J-A21006-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
GARY CHIODETTI IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
DR. EUGENE FERNANDES
Appellee No. 63 EDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment Entered November 15, 2012
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): April Term, 2009; #0040
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OTT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 06, 2015
Gary Chiodetti appeals from the judgment entered in the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County in favor of Dr. Eugene Fernandes,
M.D., in this action for professional negligence. Chiodetti claimed Dr.
Fernandes’ negligence in injecting local anesthesia prior to eye surgery
caused him blindness in his right eye. A jury determined Dr. Fernandes had
not breached the standard of care in administering the injection. In this
timely appeal, Chiodetti raises five issues. He argues the trial court erred in
denying his post-trial motions, claiming trial court error in: (1) preventing
Chiodetti’s expert from testifying regarding a peer-reviewed article he had
authored; (2) permitting defense expert, Dr. Nicholas T. Iliff, M.D. to testify
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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beyond the scope of his report, as well as presenting cumulative testimony;
(3) precluding him from arguing at closing that Dr. Fernandes had failed to
call a witness; (4) failing to preclude the use of trial exhibits that had not
been supplied to Chiodetti prior to trial; and (5) failing to preclude defense
expert, Dr. Jay S. Duker, M.D., from testifying when he was not timely
identified as a witness. After a thorough review of the submissions by the
parties, relevant law, and the certified record, we affirm.
“Our standard of review [of an order] denying a motion for a new trial
is to decide whether the trial court committed an error of law which
controlled the outcome of the case or committed an abuse of discretion.”
Cangemi ex rel Estate of Cangemi v. Cone, 774 A.2d 1262, 1265 (Pa.
Super. 2001) (citation omitted).
Because Chiodetti’s claims of error involve evidentiary rulings,1 we also
note:
When we review a trial court ruling on admission of evidence, we
must acknowledge that decisions on admissibility are within the
sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned
absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of law. In
addition, for a ruling on evidence to constitute reversible error, it
must have been harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.
An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but if
in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or
the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result
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1
Chiodetti’s third claim, regarding his preclusion from making an adverse
inference argument in his closing, is best explained as an evidentiary ruling
as well.
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of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown by the evidence
or the record, discretion is abused.
Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 920 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).
Similarly, our standard of review regarding the admission of expert
testimony is:
Decisions regarding admission of expert testimony, like other
evidentiary decisions, are within the sound discretion of the trial
court. We may reverse only if we find an abuse of discretion or
error of law.
Cimino v. Valley Family Medicine, 912 A.2d 851, 953 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(citation omitted).
We adopt the relevant factual and procedural history as related in the
trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.2
On April 13, 2007, twenty-six-year-old Chiodetti presented at
the Frankford-Torresdale Emergency Room with injuries
sustained when he was assaulted in his neighborhood. A CT
scan revealed a displaced fracture of the orbit surrounding his
right eye, an injury referred to as an “orbital blow-out fracture.”
He was admitted with a diagnosis of closed orbital floor, nasal
fractures and facial lacerations, and was placed in the care of Dr.
Fernandes. On April 15, 2007, Dr. Fernandes operated on
Chiodetti’s right eye to repair the orbital fracture. On April 17,
2007, Chiodetti experienced loss of vision in that eye. On April
24, 2007, Chiodetti learned that the loss of sight in his right eye
is permanent.
On April 6, 2009, Chiodetti filed a complaint against Dr.
Fernandes and Frankford Hospital alleging that the blindness in
his right eye resulted from Dr. Fernandes’ negligence in
inadvertently injecting local anesthesia into Chiodetti’s eyeball
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2
The opinion was authored by the Honorable Mary Colins, in lieu of the trial
judge, the Honorable Gary DiVito, who retired.
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rather than into the surrounding orbit. The defendants denied
all claims of negligence. Defendant Frankford Hospital was
dismissed from the case on July 12, 2011, a few days before
trial.
Judge DiVito denied Chiodetti’s motion in limine to preclude
documents that Chiodetti claims were never provided to him.
