FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 12, 2015
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
OCTAVIO DIAZ RAMOS,
Petitioner,
v. No. 14-9546
(Petition for Review)
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
Attorney General,
Respondent.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
Octavio Diaz Ramos petitions for review of a final order of removal. He
challenges the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA or Board) holding that he is
removable and its denial of his applications for relief from removal because he has
been convicted of an aggravated felony. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a), we dismiss in part and deny the remainder of the petition for review.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. Background
Mr. Diaz, a native and citizen of Mexico, became a lawful permanent resident
(LPR) of the United States in 1992. In 1999, he pleaded guilty in state court in
Arizona to an attempted violation of Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3405 (1999), which
criminalized the possession, use, production, sale or transportation of marijuana.
More specifically, according to the Arizona state court’s sentencing order and
Mr. Diaz’s plea agreement, he pleaded guilty to a single count of “Attempted
Possession of Marijuana for Sale, a class 3 nondangerous and nonrepetitive felony, in
violation of [Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§] 13-1001, 13-3405(A)(2) and (B)(3), 13-3401,
13-701, and 13-801.” Admin. R. at 811, 821-22.
The terms of §§ 13-3405(A)(2) and (B)(3) are relevant to the issues raised in
this petition for review.1 At the time of Mr. Diaz’s conviction, § 13-3405 provided,
in relevant part:
A. A person shall not knowingly:
1. Possess or use marijuana.
2. Possess marijuana for sale.
...
B. A person who violates:
...
1
Section 13-1001 defines “attempt”; § 13-3401 defines various terms related to
drug offenses, including “marijuana”; and §§ 13-701 and 13-801 prescribe prison
sentences and fines for felonies.
-2-
3. Subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section involving an amount
of marijuana not possessed for sale having a weight of four
pounds or more is guilty of a class 4 felony.
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3405 (1999) (emphasis added).
When, as a returning LPR, Mr. Diaz applied for re-admission into the United
States in December 2007, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) sought his
removal as an alien who has been an illicit trafficker in any controlled substance.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C). DHS subsequently added an additional charge that
Mr. Diaz is an alien convicted of a violation of any law relating to a controlled
substance. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). In support of these charges, DHS
submitted the sentencing order and Mr. Diaz’s plea agreement in his Arizona
criminal proceedings.
Appearing before an immigration judge (IJ), Mr. Diaz denied that he was
removable as charged and applied for cancellation of removal. After the IJ found
him removable, he also filed an application for withholding of removal and relief
under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), in which he alleged that he faces harm
from drug cartels in Mexico. He asserted that his work as a confidential informant
for Arizona police from 1997 to 1999 resulted in the arrests of drug dealers who now
reside in Mexico.
The IJ denied Mr. Diaz’s applications for cancellation of removal, withholding
of removal, and CAT protection. The IJ found that he had been convicted of an
aggravated felony, making him ineligible for cancellation of removal. And because
-3-
he failed to rebut the presumption that his conviction was for a particularly serious
crime, Mr. Diaz was also ineligible for withholding of removal and CAT relief. The
IJ further held that he failed to meet his burden of proof for deferral of removal under
CAT.
Mr. Diaz appealed to the BIA, arguing that his Arizona conviction is not an
aggravated felony because (1) he was not sentenced to imprisonment and (2) he was
convicted only of attempted possession of marijuana. The BIA agreed with the IJ’s
reasoning and holdings and dismissed his appeal in a decision by a single Board
member. After Mr. Diaz filed a petition for review in this court, the Supreme Court
issued a decision in Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678 (2013), in which it
clarified which marijuana-distribution crimes qualify as aggravated felonies. We
granted the Attorney General’s unopposed motion to remand the proceedings to the
BIA to reconsider whether Mr. Diaz’s conviction is an aggravated felony in light of
Moncrieffe.
On remand to the BIA, Mr. Diaz argued, inter alia, that his conviction is not an
aggravated felony because the minimum conduct required for a conviction pursuant
to his statute of conviction does not meet the definitions of illicit trafficking or drug
trafficking. In a three-member panel decision, the BIA once again dismissed
Mr. Diaz’s appeal, holding that, according to the record, he was convicted of
attempted possession of marijuana for sale. It rejected his claim that his record of
conviction was unclear on that point.
