounds that his lawyer was negligent, there would be no question that relief would not
lie under section 2-1401.” Id. at 299-300. CLP notes that, unlike Lawton, this case does not
implicate “federal constitutional rights” and is a “conventional civil case” for money damages.
Special rules do not apply to the City simply because its actions have significant consequences
for taxpayers. See Flisk v. Central Area Park District, 203 Ill. App. 3d 253, 257 (1990) (where
the court rejected a section 2-1401 claim for relief despite the defendants’ assertion that to
“ ‘allow a potentially large and unwarranted judgment amount to be lodged against the Park
District and to subject the taxpayers of Maywood to damage and a squanderance of their tax
dollars would be inequitable’ ”).
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¶ 75 We realize the effect the Arbitration Award will have on blameless taxpayers and regret the
impact that the City’s mistakes caused. However, the City and CLP agreed to arbitrate any
disputes arising out of the Concession and Lease Agreement, which strictly limits the court’s
power to address the merits of this matter. The City also chose to gamble that it would succeed
at arbitration and lost that gamble. That the procedures chosen by the City created this
unfortunate result does not mean it was an unfair result. There is nothing “fair” about reversing
the outcome of a years-long arbitration process selected by the parties because one party does
not like the result, even where significant public funds are at stake.
¶ 76 Even if the courts were empowered to reconsider the impact of the Aqua Agreement on the
Arbitration Award, under the facts of this case it would be based on pure speculation. Although
the City asserts that “about $54 million” of the arbitration panel’s award was for future
damages, the award itself does not distinguish between past and future damages.7 Thus, the
circuit court would have no basis for determining what impact, if any, the Aqua Agreement
would have had on the arbitration panel’s decision. CLP asserts that “the impact, if any, of the
Aqua Agreement on CLP’s claim for future damages would have been the subject of extensive
discovery and cross examination by CLP during the arbitration proceedings had it been raised
there.” CLP argues that “any attempt to assess what the arbitration panel would have decided
had it been presented with the Aqua Agreement would be pure speculation.” We agree.
¶ 77 CLP also outlines the uncertainties regarding the future impact of the Aqua Agreement,
including the facts that it contains no enforcement mechanisms, continues to allow the Aqua to
accept public parkers, and can be modified at any time by the City, and the City suggested in
the proceedings before the trial court that these uncertainties could be addressed by more
litigation. CLP argues that this “serial litigation” is the precise opposite of that contemplated
by Illinois law and the Concession and Lease Agreement. The Concession and Lease
Agreement provides that losses “that will occur in the future shall be payable at the time” the
competing parking action occurs, in a final determination by arbitrators. CLP contends that the
Concession and Lease Agreement does not contemplate that the losses be “continually
revisited over the remainder of the 99-year term each time the City decides to change tactics.”
¶ 78 Arbitration awards are meant to be final, with limited review. The circuit court correctly
ruled that arbitration awards are not meant to be a starting point, “plunging the parties into
further litigation.” Thus, irrespective of the unfortunate impact upon taxpayers, the equities do
not support the City’s position.
¶ 79 CONCLUSION
¶ 80 Arbitration is a choice, not something compelled. With the perceived benefits of reduced
costs, relaxed evidentiary rules and procedures, and finality, this contractual agreement strictly
limits a party’s recourse after an arbitration award is entered with which the party disagrees. It
was undisputed that no grounds existed to vacate or modify the final and binding arbitration
award. There was no error in the court’s judgment confirming that award that needed a remedy.
The City was not entitled to postjudgment relief in the circuit court where the court was aware
7
Although the record shows that the parties obtained a clarification of award from the arbitration
panel regarding certain components of the award, including calculation of interest, there is no record of
any request that the award be clarified with respect to the allocation of the award as to past and future
damages.
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of the newly created facts and these facts would not have changed and, in fact, did not change
the circuit court’s judgment confirming the award. Section 13 of the FAA says nothing about
applying state law provisions for postjudgment relief to peer through the court’s judgment
confirming the award to the validity or equity of the underlying award entered by the
arbitrators. The procedure proposed by the City clearly contemplates a roundabout way of
vacating or modifying an arbitration award that is not otherwise found in the FAA (i.e., an “end
run” around sections 10 and 11). Equity does not require a court to ignore the parties’
agreement to arbitrate their disputes and allow the losing party a “do-over” based on new
evidence it created after the arbitration ended, particularly where, as here, the new evidence
consists of a contingent contract, with a third party, containing several uncertainties.
¶ 81 The City failed to state a claim for postjudgment relief under section 13 of the FAA or the
Illinois postjudgment statutes. The circuit court correctly dismissed the City’s petition
requesting the court to follow the procedure of first entering a judgment confirming an
arbitration award and subsequently modifying or vacating that court judgment, as a means of
avoiding the final, binding and otherwise valid arbitration award.
¶ 82 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook County
dismissing the City’s petition.
¶ 83 Affirmed.
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