See Order of July 14, 2011 (Control No. 10070081), April Term,
2009, No. 0040. On July 18, 2011, the first day of trial, the
Judge heard argument on Chiodetti’s two other motions in limine
regarding expert testimony. He denied Chiodetti’s motion to
preclude the evidence and testimony of Jay S. Duker, M.D., a
retinal expert, on the ground that he found that Chiodetti
suffered no prejudice as a result of Fernandes’ late retention of
the expert originally retained by the now-dismissed hospital
defendant.[3] Judge DiVito denied Chiodetti’s motion to preclude
evidence from Nicholas T. Iliff, M.D., eye surgeon, on the same
grounds, namely lack of prejudice.
Chiodetti’s expert, Marvin F. Kraushar, M.D., an ophthalmologist
with a specialty in the retina, testified that the standard of care
when administering anesthesia to the eye requires a surgeon to
verify the location of the needle by moving it in such a way to
ensure that its tip is not inside the eyeball itself before injecting
the medication. He opined that since Dr. Fernandes did not use
this method – referred to in the case as “wiggling” the needle –
he inadvertently injected anesthesia into the eye and that the
pressure from this additional fluid cut off the blood flow to the
retina, causing Chiodetti’s blindness. During Dr. Kraushar’s
testimony, Judge DiVito sustained an objection on hearsay
grounds from defense counsel to testimony that an article
authored by Dr. Kraushar was peer reviewed.
Dr. Fernandes testified on his own behalf and denied that he
perforated the globe (eyeball) or that his injection method fell
below the standard of care. Dr. Fernandes presented the
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3
Judge DiVito was incorrect in stating Dr. Duker had been previously
retained by Frankford Hospital; Drs. Iliff and Nicholas Volpe were Frankford’s
experts. However, Dr. Duker specifically adopted Dr. Volpe’s conclusions.
See Duker Report, 4/18/2011, at 3, discussed on pages 21-22. Accordingly,
the opinion did not change from one expert to the next.
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testimony of two experts. The first of these was Jay S. Duker,
M.D., an ophthalmologist specializing in medical and surgical
treatment of the retina. Dr. Duker concluded that upon review
of all the pertinent records that Dr. Fernandes administered
anesthesia to Chiodetti properly. Further, he rejected Dr.
Kraushar’s articulation of the standard of care – “wiggling” the
needle to verify that it had not perforated the globe – stating,
“[t]hat’s a particularly bad idea” that it is based on procedure
long ago recognized as presenting unacceptable risk of injury.
He also said that it was “highly unlikely” that Dr. Fernandes
actually perforated the globe.
Dr. Fernandes’ other expert, Nicholas T. Iliff, M.D., is an
occuplastic eye surgeon (a surgeon who addresses “problems
around the eye that includes some of the difficulties right on the
surface of the eyes, but particularly trouble with the eyelids, the
bones around the eyes, the tear drain system, the tissues behind
the eyes.”) Dr. Iliff testified that Dr. Fernandes met the
standard of care by directing the needle toward the bone of the
orbit, away from the globe in order to reduce risk of perforation.
Like Dr. Duker, Dr. Iliff testified that Dr. Kraushar’s proposed
“wiggle” method is not the standard of care and that it is a
method that poses undue risk of injury. Dr. Duker also testified
extensively on the possible other causes of [] Chiodetti’s
blindness, many of which could not conclusively be ruled out.
…
During closing argument, the judge sustained [Fernandes’]
objection to Chiodetti’s attorney’s reference to Dr. Fernandes’
failure to present the testimony of Dr. Arunan Sivalingam,
Chiodetti’s treating doctor at Wills Eye Hospital, despite Dr.
Fernandes’ counsel’s apparent promise during openings to do so.
The Judge did not offer the basis for his ruling.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/24/2014, at 2-5 (citations to record and footnote
omitted).
Based on the foregoing, Chiodetti’s first claim is that the trial court
erred in precluding his expert, “Dr. Marvin Kraushar, M.D. from testifying
that an article he wrote , establishing the standard of care, had been peer
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reviewed and published[.]” Chiodetti’s Brief at 5. Although we believe the
trial court’s ruling was not thoroughly explained, we agree with the result.
