Lucasey v. Plattner

FILED
2015 IL App (4th) 140512 March 16, 2015
Carla Bender
NO. 4-14-0512 th
4 District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

RICHARD R. LUCASEY, ) Appeal from
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Sangamon County
RONALD PLATTNER and MAUREEN PLATTNER, ) No. 13L4
Defendants-Appellees. )
) Honorable
) Peter C. Cavanagh,
) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Turner concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In January 2013, plaintiff, Richard R. Lucasey, sued defendants, Ronald Plattner

and Maureen Plattner, for injuries plaintiff received after falling from a retaining wall in

defendants' backyard while he was performing a real-estate appraisal of defendants' property. In

July 2013, defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that plaintiff's negligence claims

were precluded because (1) the retaining wall was an open-and-obvious hazard and (2) neither

the "distraction" exception nor the "deliberate encounter" exception to the open-and-obvious

doctrine applied. In May 2014, the trial court granted summary judgment for defendants.

¶2 Plaintiff appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by (1) striking the affidavit of

plaintiff's purported expert in architecture and building codes and (2) granting summary

judgment for defendants because (a) the question of whether the retaining wall was an open-and-
obvious hazard was for the jury to decide and (b) even if the hazard was open and obvious, the

"distraction" and "deliberate encounter" exceptions to the open-and-obvious doctrine applied.

We disagree and affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 The following undisputed facts—which we have gleaned from the parties'

pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and other supporting exhibits—are fairly straightforward.

¶5 At midmorning on January 24, 2011, plaintiff, a self-employed real-estate

appraiser since 1980, arrived at defendants' house to conduct an appraisal. Although defendants

were aware that an appraisal would be taking place at their house that day, plaintiff had been

hired by a bank and had never previously met or spoken with defendants.

¶6 After introducing himself to Maureen at the front door, plaintiff walked to his left

around the west side of the house and toward the backyard. Along the way, plaintiff measured

the exterior dimensions of the house with a tape measure. Upon entering the backyard from the

west, plaintiff observed the following retaining wall running north from the back of the house, as

pictured in the following photographic exhibit:

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Unlike what is shown in the above exhibit, however, both the ground and the top of the retaining

wall were covered in heavy snow at the time of plaintiff's accident. The sky was clear and the

sun was shining.

¶7 Plaintiff needed to measure the entire back side of the house. After measuring the

distance from the west side of the house to the retaining wall, plaintiff walked around the

retaining wall and up the incline toward the house. Plaintiff hooked the end of his measuring

tape onto an attached deck and began walking toward the retaining wall. Because snow cover

made it difficult for plaintiff to use his depth perception to discern the top edge of the retaining

wall, plaintiff walked very slowly as he made his measurement. While slowly and carefully

walking sideways in a scissor-like fashion, plaintiff was simultaneously looking for the edge of

the retaining wall and making sure that his measuring tape was level. Plaintiff stepped off the

top of the retaining wall and fell approximately 5 1/2 feet onto the ground below, suffering a

compression fracture in his back.

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¶8 In his January 2013 complaint, plaintiff alleged that his injury was caused by

defendants' negligence. Specifically, plaintiff alleged, in pertinent part, that defendants breached

their duty of ordinary care by (1) failing to provide a guard or other barrier along the top of the

retaining wall, as required under the International Building Code, (2) failing to warn of the drop-

off at the top of the retaining wall, and (3) allowing the retaining wall to remain without a guard

or other barrier when it was reasonably foreseeable that plaintiff would (a) be distracted by his

appraisal work and (b) encounter the dangerous condition in order to complete his appraisal

work.

¶9 In their July 2013 motion for summary judgment, defendants argued that (1) the

risk posed by the retaining wall was open and obvious and (2) neither the distraction nor the

deliberate-encounter exception to the open-and-obvious doctrine applied.

¶ 10 In response to defendants' motion for summary judgment, plaintiff filed an

affidavit completed by James Peterson, a licensed architect and structural engineer. After

describing his experience and qualifications, the remainder of Peterson's affidavit stated, in its

entirety, as follows:

"4. That I have reviewed the complaint, and the documents

attached to the summary judgment pleadings, including photos of

the retaining wall, and deposition transcripts of [plaintiff] and

[defendants], and I have reviewed the building and residential

codes.

5. That it is my opinion, to a reasonable degree of

architectural and engineering certainty, that the retaining wall

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 should have had a barrier at least 36" on the high side (deck side)

of the retaining wall.

6. That the basis of my opinion is that the drop from the

high side to the low side (patio side) of the retaining wall, is

greater than 30" above grade, resulting in a hazardous condition.

