1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: MARCH 4, 2015
4 NO. 33,263
5 DEUTSCHE BANK NATIONAL TRUST COMPANY
6 AS TRUSTEE OF THE RESIDENTIAL ASSET
7 SECURITIZATION TRUST 2006-A9CB, MORTGAGE
8 PASS-THROUGH CERTIFICATES, SERIES 2006-I
9 UNDER THE POOLING AND SERVICING
10 AGREEMENT DATED JULY 1, 2006,
11 Plaintiff-Appellee,
12 v.
13 RICHARD MACLAURIN and KRISTIN LUNDGREN,
14 Defendants-Appellants.
15 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
16 Sarah M. Singleton, District Judge
17 Johnson Law Firm, LC
18 Thomas L. Johnson
19 Andrew L. Johnson
20 Albuquerque, NM
21 for Appellee
22 Garner Law Firm
23 N. Ana Garner
24 Santa Fe, NM
25 for Appellants
1 OPINION
2 FRY, Judge.
3 {1} Defendants (Borrowers) appeal the district court’s order granting Deutsche
4 Bank National Trust Company’s motion for summary judgment in a foreclosure
5 action. Borrowers argue that Deutsche Bank did not validly hold their note and
6 mortgage prior to initiating foreclosure proceedings and therefore did not have
7 standing to foreclose on their property. Specifically, Borrowers argue that the
8 mortgage was transferred to Deutsche Bank in violation of a pooling and servicing
9 agreement (PSA) governing the trust and that the transfer was therefore void.
10 Because Borrowers were neither parties to nor third-party beneficiaries of the PSA,
11 we conclude that they cannot challenge alleged violations of the PSA, and we affirm
12 the district court.
13 BACKGROUND
14 {2} In 2006, Borrowers executed a promissory note in the amount of $250,000. The
15 note was secured by a mortgage covering Borrowers’ property. The note was initially
16 made payable to Plaza Home Mortgage. The note was then indorsed to IndyMac Bank
17 F.S.B., which then indorsed the note in blank. The mortgage was assigned to
18 Deutsche Bank on September 13, 2010. Borrowers defaulted on the note, and
19 Deutsche Bank initiated foreclosure proceedings on September 27, 2010. Deutsche
1 Bank subsequently moved for summary judgment. In its statement of undisputed
2 material facts, Deutsche Bank stated that it was the holder of the note and mortgage
3 and was therefore the party entitled to foreclose on Borrowers’ property.
4 {3} In response to the motion for summary judgment, Borrowers attached an
5 affidavit by Patrick Williams, offered as an expert in the mortgage banking industry.
6 Williams stated that based on his review of the relevant documents, the trust that the
7 mortgage was assigned to prior to the foreclosure proceedings closed in July 2006.
8 Because the trust closed in 2006 and the assignment of mortgage to the trust occurred
9 in 2010, Williams concluded that the trustee—Deutsche Bank—no longer had
10 authority to accept loan collateral and that the assignment of mortgage was therefore
11 likely in violation of the PSA. Borrowers did not attach a copy of the PSA to their
12 motion or otherwise make it a part of the record.1
13 {4} The district court concluded that the undisputed material facts established that
14 Deutsche Bank was the holder of the note and had standing to foreclose. The district
15 court further concluded that any alleged violations of the PSA were immaterial
16 because Borrowers were precluded from challenging Deutsche Bank’s compliance
17 1
Williams did provide a link to a pooling and servicing agreement posted on
18 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website. At the time of this Opinion,
19 the file supposedly existing at the link provided was unavailable.
2
1 or lack of compliance with the PSA. Accordingly, the district court granted summary
2 judgment. Borrowers appeal.
3 DISCUSSION
4 Standard of Review
5 {5} The appellate courts “review[ ] de novo an order granting or denying summary
6 judgment.” United Nuclear Corp. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2012-NMSC-032, ¶ 9, 285 P.3d
7 644. “Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material
8 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Montgomery v. Lomos
9 Altos, Inc., 2007-NMSC-002, ¶ 16, 141 N.M. 21, 150 P.3d 971 (internal quotation
10 marks and citation omitted). “On review, [the appellate courts] examine the whole
11 record for any evidence that places a genuine issue of material fact in dispute, and we
12 view the facts in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion and draw all
13 reasonable inferences in support of a trial on the merits[.]” Handmaker v. Henney,
14 1999-NMSC-043, ¶ 18, 128 N.M. 328, 992 P.2d 879 (internal quotation marks and
15 citation omitted). “The burden rests on the party moving for summary judgment to
16 establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists for trial and that the movant is
17 entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” C & H Constr. & Paving Co. v. Citizens