On July 18, 2011, during direct examination, Dr. Kraushar was asked
to comment upon a paper he co-authored with two other doctors in 1995.
The title of the paper was “Prevention of Accidental Intraocular Injection
Following Inadvertent Needle Perforation of the Eyeball.” See N.T. Trial
7/16/2011, at 152. After Dr. Fernades’ counsel objected to the introduction
of the article, this discussion took place at sidebar:
[Dr. Fernandes’ Counsel]: First off, Pennsylvania is not adopting
the treatise exception to the hearsay rule.
Secondly, this is clearly bolstering the witness’ testimony.
We’re on direct examination.
[Chiodetti’s Counsel]: This is about establishing standard of care
for the doctor. This article is exactly about his peer reviewed
article, 1995, this procedure, it talks about it. So unless they’re
going to agree this is the standard of care, it’s a peer reviewed
article establishing the standard of care.
THE COURT: I don’t have a problem about an article he wrote,
he wrote an article about the subject –
[Chiodetti’s Counsel]: It’s not just something he wrote, not just
him putting it out there –
THE COURT: It’s hearsay because you cannot cross-examine on
the peer review.
[Chiodetti’s Counsel]: But it’s not just him –
THE COURT: No.
[Chiodetti’s Counsel]: - his colleague said it’s accepted.
THE COURT: I will not allow it.
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N.T. Trial, 7/18/2011, at 151-152.
The trial court’s ruling was based on the fact that the peer reviewers
were not available for cross-examination.4 This presumes that the
declarants, as referred to in the definition of hearsay,5 were the peer
reviewers, not the authors of the article, one of whom was Dr. Kraushar who
was assuredly available for cross-examination. This presumption is
confirmed by Chiodetti’s counsel’s previously quoted argument that the peer
reviewed article, describing the technique testified to by Dr. Kraushar,
established the standard of care. Therefore, the truth of the matter asserted
was that the peer review certified the described technique as the standard of
care.
In this context, the trial court’s ruling prohibiting reference to the peer
review as hearsay was correct. Those who purportedly certified the
procedure as the standard of care were unavailable to testify as to the basis
of their conclusion.
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4
We note the trial court did not sustain the objection on the basis of the lack
of a hearsay exception for learned treatises. See Ohlbaum on the
Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, § 703.14.
5
See Pa.R.E. 801, defining hearsay in relevant part as a statement that he
declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial and which is
offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.
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Additionally, because of the terseness of the trial court’s ruling peer
review was hearsay,6 we also find that even if the trial court erred in
precluding the proposed testimony, it was harmless error.
The definition of standard of care has recently been discussed by our
Supreme Court:
…the standard of care of physicians in Pennsylvania was an
objective one. That is, “physicians must have and employ the
same skill and knowledge typically used by physicians in the
medical profession, and must keep themselves informed of
contemporary developments in the profession.”
Passarello v. Grumbine, 87 A.3d 285, 298 (Pa. 2014) (citation omitted).
Further,
The Committee [on Proposed Standard Civil Jury Instructions]
established a basic instruction for a physician's standard of care
in a medical malpractice case that remains in effect today: “A
physician must have the same knowledge and skill and use the
same care normally used in the medical profession. A physician
whose conduct falls below this standard of care is negligent.” Pa.
SSJI (Civ) 14.10 (4th ed. 2011).
Id.
Accordingly, standard of care is established by evidence of the general
standards of care, skill, and knowledge employed by similar medical
professionals. Dr. Kraushar testified extensively regarding the standard of
care. The jury heard his opinion and the basis for that opinion. The jury
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6
Because argument on this issue was cut off, the record may not be fully
developed as to the offered meaning of peer review. We believe peer review
may be better described as confirmation that the peer reviewed article
conforms to proper scientific methodology rather than as certification of the
accuracy of the conclusions of the article.
