NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MAR 05 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
RICKY DAVID SECHREST, No. 11-99015
Petitioner - Appellant, D.C. No. 3:92-cv-00536-ECR-
WGC
v.
RENEE BAKER, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Nevada
Edward C. Reed, Jr., Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 17, 2014
Pasadena, California
Before: PREGERSON, W. FLETCHER, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Ricky David Sechrest was convicted in 1983 in Nevada state court of two
counts of first degree murder and two counts of kidnapping. Sechrest seeks habeas
relief for these convictions. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and we
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
affirm the district court’s denial of habeas relief.
This case was last before us in 2008. Sechrest v. Ignacio, 549 F.3d 789 (9th
Cir. 2008). A full recitation of the factual and procedural history appears in the
2008 opinion. Id. at 797-801.
This appeal centers on two subparts of the fourth claim in Sechrest’s fourth
amended petition. In “Ground 4A,” Sechrest argued that he was deprived of his
constitutional right to a fair trial when the prosecutor improperly aligned himself
with the jury and vouched for the State’s witnesses throughout the trial. The
district court denied relief as to that claim but sua sponte granted a certificate of
appealability (COA). Subsequently, this panel granted a COA as to a second issue
raised in Sechrest’s opening brief, “Ground 4I” of the petition, in which Sechrest
argued that the cumulative effect of the prosecutorial misconduct that pervaded his
trial deprived him of his right to a fair trial.
Sechrest filed his original federal habeas petition on August 13, 1992.
Sechrest, 549 F.3d at 800. Therefore, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) does not apply. Summerlin v. Schriro, 427 F.3d
623, 628 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc). We review the district court’s denial of
Sechrest’s habeas petition de novo and the district court’s factual findings for clear
error. Id.
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Sechrest argues that the district court erred when it determined that
prosecutorial misconduct during the guilt phase of Sechrest’s trial did not prejudice
the jury’s verdict. We agree that the prosecutor made multiple improper
statements, of various types, during both his opening statement and closing
argument, which we do not condone. Where constitutional error due to
prosecutorial statements is alleged, we examine “‘the entire proceedings’ to
determine whether the prosecutor’s remarks ‘so infected the [guilt phase] trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’” Hall v.
Whitley, 935 F.2d 164, 165 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo,
416 U.S. 637, 643 (1974)) (brackets omitted). Furthermore, to warrant habeas
relief, the error must have “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the prosecutor’s improper statements aligning himself with the jury
and vouching for witnesses did not make Sechrest’s trial “so fundamentally unfair
as to deny him due process.” Hall, 935 F.2d at 165 (internal quotation marks
omitted). “[T]he [prosecutor’s] comments were isolated moments in a [week-long]
trial[,] . . . the judge clearly instructed the jury that what was said in closing
arguments was not evidence and could not be considered in deciding the facts[,
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and] the evidence connecting [Sechrest] to the crime was overwhelming.” Id. at
165-66 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Sechrest argues that the district court failed to consider the cumulative effect
of the prosecutor’s multiple improper statements.1 “[T]he combined effect of
multiple trial court errors violates due process where it renders the resulting
criminal trial fundamentally unfair.” Parle v. Runnels, 505 F.3d 922, 927 (9th Cir.