7. That it is my opinion, to a reasonable degree of

architectural and engineering certainty, that the following Code

sections were violated in this case:

International Residence Code,

section R202, and R312.1;

International Building Code, sections

202, 1002, 1003.2.12, and 1013.1."

We note that Peterson did not attach to his affidavit any of the pleadings, documents, exhibits,

deposition transcripts, or building codes that he purportedly relied upon.

¶ 11 Defendants moved to strike Peterson's affidavit on the grounds that the building-

code provisions Peterson cited (1) did not apply to structures like the retaining wall in this case

and (2) were not provided in discovery.

¶ 12 In May 2014, the trial court granted defendants' (1) motion for summary judgment

and (2) motion to strike Peterson's affidavit. (Although the court held a hearing on those motions

in April 2014, the record includes no transcript of that hearing.) In granting summary judgment,

the court found that the evidence established "the retaining wall was open and obvious as a

matter of law." The court further found that (1) the distraction exception to the open-and-

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obvious doctrine did not apply because plaintiff testified that he knew the wall was there and (2)

plaintiff failed to establish a breach of any duty on the part of defendants.

¶ 13 This appeal followed.

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15 Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by (1) striking Peterson's affidavit and (2)

granting summary judgment because (a) the question of whether the retaining wall was an open-

and-obvious hazard was for the jury to decide and (b) even if the hazard was open and obvious,

the "distraction" and "deliberate encounter" exceptions to the open-and-obvious doctrine applied.

We address plaintiff's arguments in turn.

¶ 16 A. Peterson's Affidavit

¶ 17 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 191(a) (eff. Jan. 4, 2013) provides, in pertinent part,

as follows:

"Affidavits in support of and in opposition to a motion for

summary judgment *** shall be made on the personal knowledge

of the affiants; shall set forth with particularity the facts upon

which the claim, counterclaim, or defense is based; shall have

attached thereto sworn or certified copies of all documents upon

which the affiant relies; shall not consist of conclusions but of facts

admissible in evidence; and shall affirmatively show that the

affiant, if sworn as a witness, can testify competently thereto."

(Emphasis added.)

¶ 18 "[W]hen the trial court rules on a motion to strike a Rule 191 affidavit in

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conjunction with a summary judgment motion, we review de novo the trial court's ruling on the

motion to strike." Jackson v. Graham, 323 Ill. App. 3d 766, 774, 753 N.E.2d 525, 532 (2001).

Although the trial court in this case did not explain its reasoning for striking Peterson's affidavit,

we note that "this court reviews the judgment, not the reasoning, of the trial court, and we may

affirm on any grounds in the record, regardless of whether the trial court relied on those grounds

or whether the trial court's reasoning was correct." Coghlan v. Beck, 2013 IL App (1st) 120891,

¶ 24, 984 N.E.2d 132.

¶ 19 As noted, Peterson failed to attach to his affidavit any sworn or certified copies of

the documents upon which he relied. In Robidoux v. Oliphant, 201 Ill. 2d 324, 335, 775 N.E.2d

987, 994 (2002), the supreme court explained that "[a]n affidavit submitted in the summary

judgment context serves as a substitute for testimony at trial." Given this purpose, "it is

necessary that there be strict compliance with Rule 191(a) 'to insure that trial judges are

presented with valid evidentiary facts upon which to base a decision.' " (Emphasis added.) Id. at

336, 775 N.E.2d at 994 (quoting Solon v. Godbole, 163 Ill. App. 3d 845, 851, 516 N.E.2d 1045,

1049 (1987)).

¶ 20 The Robidoux court rejected the argument that the same standard applicable to an

expert's trial testimony—namely, that an expert testifying at trial may rely upon facts not in

evidence—should apply to an expert's affidavit in the summary judgment context. The court

explained that the Rule 191(a) requirement of attaching the documents upon which the expert

relied to the affidavit "is inextricably linked to the provisions requiring specific factual support in

the affidavit itself. It is not a mere technical requirement." Id. at 344, 775 N.E.2d at 998.

Instead, were the court to relax the attached-documents requirement of Rule 191(a), the court

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"would be lowering the bar and allowing the avoidance of summary judgment whenever a party

is able to produce an expert to support its position." Id.

¶ 21 Plaintiff argues that Peterson's affidavit was sufficient because (1) the documents

Peterson relied upon—although not actually attached to Peterson's affidavit— were included

elsewhere in the record and (2) the building codes Peterson relied upon were publicly available.