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heard that he had published a book on the treatment of eyes including the
topic at issue, had been invited to speak at a variety of medical conferences
on the topic, and currently used the procedure he advocated in his own
practice at the Scheie Eye Institute. The jury was adequately informed of
Dr. Kraushar’s opinion regarding the standard of care and we cannot discern
how prejudice accrued from the inability to testify that he had published a
peer reviewed article on the procedure. Even accepting for the sake of
argument, that there was error in completely prohibiting Dr. Kraushar from
referencing his article, Chiodetti suffered no prejudice.7
In light of the foregoing, Chiodetti is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Chiodetti’s second claim is that the trial court erred in permitting
defense expert Dr. Nicholas Iliff, to present cumulative testimony and to
testify beyond the scope of his report.8 We will address the second aspect of
this issue first.
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7
The fact that the article did not, by itself, set the standard of care, should
not necessarily have prevented Dr. Kraushar from referencing the fact that
he had written a published article on the very subject at issue in the trial.
The trial court was willing to allow the doctor to say he had published an
article. As long as there was no attempt to assert extra meaning to the
article, a general prohibition against referencing the article appears to be
overbroad. There would be no obvious prohibition from informing the jury
about Dr. Kraushar’s peer reviewed article when describing his credentials as
an expert witness.
8
In his brief, Chiodetti also argues he sought to preclude Dr. Iliff from
testifying on the basis of unfair surprise, namely, Dr. Fernandes had not
previously named Dr. Iliff as an expert witness. Dr. Iliff was known to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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We agree with Chiodetti that Dr. Iliff testified beyond the scope of his
report when he changed his opinion regarding the causation of Chiodetti’s
blindness. However, the jury determined that Dr. Fernandes had not been
negligent; therefore, in general, any error regarding causation would not
affect the verdict. See Lykes v. Yates, 77 A.3d 27, 33 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(where jury in medical negligence case finds no negligence, errors regarding
causation will not affect verdict).
Nonetheless, it is possible that theories of negligence can overlap into
causation. Therefore, we must examine the nature of standard of care
testimony provided at trial to insure the improper aspects of Dr. Iliff’s
testimony did not support the negligence testimony, and, as such, affect the
verdict.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Chiodetti because he was named as one of Frankford Hospital’s witnesses.
Chiodetti claims he preserved the claim of unfair surprise in his motion in
limine, filed 6/30/2011. See Chiodetti’s Brief, at 17. The motion in limine
only objects to the alleged cumulative nature of Dr. Iliff’s proposed
testimony. Because the motion in limine was filed prior to Frankford
Hospital being released from the case, he could not have argued surprise
therein. The issue of surprise was raised orally on the morning of trial, and
Judge DiVito allowed Dr. Iliff to testify because the substance of his
proposed testimony was known to Chiodetti and so there would be no
prejudice. Chiodetti has not developed this aspect of the claim, and so we
consider it waived. See Coulter v. Ramsden, 94 A.3d 1080, 1088-89 (Pa.
Super. 2014) (“arguments which are not appropriately developed are
waived” and “[m]ere issue spotting without analysis or legal citation to
support an assertion precludes our appellate review of [a] matter.”)
Moreover, we discern no abuse of discretion in Judge DiVito’s ruling.
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Chiodetti’s expert, Dr. Marvin F. Kraushar, testified that Dr. Fernandes’
treatment fell below the accepted standard of care when, during the
administration of local anesthesia, he failed to use the “wiggle maneuver” of
ensuring the needle tip was not within the orb of the eye, and thereafter
injecting the anesthetic solution into the eye, rather than next to the eye.
Specifically, Dr. Kraushar testified:
Once the needle is in the orbit and where the needle is supposed
to be outside the eye, it doesn’t take very much time to move
the syringe like this or like this (witness indicating). And you’ll
see that the eye moves, that tells you you’re in the eye, and you
don’t want to do that.
And that’s all it takes, a couple seconds to do this, a couple
seconds to do that, you’re not moving the eye around. It’s just
a like a little – you go like this, like this, and then like this, and
you know you’re not in the eye, then you can give the injection.
If that moves with you, you know you’re in the eye and you have
to pull the needle out and get a retina doctor to examine that
patient to make sure you haven’t torn the retina.