2007) (citing Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 298 (1973)). Thus, “[t]he
cumulative effect of multiple errors can violate due process even where no single
error rises to the level of a constitutional violation or would independently warrant
reversal.” Id. To evaluate a due process challenge based on the cumulative effect
1
The district court dismissed several of Sechrest’s allegations of
prosecutorial misconduct because they were not specifically raised in Sechrest’s
second amended petition and thus, the court held, were beyond the scope of this
court’s remand. Sechrest v. Baker, 816 F. Supp. 2d 1017, 1048-49; 1051-53; 1061
n.6 (D. Nev. 2011). Our remand did not, however, limit the district court’s
consideration of Sechrest’s prosecutorial misconduct claim. See Sechrest, 549
F.3d at 817 (remanding “Sechrest’s previously defaulted claims” for “appropriate
consideration”). Nor did Sechrest raise a new prosecutorial misconduct claim on
remand. Instead, he challenges as improper statements made by the prosecutor
during the guilt-phase of his trial, the same claim he raised in his second amended
petition. The fact that Sechrest has highlighted more examples of the prosecutor’s
misconduct does not fundamentally alter the claim. Cf. Weaver v. Thompson, 197
F.3d 359, 364 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that even though “the precise factual
predicate for Weaver’s claim changed after the district court conducted its
evidentiary hearing . . . new factual allegations do not render a claim unexhausted
unless they fundamentally alter the legal claim already considered by the state
courts.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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of multiple trial errors, “a reviewing court must determine the relative harm caused
by the errors.” Id. at 927-28. If the evidence of guilt is overwhelming, the errors
may well be considered harmless, while trial errors are more likely to be
prejudicial if the state’s case is weak on a critical element. Id. at 928.
Because the prosecutor made multiple improper statements that must be
considered cumulatively to determine if Sechrest was prejudiced by these errors,
we summarize all of the prosecutorial misconduct. First, the prosecutor made
improper statements by aligning himself with the jury (Leavitt v. Arave, 383 F.3d
809, 834 (9th Cir. 2004)), emphasizing his position (United States v. Young, 470
U.S. 1, 18-19 (1985)), and expressing his opinion of Sechrest’s guilt (United States
v. McKoy, 771 F.2d 1207, 1210-11 (9th Cir. 1985)). Second, the prosecutor’s
statements about Sechrest’s private sex life, for which the prosecutor hypothesized,
but offered no evidence of, a connection to the charged crimes, may have been
improper. The statements in which he disparaged Sechrest’s boyfriend Danny
Sportsman, and by implication Sechrest, based on his sexuality, certainly were.
United States v. Weatherspoon, 410 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 2005) (“We have
consistently cautioned against prosecutorial statements designed to appeal to the
passions, fears and vulnerabilities of the jury.”). Third, the statements in which the
prosecutor called on the jurors to imagine the state of mind of the victims were also
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improper. Fields v. Woodford, 309 F.3d 1095, 1109, amended, 315 F.3d 1062 (9th
Cir. 2002) (holding it improper for the prosecutor to “describe[] the crimes . . .
from [the victim’s] perspective”). Fourth, the prosecutor’s misstatement of the
reasonable doubt standard was likely improper. Randolph v. State, 117 Nev. 970,
982 (2001) (en banc) (“Any prosecutor reasonably knows that a ‘gut feeling’ of
guilt is not certainty beyond a reasonable doubt and that such an assertion should
never be made to a jury.”). Finally, fifth, the prosecutor’s requests that the jury use
its verdict to send a message to the community were entirely improper.
Weatherspoon, 410 F.3d at 1149 (“A prosecutor may not urge jurors to convict a
criminal defendant in order to protect community values, preserve civil order, or
deter future lawbreaking.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
However, the prosecutor’s improper statements must be considered
alongside the evidence of Sechrest’s guilt. Hall, 935 F.2d at 165-66. The
strongest evidence against Sechrest was his tape-recorded, voluntary confession to
the police that he killed Maggie Schindler and Carly Villa.
Sechrest told the police that he picked the girls up from the mall and drove
them to Lagomarsino Canyon to go rock hunting. Sechrest said that Carly fell
backward while hiking and hit her head. Sechrest explained that he believed Carly
was dead and that Maggie began to “freak out” and was “between hysterical and
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crying.” Sechrest said that he knew it was wrong to be at the canyon with the girls;
that he was afraid that Maggie would tell her mother what had happened to Carly
and “everything that was going on”; and that he was concerned that he would be
blamed. He “ha[d] to shut her up,” because he was on probation and might get in
trouble, and therefore caught her and “hit her in the back of the head with [a
rock].” Sechrest explained that Maggie fell and he continued to hit her. When he
saw that Maggie was not dead, he “hit her again and again.” He stated that, at that
point, he intended to kill Maggie “[t]o cover up” what had happened to Carly.
Then Sechrest said he went to his car to get a shovel to bury the girls.