18 Bank, 1979-NMCA-077, ¶ 9, 93 N.M. 150, 597 P.2d 1190.
3
1 Deutsche Bank Was the Proper Party to Foreclose
2 {6} Borrowers argue that Deutsche Bank did not have standing to foreclose on their
3 property because the assignment of mortgage was dated four years after the closing
4 date of the Deutsche Bank trust, and a transfer of assets into the trust after the closing
5 date of the trust violated the trust’s PSA. Borrowers further argue that the trust was
6 prohibited from accepting non-performing loans, such as Borrowers’ loan at the time
7 it was assigned to Deutsche Bank. Borrowers argue that transfers that violate the
8 terms of the PSA are void and, therefore, under our Supreme Court’s recent decision
9 in Bank of New York v. Romero, 2014-NMSC-007, 320 P.3d 1, Deutsche Bank does
10 not have standing to enforce a note and mortgage that it never validly held.
11 {7} As an initial matter, Borrowers’ argument differs from the issue presented in
12 Romero. In relevant part, the Court in Romero held that the bank did not have
13 standing to foreclose because the note in the bank’s possession contained two undated
14 indorsements, one in blank and one that specifically indorsed the note to a different
15 entity. Id. ¶ 26; see also id. ¶ 21 (stating that in the context of third-party enforcement
16 of a note, possession of the negotiable instrument does not necessarily make that
17 party a “holder” with rights of enforcement). The Court concluded that the specific
18 indorsement controlled, and the bank could not rely on the blank indorsement,
19 together with its possession of the note, to establish standing. Id. ¶ 26.
4
1 {8} That is not the situation in this case. It was undisputed below that Deutsche
2 Bank was the holder, at least in terms of the issue presented in Romero, because it
3 possessed the note indorsed in blank. Id. ¶ 26 (“[W]e agree with the [b]ank that if the
4 Romeros’ note contained only a blank indorsement from Equity One, that blank
5 indorsement would have established the [b]ank as a holder because the [b]ank would
6 have been in possession of bearer paper[.]”). Instead, the issue here is whether a
7 defendant in a foreclosure action can challenge alleged violations of a PSA—an
8 agreement it is neither a party to nor a third-party beneficiary of—in order to establish
9 that the lending institution is not a valid holder of the loan documents and thus is not
10 the proper party to foreclose.
11 {9} As the district court concluded, the great weight of authority holds that a
12 mortgagor who is not a party to or a third-party beneficiary of the agreement
13 governing the trust is not the proper party to challenge such alleged violations. See
14 In re Walker, 466 B.R. 271, 285 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2012) (“[I]t appears that a judicial
15 consensus has developed holding that a borrower lacks standing to . . . request a
16 judicial determination that a loan assignment is invalid due to noncompliance with
17 a pooling and servicing agreement, when the borrower is neither a party to nor a
18 third[-]party beneficiary of the securitization agreement, i.e., the PSA.”); Bank of Am.
19 Nat’l Ass’n v. Bassman FBT, L.L.C., 981 N.E.2d 1, 7 (Ill. App. Ct. 2012) (collecting
5
1 cases holding that “the rule that a third[-]party typically lacks standing to challenge
2 . . . an assignment [that violates a PSA] is widely accepted”); Reinagel v. Deutsche
3 Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 735 F.3d 220, 228 (5th Cir. 2013) (holding that the plaintiffs
4 could not challenge alleged violations of a PSA in a mortgage foreclosure action
5 because they were not a party to the PSA and therefore had “no right to enforce its
6 terms”); In re Correia, 452 B.R. 319, 324 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2011) (holding that
7 mortgagors could not challenge mortgage assignment based on non-compliance with
8 the PSA because they were not parties or third-party beneficiaries of the PSA’s
9 terms).
10 {10} Borrowers, however, base their argument on an exception that allows a
11 mortgagor to challenge an assignment when the assignment is void as a matter of law,
12 not merely voidable. See Culhane v. Aurora Loan Servs. of Neb., 708 F.3d 282, 291
13 (1st Cir. 2013) (holding that a “mortgagor has standing to challenge a mortgage
14 assignment as invalid, ineffective, or void (if, say, the assignor had nothing to assign
15 or had no authority to make an assignment to a particular assignee)” but cannot
16 “challenge shortcomings in an assignment that render it merely voidable at the
17 election of one party but otherwise effective to pass legal title”). Borrowers cite two
18 cases they argue establish that assignments in contravention of a PSA are void: Wells
19 Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Erobobo, No. 31648/2009, 2013 WL 1831799 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Apr.