* * *
It is an accepted risk of giving this type of injection to a patient
and accidentally sticking the needle in the eye.
What is unacceptable is not knowing that the needle is in the eye
before you give the injection, and that could be avoided by such
a simple maneuver to avoid complications, okay.
N.T. Trial, 7/18/2011, at 135-37.
On cross-examination, Dr. Kraushar admitted that the wiggle method
was not the only standard of care for the administration of anesthesia via
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injection and that Dr. Fernandes’ expert, as well as an accepted group of
other doctors, supported this contrary belief.
Q: You’re aware that he [Dr. Duker, one of Dr. Fernandes’
expert witnesses] has issued a report in this case in which he
opines Doctor Fernandes used the appropriate technique to give
the local anesthesia, correct, sir?
A: Yes.
Q: You are also aware that in response to your report, you
further – he issued a – strike that.
You’re aware of Doctor Iliff from Baltimore, the Wilmer
Institute --
A: Yes.
Q: - has also written a report, reviewed in this case,
indicating Doctor Fernandes used the appropriate technique and
met the standard of care, sir? You are aware of that, correct sir?
A: Yes.
Q: You’re aware that Doctor Iliff also issued a report that said
your so-called wiggle maneuver is not the standard of care,
correct, sir?
A: Yes.
Q: Dr. Iliff had said specifically, the wiggle maneuver is not
the standard of care. You’re aware of that, sir?
A: Yes.
Q: You’re aware that there are ophthalmologists out there
who opine the wiggle maneuver is not the standard of care,
correct, sir?
A: Yes.
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Q: Would you say there is an accepted group of doctors out
there who would opine your wiggle maneuver is not the standard
of care?
A: Yes.
Q: There is a school of thought out there that the wiggle
maneuver is not the standard of care, correct, sir?
A: I can’t keep answering yes to all these questions without
being able to qualify them.
Q: Well –
A: I’ll be happy to answer your question, but I can’t keep
saying yes without –
THE COURT: Doctor, your counsel will have the opportunity
to redirect.
A: Okay. Yes.
Id. at 209-11.
The jury’s verdict that Dr. Fernandes did not breach the standard of
care is fully supportable by this admission alone. Although Dr. Kraushar
attempted to qualify his response regarding any other appropriate standard
of care, he did not do so on redirect. Therefore, Dr. Kraushar’s testimony
indicated there were other methods of properly injecting local anesthesia
without identifying what those methods were or how Dr. Fernandes violated
those standards. That void in evidence was filled by Dr. Fernandes’ experts’
testimony.
Dr. Fernandes produced two experts who gave similar opinions
regarding the applicable standard of care. First, Dr. Jay S. Duker, provided
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specific testimony on the procedure Dr. Fernandes used to inject the local
anesthesia and why that procedure met the standard of care. See N.T.
Trial, 7/20/2011, at 26-36. Dr. Duker was then asked to comment upon the
wiggle maneuver.
Q: Doctor, we’ve heard from plaintiff’s expert that when
administering the local anesthesia, after the doctor puts the
needle to a location where he wants to administer anesthesia,
there is an obligation on behalf of the doctor to wiggle that
needle tip to ensure it’s in the location he intends prior to
injecting the anesthesia? It’s what I’ve been referring to as the
wiggle maneuver.
A: No, that’s a particularly bad idea.
Q: All right. Now, first off, is that so–called wiggle maneuver
the standard of care in peribulbar injections?
A: Not now and not at the time the surgery was done.
Q: Okay. Explain that for the jury.
A: There was, about 25 to 30 years ago, a rash of
perforations of the globe during ophthalmic surgery and most of
it was technique related.
And at the time what was happening is, surgery was
moving from hospitals to surgery centers and the
anesthesiologists were doing the anesthesia. And some of them
were not completely trained and there were globe perforations.
And so people published techniques to try to tell the less
experienced doctors how to prevent this. And that was
published I think about 20 or 25 years ago, going in with the
needle and wiggling it a little and if the eye moved, it means you
were in the eye.