-4-
II. Discussion
In his petition for review, Mr. Diaz contests the BIA’s holding that he is
removable as an alien who has been an illicit trafficker in any controlled substance
under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C), and as an alien convicted of a controlled substance
offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). He further contends that he is eligible
for relief from removal because his Arizona conviction does not qualify as an
aggravated felony. Mr. Diaz also maintains that he was denied due process in his
hearing before the IJ and that his removal constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
A. Standards of Review
We review legal issues in immigration proceedings de novo and factual issues
for substantial evidence. Damaso-Mendoza v. Holder, 653 F.3d 1245, 1248
(10th Cir. 2011). Regarding whether Mr. Diaz’s conviction qualifies as an
aggravated felony, we review the BIA’s decision after remand from this court. As a
three-member panel decision issued pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(6), it
completely supersedes the IJ’s decision on that issue. See Uanreroro v. Gonzales,
443 F.3d 1197, 1203 (10th Cir. 2006). To the extent that Mr. Diaz’s claims address
issues not addressed in the BIA’s order following our remand, we review the BIA’s
preceding single-member decision issued pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). See id.
at 1203-04. In reviewing that order, “we will not affirm on grounds raised in the IJ
decision unless they are relied upon by the BIA in its affirmance,” but we may
-5-
consult the IJ’s decision where it provides a “more complete explanation of those
same grounds.” Id. at 1204.
B. Grounds for Removal
The BIA affirmed two independent grounds for finding Mr. Diaz inadmissible
and therefore removable: (1) that he is an alien who has been an illicit trafficker in
any controlled substance, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C); and (2) that he has been
convicted of any law relating to a controlled substance, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). The latter section includes an “attempt to violate[] any law . .
. of a State . . . relating to a controlled substance.” Id. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II)
(emphasis added). Although we lack jurisdiction to review a final removal order
“against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense
covered in section 1182(a)(2),” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), we retain jurisdiction to
determine whether this jurisdictional bar applies, see Tapia Garcia v. INS, 237 F.3d
1216, 1220 (10th Cir. 2001).
The Attorney General contends it is uncontested that Mr. Diaz is removable
under § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). Mr. Diaz asserts that he has never conceded that point,
and he argues, without further analysis or citation, that he “does not agree that a first
offense felony possession in Arizona is actionable . . . since an attempted possession
has no possession and a conversation is not a violation of a drug possession law.”
Pet. Opening Br. at 30.
-6-
We lack jurisdiction to review this claim because Mr. Diaz did not exhaust it
before the BIA. See Garcia-Carbajal v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1233, 1236-38 (10th Cir.
2010). He does not state in his brief where he raised this claim in his BIA appeal.
And our review of his BIA filings indicates that he argued to the Board that his
Arizona conviction is not a drug-trafficking aggravated felony. The BIA likewise
construed his contentions as addressing that issue. See Admin. R. at 88-90.2
Mr. Diaz “had a duty to present to the BIA all of his specific legal theories for
reversal. This he did not do, and he may not add new theories seriatim as the
litigation progresses from the agency into the courts.” Garcia-Carbajal, 625 F.3d at
1238. We therefore dismiss Mr. Diaz’s petition for review for lack of jurisdiction to
the extent that he raises this unexhausted claim.
Based on the BIA’s holding that Mr. Diaz is removable by reason of having
committed a criminal offense covered in § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II), we are precluded by
§ 1252(a)(2)(C) from reviewing his final order of removal unless he raises
“constitutional claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).
C. Constitutional Claims
Mr. Diaz characterizes his removal as a “lifetime sentence” and “banishment
from home and family,” Pet. Opening Br. at 35, in violation of the Eighth
2
We do not deem a stray remark about actual versus attempted possession
within Mr. Diaz’s contentions regarding drug trafficking crimes, see Admin. R. at
113, to have sufficiently presented to the BIA the contention he now asserts in this
court.
-7-
Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. But we have long
held otherwise. In Bassett v. U.S. INS, 581 F.2d 1385, 1386, 1387 (10th Cir. 1978),
we rejected an LPR alien’s claim that his deportation based on a
marijuana-possession conviction was cruel and unusual punishment because it would
break up his family. Because “[i]mmigration laws never have been considered
penal,” id. at 1387, we declined to apply the Eighth Amendment as a limit on
“Congress’ plenary power to enumerate and enforce deportable offenses.” Id. at
1388. Mr. Diaz’s Eighth Amendment claim fails on the merits.
Mr. Diaz also asserts that the IJ violated his right to due process under the
Fifth Amendment by denying him a full and fair hearing. “Because aliens do not
have a constitutional right to enter or remain in the United States, the only
protections afforded are the minimal procedural due process rights for an opportunity
to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Arambula-Medina v.
Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 828 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Mr. Diaz contends that the IJ denied him due process by limiting during his
immigration hearing the testimony of the Arizona state court judge who presided in
his criminal proceeding. He complains that he was precluded from asking the judge
questions regarding the nature of his conviction, the criminal judgment, and his
probationary sentence. Mr. Diaz also argues that the IJ prevented him from making a
record regarding the validity of his Arizona conviction.
-8-
We lack jurisdiction to review Mr. Diaz’s due-process claim because he failed
to exhaust it before the BIA. Once again, he does not point to where he raised this
issue in his BIA appeal. As a general matter, we have not required exhaustion of
constitutional claims because the BIA “lacks authority to resolve constitutional
questions.” Vicente-Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086, 1094 (10th Cir. 2008). But
“objections to procedural errors or defects that the BIA could have remedied must be
exhausted even if the alien later attempts to frame them in terms of constitutional due
process on judicial review.” Id. at 1094. Mr. Diaz’s due-process claim asserts such
“administratively correctable procedural defect[s],” and is therefore subject to the
exhaustion bar. Id. at 1095. We dismiss his petition for review for lack of
jurisdiction to the extent he asserts this unexhausted due-process claim.
D. Cancellation of Removal
Aliens who apply for relief from removal bear the burden of proving their
eligibility. See Mena-Flores v. Holder, __ F.3d __, 2015 WL 294629, at *7
(10th Cir. Jan. 23, 2015). An LPR seeking cancellation of removal must establish
that he has “not been convicted of any aggravated felony.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3).
Mr. Diaz argues that his Arizona conviction does not qualify as an aggravated felony.
Because this issue presents a question of law, we have jurisdiction to review it.
See Diallo v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1274, 1282 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding despite other
jurisdictional bars, court retains jurisdiction to review “a narrow category of issues
regarding statutory construction” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Brue v.
-9-
Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227, 1231-32 (10th Cir. 2006) (reviewing challenge to denial of
discretionary relief that presented a question of law).
In deciding if Mr. Diaz has been convicted of an aggravated felony, we apply
the categorical approach to determine whether his Arizona offense is comparable to
the federal generic crime. See Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1684. In doing so, we “look
to the text of the statute violated, not the underlying factual circumstances” of the
conviction. Tapia Garcia, 237 F.3d at 1222 (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1690 (stating inquiry is limited to “what the
noncitizen was convicted of, not what he did” (internal quotation marks omitted)). In
the context of this case, aggravated felony means “illicit trafficking in a controlled
substance.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B). Although that term is undefined, it includes
a “drug trafficking crime,” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(B). Section 924(c)(2) defines a “drug trafficking crime” as “any
felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act [CSA].”
The CSA makes it illegal to “possess with intent to . . . distribute . . . a
controlled substance,” 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), which includes marijuana, 21 U.S.C.
§ 812(c). In general, if the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for a federal
offense is more than one year, it is classified as a felony. See 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(5).
But as the Court explained in Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1686, some federal marijuana
“distribution” offenses are not punishable as felonies under the CSA. More
specifically, distribution of “a small amount of marihuana for no remuneration” is
- 10 -
treated as simple possession, which is a misdemeanor under the CSA. Id.; see also
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(4), 844(a); Lopez v. Gonzales, 549 U.S. 47, 53 (2006) (“Mere
possession . . . is not a felony under the federal CSA . . . .”). In contrast, distribution
of marijuana for remuneration is punishable as a felony under the CSA. Moncrieffe,
133 S. Ct. at 1686. Moreover, an attempt to commit any offense defined in the CSA
is “subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission
of which was the object of the attempt.” 21 U.S.C. § 846. Thus, because possession
of marijuana with intent to distribute it for remuneration is a felony under the CSA,
an attempt to do so is also a felony.
The question, then, is whether Mr. Diaz’s Arizona conviction is a felony
punishable under the CSA. To qualify as such, “a state drug offense must meet two
conditions: It must ‘necessarily’ proscribe conduct that is an offense under the CSA,
and the CSA must ‘necessarily’ prescribe felony punishment for that conduct.”
Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1685. Mr. Diaz pleaded guilty to attempted violation of
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3405, which criminalizes the possession, use, production, sale
or transportation of marijuana. Applying the categorical approach, a conviction
under this statute qualifies as an aggravated felony “only if all violations of the
statute would qualify, regardless of how the specific offender might have committed
it on a particular occasion.” United States v. Trent, 767 F.3d 1046, 1052 (10th Cir.
