NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCIT
_____________
No. 14-1733
_____________
W.D., individually; W.D. on behalf of W.C.D.,
Appellant
v.
WATCHUNG HILLS REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL BOARD OF EDUCATION
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 3-13-cv-03423)
District Judge: Honorable Anne E. Thompson
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
February 13, 2015
Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and VANASKIE, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: March 6, 2015)
_______________
OPINION
_______________
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
W.D., in his own right and on behalf of W.C.D., appeals an order of the United
States District Court for the District of New Jersey granting summary judgment against
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
him and in favor of the Watchung Hills Regional High School Board of Education
(“Watchung Hills”). Because the District Court did not err in concluding that W.D. was
not entitled to tuition reimbursement and that Watchung Hills did not violate W.D.’s
rights under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), we will affirm.
I. Background
W.C.D. is the minor son of W.D. and has been diagnosed with certain learning
disabilities, including dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. He was
initially classified as eligible for special education in first grade, “due to difficulties in
word decoding, reading comprehension, written expression and math skills.” (App. at 20
(internal quotation marks omitted).) Throughout elementary school and until the end of
the eighth grade, he received special education services. He also followed an
Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) tailored to meet his educational needs. In
anticipation of W.C.D.’s move from middle school to high school, members of a
transition IEP team, a group that included school officials, met with W.D. on March 28,
2012 to review and revise W.C.D.’s IEP for the rest of eighth grade and ninth grade.
During that meeting, W.D. expressed concern regarding W.C.D.’s poor progress in
school, but no change to the IEP was proposed. In June 2012, W.D. obtained an undated
neuropsychological evaluation of W.C.D. by Kathleen Bergeson, Ph.D., who concluded
that W.C.D.’s disabilities were not being adequately addressed at his current school.
Based on that evaluation, on July 10, 2012, W.D. submitted an application for W.C.D. to
attend “The Forman School,” a private college preparatory boarding school in Litchfield,
Connecticut, where W.D. believed his son’s needs would be better addressed. On
2
August 7, 2012, W.C.D. was accepted to The Forman School, and less than a week later,
on August 13, 2012, W.D. signed an enrollment agreement and paid the tuition to secure
a place for W.C.D. in the fall. On August 24, 2012, W.D. sent a letter through his
attorney to Watchung Hills, stating his intent to obtain private placement for his son and
to seek tuition reimbursement from Watchung Hills. Soon after, on September 5, 2012,
W.D.’s attorney sent another letter to Watchung Hills, enclosing a copy of Dr.
Bergeson’s June evaluation report.
In response to the August 24 letter, the IEP team met with W.D. on September 7,
2012. During that meeting, the IEP team suggested adding a “Developmental Reading
Program” to the IEP and provided general information about the program. Even though
W.C.D. was already enrolled in The Forman School, W.D. requested more specific
information about the proposed program – namely, the name of the reading program
being used, whether the program provided training or certification, and if so, whether the
person assigned to implement the program had received such training or certification.
Members of the IEP team, however, only responded that the program would be
“research-based,” focused on “phonic skills and comprehension,” and taught by a
“certified teacher.” (App. at 83.) During the course of the meeting, Watchung Hills
learned that W.C.D. was, at that very time, attending The Forman School’s orientation
program. Soon after that revelation, Watchung Hills terminated the meeting.
Nevertheless, on September 21, 2012, Watchung Hills sent W.D. a finalized IEP, which
incorporated some of Dr. Bergeson’s recommendations, and offered W.D. the
opportunity to personally observe the proposed in-district program. There is no evidence
3
that W.D. ever took advantage of that offer. Instead, W.C.D. began classes at The
Forman School on September 10, 2012, and has remained there since.
On October 11, 2012, W.D. filed a request for a due process hearing with the New
Jersey Department of Education, seeking reimbursement for the cost of W.C.D.’s private
school placement. W.D. also claimed that his procedural rights were violated under the
IDEA and that W.C.D. was denied a “free appropriate public education” (“FAPE”)
because Watchung Hills refused to share basic information regarding the reading
program. At a hearing before the New Jersey Office of Administrative Law, an
Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) dismissed W.D.’s claims for reimbursement on the
grounds that the notice letter was untimely, and further dismissed the procedural violation
claim on the grounds that W.D. did not have a right to the requested information. W.D.
appealed the ALJ’s decision to the District Court, which affirmed the ruling on both
points and granted summary judgment in favor of Watchung Hills. W.D. timely
appealed.1
1
In support of W.D.’s position that his procedural rights under the IDEA were
violated, the Advocates for Children of New Jersey, Disability Rights New Jersey, the
Education and Health Law Clinic at the Rutgers University School of Law – Newark, the
Education Law Center, and the Statewide Parent Advocacy Network of New Jersey
collectively submitted an amicus curiae brief. The New Jersey Chapter of the
International Dyslexia Association also submitted an amicus curiae brief in support of
W.D.