It rapidly lost favor or never really became accepted for a
couple of reasons. First of all, if most of the perforations of the
eye are actually double perforations where you go in and then
out the back, number one. Number two, they’re getting more
and more rare because the techniques are getting really refined.
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The third reason is there’s blood vessels in this area and that
needle is sharp and if you go in there and you go like this, you
can lacerate the blood vessels and cause a big hemorrhage. And
a big hemorrhage behind the eye is just as big a complication as
a needle in the eye.
So, basically, that is not a technique we teach anymore,
and it’s no longer or probably never was the standard of care.
Q: Okay. Dr. Kraushar came before this jury and identified
that he has written an article. I believe the date was 1996
where he describes that wiggle maneuver. Is it your opinion
that that is not the standard of care as of the time of this
surgery?
A: That’s correct. It is not the standard of care.
* * *
Q: Now, plaintiff’s expert told this jury perforation of the
globe with the needle is an accepted risk of peribulbar
anesthesia, however, actually injecting the anesthesia into the
globe is not acceptable because you have to wiggle it first. Do
you have a response to that?
A: All of these occurrences are really rare and they are known
complications, both the perforation of the eye and injection into
the eye, and hemorrhage behind the eye and hitting the optic
nerve. These things often happen, but they happen rarely. [sic]
In my opinion none of them necessarily are negligent. As
long as the technique was done correctly, it essentially means a
rare technique – a rare mishap that happened not due to
technique, but because of some other reason.
Q: I want to spend just a moment there and distinguish for
the jury the difference between a known complication and
negligence.
A: Unfortunately, doctors are human, and the human body
doesn’t always heal the way we want it to heal. And so you can
do ten surgeries on ten patients and do exactly the same
technique, exactly every time and it will work nine times, but it
won’t work the tenth and we can’t necessarily explain why.
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So, if you’ve got a procedure that has known reported
complications and you follow all the technique correctly during
that procedure and you get a complication, that’s why your
doctor gives you a form consent before the surgery, to tell you,
look, these things can happen. And even if I do the best job I
can do, something bad may still happen.
N.T. Trial, 7/20/2011, at 37-42.
On July 21, 2011, Dr. Fernandes’ second expert, Dr. Nicholas Taylor
Iliff, testified that Dr. Fernandes had met the standard of care when
injecting the local anesthesia. Dr. Iliff described the method used by Dr.
Fernandes and the reasons why that procedure represented the standard of
care. He concluded his discussion of Dr. Fernandes’ technique, stating:
And what’s done is to delineate exactly where the end of the
needle is to actually hit the bone under the eye so you know
where it is. Because if you hit the bone, it’s something hard, if
you’re putting a needle in around the eye, there are soft tissues
that make it hard to tell exactly where the needle is.
So what you do is you advance the needle away from the eye
downwards and out until you hit the bone that tells you exactly
where the needle is. And then you back it up a little bit because
it’s hard to inject when it’s pushing up against the bone. You
back it up a little bit and give the injection.
During the injection there are some things that you look for that
lets you know that the injecting is going the way you expect it
to, and that is how the tissues swell, how hard it is to inject and
so forth.
And all those things were done and Doctor Fernandes stated this
is how he did it, and this is what he knows. And for those
reasons I felt the injection was done completely within the
standard of care.
N.T. Trial, 7/21/2011, at 24-25.
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Dr. Iliff was then asked about the wiggle maneuver that had been
advocated by Dr. Kraushar as the standard of care.
There are problems with that [use of the wiggle maneuver and
why it is not the standard of care]. In a normal situation … let’s
say a person is having cataract surgery and they haven’t had an
injury, they don’t have any swelling, they haven’t had any
bleeding, when you put the needle in you have some risk of
hitting a blood vessel, of hitting a muscle, or hitting a nerve
even. Even some risk of hitting the eye.
And what you try to do is place the needle so it causes the least
trauma, the least likely to cause any injury to any of those
structures.
In a traumatized orbit, such as was the case here, things are
swollen. The vessels are swollen. The blood vessels are bigger
than normal. Things aren’t necessarily exactly in the right place,
but they’re more sensitive to any kind of trauma.
