NUMBER 13-13-00606-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOSHUA JAMAL JENKINS, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 147th District Court
of Travis County, Texas.
OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza
Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
This is an appeal from a jury verdict finding appellant Joshua Jamal Jenkins guilty
of evading arrest with a vehicle.1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04 (West, Westlaw
1 This case is before the Court on transfer from the Third Court of Appeals in Austin pursuant to an
order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, Westlaw through
2013 3d C.S.).
through 2013 3d C.S.). Jenkins entered into an agreement with the State to assess
punishment at ten years’ imprisonment—the maximum sentence for a third-degree felony.
See id. § 38.04(b)(2)(A). By two issues, Jenkins (1) challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence and (2) urges that SB 1416, which amended Texas Penal Code section 38.04
by increasing the punishment for evading in a vehicle to a third-degree felony, violates
the Texas Constitution’s “single-subject rule.” See TEX. CONST. art. III, § 35; Ex parte
Jones, 440 S.W.3d 628, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Austin Police Department Sergeant Greg White testified that while on patrol in a
marked police vehicle at 12:30 a.m. on December 23, 2012, in an area with “a lot of drug
activity, auto thefts and violent crime,” he noticed six to eight people standing around a
Nissan Altima. The vehicle was at the curb line of the street at an apartment complex
entrance. Sgt. White saw the people around the car look at him, talk to each other, and
then walk away as his marked vehicle turned onto the street. The Altima then sped off.
Sgt. White followed the vehicle. The Altima increased its distance from the patrol unit.
Sgt. White observed the vehicle commit two traffic violations: speeding at 80 miles per
hour in a 35-mile-per-hour zone; and passing a vehicle on the right in the bicycle lane.
Sgt. White activated his emergency lights and siren, and when it became clear the Altima
was not going to yield, he declared a pursuit to alert other officers.
While pursuing the Altima, Sgt. White observed the vehicle cross the double yellow
line more than once, travel at a high rate of speed, and run several stop signs and red
lights. Other police vehicles and a police helicopter joined the pursuit. The Altima finally
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stopped, and the officers took Jenkins, the operator and sole occupant of the Altima, into
custody.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
By his first issue, Jenkins contends that the State did not produce sufficient
evidence that he was guilty of the offense of evading arrest or detention in a motor vehicle
because it did not show that Sgt. White had a lawful basis to detain or arrest him. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 38.04(b)(2)(A). He asserts that Sgt.White had no reason to follow
his vehicle merely because the officer observed people disperse from a vehicle on the
street at the entryway to an apartment complex parking lot and then saw the vehicle drive
away. Jenkins argues that if this observation is insufficient for a lawful arrest or
detention, then his conviction for evading arrest or detention in a vehicle fails because the
evidence is insufficient to prove the “lawful arrest or detention” element of that offense.
See id.
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard of
review set forth in Jackson v. Virginia. 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under the Jackson standard, we consider all
of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to decide whether any rational
trier of fact could find the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The jury is the sole judge of the credibility and weight to be
attached to the testimony of witnesses. Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326). We presume that the jury resolved
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any conflicting inferences in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that resolution. Id.
A person commits the third-degree felony offense of evading arrest or detention if
he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer attempting lawfully to
arrest or detain him and uses a vehicle in flight. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
38.04(b)(2)(A).
Jenkins’s argument focuses on whether Sgt. White was justified in following the
vehicle when it left the apartment complex. He argues that there was insufficient
evidence to show that Sgt. White could have made a valid arrest or detention when he
began following Jenkins’s vehicle. Jenkins asserts that merely observing a vehicle drive
away after people disperse from the vehicle does not permit a police officer to arrest or
detain the driver of that vehicle. The State concedes that at the time Sgt. White first
observed Jenkins, he lacked probable cause to detain or arrest him. But Jenkins further
contends that “[t]he later observation of traffic violations by that vehicle does not cure the
fact that at the moment Sgt. White first observed the vehicle, he had no lawful basis to
arrest or detain Jenkins.”
In this case, shortly after Sgt. White began following Jenkins, he observed Jenkins
violate the law numerous times. Jenkins was speeding in excess of 80 miles per hour in
multiple residential areas with posted speed limits of 35 miles an hour. Jenkins drove on
the wrong side of the road. Only after observing these traffic violations did Sgt. White
attempt to initiate a traffic stop.
Although Jenkins did nothing to justify stopping him when Sgt. White first saw him,
the evidence shows that Jenkins then drove well over the speed limit, in the wrong lane,
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and through stop signs and stop lights in view of the officer and in violation of the law.