4
II. Discussion2
W.D. argues that the District Court erred in dismissing his reimbursement claim
based on his alleged failure to comply with the IDEA’s notice requirements before
considering the merits of his FAPE claim. He also argues it was error to conclude that
his procedural rights were not violated when – in his view – Watchung Hills refused him
a meaningful opportunity to participate in the IEP decision-making process. Neither
contention is meritorious.
The IDEA requires that a state receiving federal education funding provide a
FAPE to disabled children. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1). “Parents who believe that a public
school is not providing a FAPE may unilaterally remove their disabled child from that
school, place him or her in another school, and seek tuition reimbursement for the cost of
the alternate placement.” Mary T. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 575 F.3d 235, 242 (3d Cir.
2
The District Court had jurisdiction under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3) and we have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “When considering an appeal from a state
administrative decision under the IDEA, district courts apply a nontraditional standard of
review, sometimes referred to as ‘modified de novo’ review. Under this standard, a
district court must give ‘due weight’ and deference to the findings in the administrative
proceedings.” D.S. v. Bayonne Bd. of Educ., 602 F.3d 553, 564 (3d Cir. 2010) (citations
omitted). “We, in turn, review the District Court’s factual findings for clear error …
[and] exercise plenary review over the legal standards applied by the District Court and
over its legal conclusions.” Mary T. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 575 F.3d 235, 241-42 (3d Cir.
2009). Insofar as W.D. contends that we should apply a non-deferential standard of
review because the ALJ did not hold an evidentiary hearing or hear live testimony, he
cites no case law for support and, in fact, we have suggested otherwise. See Bayonne,
602 F.3d at 564 (implying that, even when an ALJ does not hear live testimony, a district
court exercises modified de novo review). If we were to apply the more stringent review
advocated by W.D., however, our decision today would be the same.
5
2009) (citing 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(c)). “[P]arents who unilaterally change their
child’s placement,” however, “without the consent of state or local school officials, do so
at their own financial risk.” Sch. Comm. of Town of Burlington, Mass. v. Dep’t of Educ.
of Mass., 471 U.S. 359, 373-74 (1985).
“[The] IDEA authorizes reimbursement for the cost of private special-education
services when a school district fails to provide a FAPE and the private-school placement
is appropriate … .” Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557 U.S. 230, 247 (2009). “Even
where a District is found to be in violation of … [the] IDEA and private school placement
is deemed appropriate,” though, “courts retain discretion to reduce the amount of a
reimbursement award if the equities so warrant.” C.H. v. Cape Henlopen Sch. Dist., 606
F.3d 59, 71 (3d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, the statute itself
provides that reimbursement may be reduced or denied in certain circumstances, such as
when parents have failed to provide written notice to the school of their intent to
unilaterally remove the student and seek reimbursement at least 10 business days prior to
removal, 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I)(bb), or when a judicial body finds the
parental actions unreasonable, id. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(III).
Here, W.D. did not follow the notice requirements set out in the statute and thus
the District Court did not err in denying his reimbursement claim. W.D. notified
Watchung Hills of his intent to remove his son from the school district less than 10
business days prior to W.C.D. starting orientation at The Forman School, and several
6
days after W.D. had enrolled W.C.D. in that school and paid the first year’s tuition.3 We,
and other courts, have previously denied reimbursement when, as in this instance, the
parent fails to satisfy the “obligation to cooperate and assist in the formulation of an IEP,
and … to timely notify the District of [the] intent to seek private school tuition
3
Before the ALJ, W.D. argued that he provided timely notice when he sent the
August 24, 2012 letter because W.C.D. was not “removed” until either September 10,
2012 (the first day of class at The Forman School), or, alternatively, September 11, 2012
(the first day of class at Watchung Hills). Although W.D. makes that same argument in
his reply brief, he makes only conclusory references to timeliness in his opening brief.
To the extent that W.D. has not forfeited the argument, we are satisfied, as was the
District Court, that the ALJ properly determined that W.D. did not provide adequate
notice to Watchung Hills, regardless of whether we adopt a broad or narrow
interpretation of “removal.”
As the record shows, W.D. signed an enrollment agreement with The Forman
School on August 13, 2012, which stated, “By signing this Forman School Agreement I
enroll [W.C.D.] in the 9th grade as a boarding student for the 2012-2013 academic school
year at The Forman School, Inc.” (App. at 370.) The record further shows that, on
August 16, 2012, W.D. paid the full first-year tuition of $61,700 to The Forman School.
We agree with the ALJ that “[b]ased on the timeline of events in this case, the written
notice to [Watchung Hills] was a fait accompli … . The tardy written notice only advised
of an accomplished placement as opposed to serving as notice of intent to place … .”