So even more important, when you place the needle you move it
as little as possible. You move it straight in to where you want
it. In this case it was necessary to back it up a little bit and give
the injection.
If you wiggle it side by side, the front of the needle is actually
quite sharp and you can lacerate blood vessels, cause significant
bleeding. Even if you have hit the eye you can lacerate the side
of the eye and cause more damage.
So my feeling is it’s a bad idea. I was certainly never taught to
do that and we don’t teach people to do that at Johns Hopkins.
And so I feel that it is not really what you should do.
Id. at 26-27.
The foregoing represents the essence of the testimony from Chiodetti’s
and Dr. Fernandes’ experts. The testimony of all three is clear, concise and
self-contained. The testimony regarding the standard of care in
administering local anesthesia to the ocular orbit by injection was not
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dependent upon other evidence of causation. Moreover, Dr. Kraushar
admitted in testimony that other doctors believed the wiggle maneuver was
not the only standard of care. Drs. Duker and Iliff described a different
accepted methodology and opined that Dr. Fernandes followed that standard
of care, while explaining why they disagreed with the wiggle maneuver.
Therefore, the jury’s determination that Dr. Fernandes was not
negligent and had not breached the standard of care was supportable based
on the consideration of all of the evidence regarding the standard of care by
itself. Even if Chiodetti’s blindness in the one eye was the result of an
injection of anesthesia into his eye, based upon the testimony of Drs. Duker
and Iliff, the jury could still believe there was no negligence in the failure to
wiggle the needle. Additionally, the verdict form, filled out by the jury,
clearly indicted negligence and causation were separate considerations and
that if the jury found no breach of the standard of care then it was not to
consider causation. See Jury Verdict Form. This form reflected the
instructions given to the jury by the trial judge, who did not link evidence of
causation with the determination of breach of standard of care. Accordingly,
we see no reason to suppose the jury’s determination was tainted by Dr.
Iliff’s improper testimony regarding causation.
The second aspect of this claim, that Dr. Iliff’s testimony was
improperly cumulative, also fails. In his brief, Chiodetti only argues the
causation aspect of Dr. Iliff’s testimony as cumulative. Because the jury did
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not reach causation, any error in that regard was harmless. See Lykes v.
Yates, supra.
Chiodetti’s third argument is that the trial court erred in precluding
him from remarking in closing argument, that Dr. Fernandes had failed to
present the testimony of Chiodetti’s subsequent treating physician, Dr.
Sivalingham, despite stating he would do so in the opening statement.
Specifically, Chiodetti asserts:
[Dr. Fernandes] ardently argued in closing that the records of
Dr. Sivalingham was the “smoking gun” relieving [Dr.
Fernandes] of liability. [Chiodetti] should have been permitted
to draw the jury’s attention to the fact that the defense rested
his case on Dr. Sivalingham, but did not elicit his testimony.
Chiodetti’s Brief, at 23. Chiodetti’s claim fails for multiple reasons.
First, a review of closing argument on behalf of Dr. Fernandes
indicates the references to Dr. Sivalingham addressed causation, not
standard of care. Because the jury never reached the issue of causation,
any such error was irrelevant. Lykes, supra.
Next, Chiodetti was essentially seeking an adverse inference from the
failure to produce Dr. Sivalingham. However, Dr. Sivalingham was equally
available to both parties as a witness. An adverse inference is not available
when the witness is available to both parties. Kovach v. Soloman, 732
A.2d 1, 8 (Pa. Super. 1999).
Chiodetti is not entitled to relief on this issue.
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In his fourth issue,9 Chiodetti argues the trial court erred in permitting
defense expert, Dr. Jay Duker, to testify even though Dr. Fernandes did not
identify Duker or provide his expert report until well past the expiration of
the discovery deadline.
The trial court should consider the following factors when
determining whether or not to preclude a witness from testifying
for failure to comply with a discovery order:
(1) the prejudice or surprise in fact of the party against
whom the excluded witnesses would have testified,
(2) the ability of that party to cure the prejudice,
(3) the extent to which waiver of the rule against calling
unlisted witnesses would disrupt the orderly and efficient
trial of the case or of cases in the court,
(4) bad faith of [sic] willfulness in failing to comply with
the court's order.