6
1 29, 2013) (unreported decision), and Glaski v. Bank of Am., N.A., 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d
2 449 (Ct. App. 2013). The court in Erobobo held that the transfer of loan documents
3 into a trust in violation of the trust’s PSA voided the assignment and created material
4 issues of fact as to whether the plaintiff was the proper party to foreclose. Erobobo,
5 2013 WL 1831799, at *7-9. In reaching its holding, the Erobobo court strictly
6 construed a New York state statute as voiding “every sale, conveyance[,] or other act
7 of the trustee in contravention of the trust.” Id. at *8 (citing Est. Powers & Trusts §
8 7-2.4). In reliance on Erobobo and its interpretation of New York trust law, the court
9 in Glaski similarly concluded that an assignment in violation of the trust’s PSA was
10 void and that the mortgagor therefore had standing to challenge the validity of the
11 assignment. 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 463-64. The court held that because the transfer was
12 void, the borrower had standing to challenge it regardless of whether he was a party
13 or third-party beneficiary to any of the agreements. Id. at 452 (“Transfers that violate
14 the terms of the trust instrument are void under New York trust law, and borrowers
15 have standing to challenge void assignments of their loans even though they are not
16 a party to, or a third[-]party beneficiary of, the assignment agreement.”).
17 {11} However, Erobobo and Glaski appear to be anomalies in the body of case law
18 analyzing this issue, and they have been roundly criticized for their interpretation of
19 New York trust law. See Rajamin v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust. Co., 757 F.3d 79, 90
7
1 (2d Cir. 2014) (“[W]e are not aware of any New York appellate decision that has
2 endorsed [Erobobo’s] interpretation of Est. Powers & Trusts § 7-2.4. And most courts
3 in other jurisdictions discussing that section have interpreted New York law to mean
4 that a transfer into a trust that violates the terms of a PSA is voidable rather than
5 void[.]” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Espey v. Nationstar Mortg.,
6 LLC, Civ. No. 13-2979 ADM/JSM, 2014 WL 2818657, at *8 (D. Minn. June 19,
7 2014) (“[T]he majority of courts that have examined Erobobo have criticized the
8 decision and held that under New York law, an assignment of a mortgage into a trust
9 in violation of the terms of the PSA is voidable, and not void, as the action can be
10 ratified by the beneficiaries.”); Tran v. Bank of N.Y., No. 13 Civ. 580, 2014 WL
11 1225575, *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2014) (stating that Erobobo and Glaski “run
12 counter to better-reasoned cases, which apply the rule that a beneficiary can ratify a
13 trustee’s ultra vires act”); Davis v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 1 F. Supp. 3d
14 638, 644 (S.D. Tex. 2014) (“Although [Est. Powers & Trusts § 7-2.4] uses the term
15 ‘void’, courts applying the law have treated improper transfers as subject to
16 ratification and therefore voidable[.]”). Given these authorities, we decline to adopt
17 Erobobo’s and Glaski’s conclusion that transfers in violation of a PSA void the
18 transfer and give rise to permissible challenges by mortgagors.
8
1 {12} Nevertheless, Borrowers argue that because the PSA in this case was formed
2 under New York law, the Erobobo decision is binding authority. We are unpersuaded
3 for two reasons. First, the only factual support in the record for Borrowers’ argument
4 is Borrowers’ own assertion. See Durham v. Guest, 2009-NMSC-007, ¶ 10, 145 N.M.
5 694, 204 P.3d 19 (stating that “reference to facts not before the district court and not
6 in the record is inappropriate and a violation of our Rules of Appellate Procedure”).
7 The PSA was not made part of the record, and the internet link provided in Williams’
8 affidavit falls short of the requirements of Rule 1-056(E) NMRA that “[s]worn or
9 certified copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavit shall be
10 attached thereto or served therewith.” Second, Borrowers’ argument that Erobobo is
11 controlling New York law is not accurate. Erobobo is an unpublished supreme court
12 decision (equivalent, in many respects, to a New Mexico state district court).
13 However, a recent memorandum decision by the supreme court appellate division
14 (New York’s intermediate appellate court) concluded that the mortgagors “did not
15 have standing to assert noncompliance with the subject lender’s pooling service
16 agreement.” Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Gales, 982 N.Y.S.2d 911, 912 (N.Y. App. Div.
17 2014). Gales does not engage in a lengthy analysis of this issue, but it cannot be said,
18 as Borrowers contend, that Erobobo represents the last word on this point in New
19 York law.
9
1 {13} In conclusion, given the judicial consensus regarding a mortgagor’s lack of
2 authority to challenge the transfer of loan documents that allegedly violate a PSA, we
3 hold that Borrowers failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
4 Deutsche Bank was the proper party to foreclose.
5 CONCLUSION
6 {14} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court.
7 {15} IT IS SO ORDERED.
8
9 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
10 WE CONCUR:
11
12 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge
13
14 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
10