(App. at 105.) We further agree with the ALJ’s conclusion that, “[e]ven if [W.D.] had
not foreclosed the possibility of his son’s return to Watchung, the available evidence
strongly supports the conclusion that W.D. was very unlikely to do so unless he felt the
respondent made a better offer than Forman, something the IDEA does not require.”
(App. at 106.)
Contrary to W.D.’s assertion, the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland’s decision in Sarah M. v. Weast, 111 F. Supp. 2d 695 (D. Md. 2000), does not
compel a different result. In Weast, the District Court held that “‘removal’ … refers to
the actual physical removal of the child from public school” and thus notice must be
given 10 business days before the date on which the child is “physically placed in private
school.” Id. at 701; see also 3 Americans with Disabilities: Practice & Compliance
Manual § 11:115 (updated 2015) (adopting Weast’s interpretation of “removal”). Even if
we were to agree with that interpretation of “removal” – and we do not need to go that far
in this case – W.C.D. was physically placed in The Forman School on September 6, 2012
when he was attending the private school’s orientation. Because section
1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I)(bb) of title 20 requires notice of at least 10 business days
(including holidays), W.D.’s August 24, 2012 letter was still untimely.
7
reimbursement.” Cape Henlopen, 606 F.3d at 72 (“The IDEA was not intended to fund
private school tuition for the children of parents who have not first given the public
school a good faith opportunity to meet its obligations.”); see also Patricia P. v. Bd. of
Educ. of Oak Park, 203 F.3d 462, 469 (7th Cir. 2000) (noting that courts “look harshly
upon any party’s failure to reasonably cooperate with another’s diligent execution of their
rights and obligations under IDEA”).
W.D. contends that the District Court erred by treating his inadequate notice of
removal as a complete bar to his reimbursement claim, without first evaluating whether
Watchung Hills had denied his son a FAPE. As W.D. sees it, the District Court thus
failed to properly consider all relevant factors – such as the merits of his FAPE claim or
the propriety of Watchung Hills’s conduct – to determine whether equitable
considerations favor reimbursement. But W.D.’s argument is unpersuasive because the
IDEA and its implementing regulations allow for the denial of reimbursement –
regardless of the school district’s conduct – if, as in this case, a parent does not provide
timely notice of removal.4 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I)(bb). The District Court
therefore did not err in dismissing W.D.’s reimbursement claim.
4
We do not hold that a parent’s failure to provide timely notice of removal to a
school district will, in every situation, bar tuition reimbursement. There may be
circumstances in which a balance of the equities supports tuition reimbursement despite a
parent’s untimely notice of removal, but we agree, as did the District Court, with the
ALJ’s assessment that W.D. was not entitled to tuition reimbursement. While it would
have been preferable for the ALJ to explicitly weigh the equities, the record here reflects
that W.D. engaged in an after-the-fact effort to excuse his inadequate notice by
questioning the school district’s proffered IEP, and, given the totality of the record, that is
sufficient both to explain and sustain the ALJ’s determination.
8
W.D. also argues that his procedural rights under the IDEA were violated when
Watchung Hills refused to adequately respond to his inquiries regarding the methodology
that would be used in the Developmental Reading Program and the related teacher
qualifications. He contends that without such basic information about the reading
program, W.D. was denied “‘an opportunity for meaningful input into all decisions’”
affecting his son’s education. Susquenita Sch. Dist. v. Raelee S., 96 F.3d 78, 82 (3d Cir.
1996) (quoting Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 311 (1988)).
That argument falls short because W.D. has not shown any violation of a specific
IDEA provision or regulation. As noted in the Federal Register, “nothing in [the IDEA]
… requires an IEP to include specific instructional methodologies. ... The Department[
of Education]’s long-standing position on including instructional methodologies in a
child’s IEP is that it is an IEP Team’s decision.” 71 Fed. Reg. 46,540, 46,665
(August 14, 2006). Similarly, with some limited exceptions not applicable here, “nothing
in [the IDEA] … require[s] schools … to provide parents with information about the
qualification of their child’s teachers and other service providers.” Id. at 46,561.
W.D. was not denied an opportunity to meaningfully participate in W.C.D.’s
education plan. At the IEP meeting, Watchung Hills advised W.D. that the
Developmental Reading Program would use a research-based methodology, would be
taught by a certified special education teacher, and would emphasize phonics skills and
reading comprehension. Furthermore, the finalized IEP that Watchung Hills offered after
the September 7, 2012 meeting contained a written offer for W.D. to personally observe
the proposed in-district program – an offer that W.D. apparently declined. Thus, W.D.
9
has not sufficiently alleged any procedural violation of the IDEA nor a denial of a FAPE
for his son. See Bayonne, 602 F.3d at 565 (“A procedural violation is actionable under
the IDEA only if it results in a loss of educational opportunity for the student, seriously
deprives parents of their participation rights, or causes a deprivation of educational
benefits.”).
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary
judgment for Watchung Hills.
10