When Sechrest returned to where Carly lay, he saw that she had moved. He
explained that he “figured [Carly] must not be dead” and so decided “since I’d
already done it to Maggie, I had to finish everything” so that there would be
“nobody left to get me in trouble.” He therefore hit her on the head with the
shovel.
Sechrest then discovered that Maggie had also moved and he said that he
might have hit her with the shovel as well. Sechrest said that after killing Maggie
he attempted to have sexual intercourse with her, but when that failed he
masturbated and ejaculated on her stomach.
Thus, according to Sechrest’s voluntary confession, which the jury heard
7
and of which it received a transcript, he thought about his reasons for killing the
girls, understood the consequences of his actions, and took actions consistent with
ending the girls’ lives even after having more time to think about his actions when
he returned from the car with the shovel. Sechrest thus admitted to having
committed willful, premeditated, deliberate first degree murders.
Nor was there reason to doubt the truth of Sechrest’s confession that he
killed the girls, as there was also additional evidence of Sechrest’s guilt,
corroborating his confession. A nine-year-old girl identified Sechrest as the man
she saw at the mall the day Maggie and Carly were kidnaped and whom Maggie
described as her babysitter. The doctor who performed the autopsies testified that
in his opinion Maggie and Carly both died from blunt force trauma to the head and
that it was highly unlikely that Carly could have fallen and killed herself,
indicating that, even if Sechrest’s story about Carly initially falling down was true,
she was not dead until Sechrest returned and struck her with the shovel. A
technician with the Washoe County Crime Laboratory testified that one of the
shovels found at Sechrest’s home had human blood on it. Sportsman testified that
Sechrest sometimes kept that shovel in his car, and that Sechrest washed his
clothes the afternoon of the murders, an act which, Sportsman testified, was highly
unusual. Sportsman explained that after Maggie and Carly’s disappearance,
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Sechrest changed his appearance by cutting his hair and shaving, and that, with
Sportsman’s help, Sechrest cleaned and then sold his car. Sportsman also testified
that on June 13 or 14, 1983, Sechrest told him that he “might have had something
to do with” the disappearance of the girls.
Here, because the evidence of Sechrest’s guilt, including his premeditation,
deliberation, and intent to kill the girls, was so strong, the prosecutor’s improper
statements during his opening and closing argument, considered cumulatively, did
not have a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s
verdict.” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637 (internal quotation marks omitted).2
Sechrest argues that the prosecutor’s misconduct in this case warrants relief
even if the jury’s verdict was not impacted, citing Brecht, 507 U.S. at 638 n.9. A
2
The judge instructed the jury that it could convict Sechrest of first degree
murder under a theory of premeditation and deliberation or under a felony-murder
theory. The jury returned a general guilty verdict which did not specify under
which theory the jury found Sechrest guilty. Sechrest argues that the evidence
supporting a first degree felony-murder conviction was not particularly strong as to
whether Sechrest intended to murder or sexually abuse the girls when he kidnaped
them. Thus, he argues, he was prejudiced by the prosecutorial misconduct under
Brecht as to the felony-murder theory. Whatever the strength of the felony murder
theory, we cannot conclude that the prosecutorial misconduct likely had a
“substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict,”
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637 (internal quotation marks omitted), because one of the
theories under which the jury could convict, namely premeditation, was supported
by overwhelming evidence. Cf. Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 555 U.S. 57, 61-62 (2008)
(holding that the Brecht harmless-error analysis applies “in the context of a jury
instructed on multiple theories of guilt, one of which is [legally] improper”).
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petitioner is not entitled to relief under Brecht’s footnote nine rule unless the
“integrity of the proceeding was so infected that the entire trial was unfair.”
Hardnett v. Marshall, 25 F.3d 875, 879 (9th Cir. 1994); see also Phillips v.
Woodford, 267 F.3d 966, 986 n.14 (9th Cir. 2001). This is not such a case.
Although the prosecutor’s conduct during his opening and closing statements was
in several respects reprehensible, it did not affect the trial’s integrity to the degree
that the entire trial was unfair.
AFFIRMED.
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