See cf. Wehrenberg v. State, 416 S.W.3d 458, 465–66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
(concluding that despite prior unlawful police conduct, evidence discovered and obtained
pursuant to valid search warrant is not subject to suppression if police would have sought
the warrant regardless of any observations made during the illegal entry) (citing Segura
v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 799 (1984)); see also Roberts v. State, No. 03-12-00194-
CR, 2014 WL 1910428, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Austin May 8, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (determining that although appellant did nothing to justify
stopping him when the officer first saw him, evidence that showed appellant drove by with
his headlights off in plain view of the officer and in violation of the law provided sufficient
evidence for the jury’s conclusion that the officer had a lawful reason to stop the van and
concluding that “the evidence plainly supports the finding that the driver of the van
attempted to evade lawful detention or arrest”). The testimony at trial as to Jenkins’s
subsequent acts that were observed by Sgt. White supported the jury's conclusion that
the officer had a lawful reason to stop Jenkins’s vehicle.2 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
2 In support of his argument, Jenkins relies on Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 528, 531–32 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2001) (concluding that a small child looking back several times at a following police car did not
give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the child was not wearing a seat belt and therefore there was
insufficient evidence of reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle based on the child’s failure to wear a seat
belt); Hawkins v. State, 758 S.W.2d 255, 260–61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (en banc) (noting that there was
no reasonable suspicion to detain an individual who was standing in the parking lot of a club at 8:30 p.m.
and who was not wanting to be questioned by officers when neither officer had any information that the
individual was involved in criminal activity and therefore concluding that the trial court erred in failing to
grant the suppression motion); Rodriguez v. State, 578 S.W.2d 419, 420 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (“Stopping
a pedestrian solely because he looks over his shoulder in the direction of a police car is
unreasonable . . . . Any subsequent arrest arising out of the unlawful detention would likewise be unlawful,
and therefore the evidence is insufficient to prove the lawful arrest element of the evading arrest
conviction.”); Gamble v. State, 8 S.W.3d 452, 453–54 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.)
(concluding that an individual in a high drug sale area who was standing in the street at 3:00 a.m., watching
the patrol car, and then walking away from it when it turned around did not give rise to reasonable suspicion
to detain that individual and that his suppression motion should have been granted); and Cook v. State, 1
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38.04(b)(2)(A); see also Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)
(setting out that the State has the burden to show that the officer had an objective basis
for the stop; subjective intent is irrelevant to the determination of reasonable suspicion);
Roberts, 2014 WL 1910428, at *1–2.
We conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Jenkins
intentionally fled from police officers who were attempting to lawfully arrest or detain him.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b)(2)(A); see also Roberts, 2014 WL 1910428, at *1–
2. We overrule Jenkins's first issue.
B. Challenge to the Constitutionality of SB 1416 (82nd Leg. R.S. 2011)
By his second issue, Jenkins challenges the constitutionality of SB 1416, which
amended Texas Penal Code section 38.04 by increasing the punishment for evading in
a vehicle to a third-degree felony from a state jail felony on the basis that it violates the
Texas Constitution’s “single-subject rule.” See TEX. CONST. art. III, § 35; Ex parte Jones,
S.W.3d 722, 724–25 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.) (determining that a man standing next to a female
in a high crime area and flipping through something with his thumb like he was counting it, did not establish
reasonable suspicion to detain that individual). We find Jenkins’s authority distinguishable because Sgt.
White did not rely on his initial observation of Jenkins driving away from the apartment complex after people
saw the patrol car and dispersed from the vehicle as the basis for his arrest or detention of Jenkins.
Instead, Sgt. White relied on his later observation of traffic violations as his objective, lawful basis for the
stop. See Garcia, 43 S.W.3d at 530.
Finally, both the State and Jenkins rely on Garza v. State. See 13-12-00240-CR, 2013 WL
3378325, at *7, 10 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi July 3, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). But we conclude that Garza provides no support for either party because the facts and the
issue in Garza are distinguishable from the relevant facts and issue in the present case. In Garza, the
appellant was arrested and charged with possession of cocaine. Id. at *7. Garza contended that the
officer violated his Fourth Amendment rights by conducting an unlawful detention. Id. It was his continued
detention to await the arrival of the K-9 unit after the completion of the traffic stop investigation, absent
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, that Garza claimed violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Id.
At the hearing on his motion to suppress, Garza’s trial counsel stated that Garza was not challenging the
validity of the initial stop. Id. at *7 n.8. This Court concluded that the trial court abused its discretion when
it denied Garza’s motion to suppress because the facts articulated by the officer would not warrant a person
of reasonable caution to believe that the further detention of Garza was reasonable. Id. at *10.
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440 S.W.3d at 637. However, Jenkins acknowledges in his reply brief that, after he filed
his original brief, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals addressed this issue and found
SB 1416 to be constitutional. See Ex parte Jones, 440 S.W.3d at 630 (citing Enrolled
Version of Senate Bill 1416, available at http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/
82R/billtext/pdf/SB1416F.pdf.). The court of criminal appeals denied rehearing in Ex
parte Jones on September 17, 2014. Because the decision of the court of criminal
appeals in Ex parte Jones is adverse to Jenkins’s argument, we overrule his second
issue. See id.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
Justice
Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 29th
day of January, 2015.
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