Jacobs v. Chatwani, 922 A.2d 950, 961-62 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation
omitted).
Considering these factors, Chiodetti is not entitled to relief. While it is
true that Chiodetti did not know Duker’s name in a timely fashion, the
opinion Duker espoused was certainly known. Frankford Hospital originally
retained Dr. Nicholas J. Volpe to testify on its behalf. Dr. Fernandes
____________________________________________
9
This was the fifth listed issue in Chiodetti’s statement of questions
involved, see Chiodetti’s Brief at 5-6, but was the fourth issue in the body of
the brief. We are addressing the issues in the order they appear in the body
of the brief.
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intended to rely upon Frankford Hospital’s experts in his defense. It is
undisputed that Dr. Volpe’s report was supplied to Chiodetti in a timely
fashion. After the discovery deadline passed, it became obvious to Dr.
Fernandes that the hospital would be released, therefore, Dr. Duker was
retained in the event Dr. Volpe would not testify.
Dr. Duker’s identity and report were supplied to Chiodetti no later than
April 21, 2011, approximately three months prior to trial. See N.T. Trial,
7/18/2011, at 32. Importantly, Dr. Duker specifically adopted Dr. Volpe’s
positions regarding Dr. Fernandes’ liability. Further, the trial court noted,
and the certified record confirms, that Dr. Kraushar received Dr. Duker’s
report with sufficient time to author a rebuttal. Id. at 31. We fail to see
how Chiodetti can credibly claim surprise when his expert authored a report
addressing the “surprising” opinion.
The record further reflects that there was no disruption of the orderly
process of the trial.
The only remaining factor to consider is whether Dr. Fernandes
willfully ignored the discovery deadlines. The trial court concluded that
Chiodetti suffered no prejudice. Id. at 33-34.10 We agree.
____________________________________________
10
Specifically, the trial court stated, “Well, I attribute that motive to them
[seeking to present expert opinion after discovery deadline without seeking
extraordinary relief], but I don’t necessarily accept that. Counsel has
strategy. I’m not really interested in strategy. What I’m interested in is
whether or not you were prejudiced by that. You have an expert report on
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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The certified record reflects that Chiodetti had ample time to consider
and respond to Dr. Duker’s report. The substance of Dr. Duker’s opinion
was known to Chiodetti through Dr. Volpe’s report, which was issued in a
timely fashion. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial
court’s decision allowing Dr. Duker to testify.
Chiodetti’s final claim is that the trial court erred in allowing Dr.
Fernandes to use demonstrative evidence without having supplied those
exhibits as part of mandatory pre-trial discovery exchange. Specifically,
Chiodetti refers to anatomical illustrations of the eye. Chiodetti does not
complain that the exhibits were inaccurate. His claim is that he was
prejudiced by defense experts referring to accurate depictions of the eye to
illustrate their testimony.
The trial court opinion notes that the trial judge did not explain his
reasons for denying Chiodetti’s pre-trial motion to preclude. However, the
trial court opinion points out that when the illustrations were actually used at
trial, Chiodetti made no specific objection to their use.
Based on or review, we find the motion in limine preserved the issue,
and further conclude Chiodetti has failed to demonstrate how he suffered
any prejudice from the jury seeing an accurate depiction of the eye.
Regarding other trial exhibits, we note that Chiodetti was presented with a
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
rebuttal. So, frankly, I’m not going to preclude it based on possibly
negligence – rather prejudice per se.”
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list of the exhibits Dr. Fernandes might use, which included such items as
Chiodetti’s work records, his medical records, and answers to
interrogatories. Chiodetti presumably possessed the majority of the
proposed exhibits. Chiodetti has not claimed, much less demonstrated, any
prejudice he suffered from the introduction of any other of Dr. Fernandes’
trial exhibits. Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Judgment affirmed.
Judge Strassburger joins this memorandum.
Judge Bowes files a dissenting memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/6/2015
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