2014) (internal quotations marks and brackets omitted), petition for cert. filed,
___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. Dec. 23, 2014) (No. 14-7762). Because Ariz. Rev. Stat.
- 11 -
§ 13-3405 criminalizes simple possession of marijuana, see id. § 13-3405(A)(1), a
person could violate the statute in a manner that would not be punishable as a felony
under the CSA, see Lopez, 549 U.S. at 53.
But our analysis does not end there if § 13-3405 is a divisible statute that “sets
out one or more elements of the offense in the alternative,” Trent, 767 F.3d at 1052,
some of which match the relevant definition of an aggravated felony and some of
which do not. Mr. Diaz does not contend that § 13-3405 is non-divisible;
consequently, we proceed to the modified categorical approach under which we
“examine[] certain definitive underlying documents to determine which alternative
the defendant’s conviction satisfied.” Id.
Both the Arizona court’s sentencing order and Mr. Diaz’s plea agreement state
that he pleaded guilty to a single count of “Attempted Possession of Marijuana for
Sale, a class 3 nondangerous and nonrepetitive felony, in violation of [Ariz. Rev.
Stat. §] . . . 13-3405(A)(2).” Admin. R. at 811, 821-22. Arizona defines “sale” in the
context of a drug offense as “an exchange for anything of value or advantage, present
or prospective.” Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3401(32). Thus, an attempt to possess
marijuana for sale in violation of § 13-3405(A)(2) is equivalent to an attempt to
possess marijuana with intent to distribute it for remuneration under the CSA.
Section 13-3405(A)(2) therefore necessarily proscribes conduct that is an offense
under the CSA, and the CSA necessarily prescribes felony punishment for that
conduct. See Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1685.
- 12 -
Mr. Diaz argues this analysis ignores that his conviction was also a violation
of § 13-3405(B)(3), which states: “A person who violates . . . Subsection A,
paragraph 1 of this section involving an amount of marijuana not possessed for sale
having a weight of four pounds or more is guilty of a class 4 felony.” Ariz. Rev.
Stat. § 13-3405(B)(3) (emphasis added). He points to the inconsistency between
subsection (A)(2), which prohibits possession of marijuana for sale, and subsection
(B)(3), which references possession of marijuana not for sale. Mr. Diaz first
contends that we must presume that his conviction rested only upon the least of the
acts criminalized by these two subsections, i.e., simple possession of marijuana.
See Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1684; see also Lopez, 549 U.S. at 60 (noting a charge of
simple possession of drugs is not a federal felony regardless of the quantity). In
other words, he insists that we ignore his conviction under § 13-3405(A)(2). But this
contention misconstrues Moncrieffe, in which the Court stated that the presumption
Mr. Diaz asserts does not apply when “a court may determine which particular
offense the noncitizen was convicted of by examining [certain judicial records].”
133 S. Ct. at 1684.
As to the record of his conviction, Mr. Diaz maintains that the conflicting
references to §§ 13-3405(A)(2) and (B)(3) in the sentencing order and his plea
agreement render the record sufficiently ambiguous that it is not possible to
determine the nature of his conviction. But whatever the Arizona court’s intent was
- 13 -
in citing subsection (B)(3),3 its reference to that section does not negate the fact that
Mr. Diaz pleaded guilty to “Attempted Possession of Marijuana for Sale,” expressly
in violation of § 13-3405(A)(2). Admin. R. at 811, 821-22.
Finally, Mr. Diaz argues that his Arizona conviction is not an aggravated
felony because he was only sentenced to probation. But neither the sentence he
received nor the punishment possible under state law for his offense is relevant to our
analysis. The sole question is whether he was convicted of an offense that is
punishable as a felony under the CSA. See Lopez, 549 U.S. at 60.
Because Mr. Diaz has been convicted of an offense punishable as a felony
under the CSA, his conviction qualifies as an aggravated felony, and the BIA did not
err in holding that he is ineligible for cancellation of removal.4
The petition for review is dismissed in part and otherwise denied.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
3
The Attorney General suggests it is likely a typographical error because a
different subsection defines the circumstances under which possession of marijuana
for sale constitutes a class 3 felony. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3405(B)(5) (1999).
We tend to agree, but we need not resolve that question.
4
We agree with the Attorney General that Mr. Diaz has not adequately
presented any other claim in his opening brief. See Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d
1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e routinely have declined to consider arguments
that are not raised, or are inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.”).
- 14 -