Plaintiff also contends that affidavits in opposition to summary judgment are to be liberally

construed. Finally, citing Streams Club, Ltd. v. Thompson, 180 Ill. App. 3d 830, 836, 536

N.E.2d 459, 462 (1989)—a Second District case that predates Robidoux—plaintiff asserts that

"technical deficiencies" do not render affidavits improper because "substance, and not form,

controls." We emphatically reject all of these arguments, which run directly contrary to the

strict-compliance requirement of Robidoux.

¶ 22 Although it is true that a court reviewing a grant of summary judgment "must

construe the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits strictly against the moving party

and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party" (Pekin Insurance Co. v. Precision Dose, Inc.,

2012 IL App (2d) 110195, ¶ 29, 968 N.E.2d 664), this "liberal construction" requirement does

not apply to the court's determination of whether the nonmoving party's affidavit complies with

Rule 191(a). Instead, Rule 191(a) applies with equal force to both the moving and nonmoving

parties' affidavits. If a nonmoving party's affidavit complies with Rule 191(a), we will construe

the averments contained therein liberally in favor of the nonmoving party.

¶ 23 Given the strict-compliance requirement of Robidoux, we conclude that the trial

court properly struck Peterson's affidavit. See Preze v. Borden Chemical, Inc., 336 Ill. App. 3d

52, 57, 782 N.E.2d 710, 714 (2002) ("The failure to attach the documents is fatal."). That the

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various documents Peterson failed to attach to his affidavit may be found elsewhere in this

record is utterly irrelevant.

¶ 24 B. The Trial Court's Grant of Summary Judgment

¶ 25 Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

because (1) a dispute of fact existed as to whether the hazard posed by the retaining wall was

open and obvious and (2) even if the condition was open and obvious, the distraction and

deliberate-encounter exceptions apply. We disagree.

¶ 26 1. Duty and the Open-and-Obvious Doctrine

¶ 27 "To succeed in an action for negligence, the plaintiff must establish that the

defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, that defendant breached that duty, and that the breach

proximately caused injury to the plaintiff." Choate v. Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co., 2012 IL

112948, ¶ 22, 980 N.E.2d 58. The supreme court recently explained the traditional duty analysis,

as follows:

"In resolving whether a duty exists, we ask whether

defendant and plaintiff stood in such a relationship to one another

that the law imposed upon defendant an obligation of reasonable

conduct for the benefit of plaintiff. [Citation.] Four factors guide

our duty analysis: (1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury,

(2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude of the burden of

guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing

that burden on the defendant. [Citations.] The weight to be

accorded these factors depends upon the circumstances of a given

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 case. [Citation.]" (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bruns v.

City of Centralia, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 14, 21 N.E.3d 684.

"Whether a duty exists is a question of law for the court to decide." Id. ¶ 13, 21 N.E.3d 684.

¶ 28 Illinois has adopted the open-and-obvious doctrine, which provides that a

" 'possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity

or condition on the land whose danger is known or obvious to them.' " Id. ¶ 16, 21 N.E.3d 684

(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A (1965)). As the supreme court explained in

Bucheleres v. Chicago Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 435, 448, 665 N.E.2d 826, 832 (1996), "[i]n

cases involving obvious and common conditions, such as fire, height, and bodies of water, the

law generally assumes that persons who encounter these conditions will take care to avoid any

danger inherent in such condition. The open and obvious nature of the condition itself gives

caution and therefore the risk of harm is considered slight; people are expected to appreciate and

avoid obvious risks."

¶ 29 In this case, plaintiff argues that the question of whether the hazard posed by the

retaining wall was open and obvious should have been decided by a jury. Plaintiff relies upon

the First District's decision in Alqadhi v. Standard Parking, Inc., 405 Ill. App. 3d 14, 15, 938

N.E.2d 584, 586 (2010), in which the plaintiff tripped and fell over a three-quarter-inch-high

concrete rise in the defendants' parking garage. The defendants moved for summary judgment,

arguing that the condition was open and obvious. Id. In response, the plaintiff cited her

deposition testimony that (1) the color similarity between the low and high concrete surfaces

created an optical illusion of a flat walking surface and (2) the lighting was poor. Id. The

plaintiff also provided an engineer's affidavit that stated, in part, " '[t]he lack of contrast between

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the surface of the parking level and the curb ramp *** disguised the abrupt change in vertical

elevation.' " Id. at 16, 938 N.E.2d at 586. The trial court granted summary judgment for the

defendants, concluding that the condition was open and obvious. Id. The First District reversed,

reasoning as follows:

"Normally where there is no dispute about the physical

nature of the condition, the question of whether a condition is open

and obvious is a legal one for the court. [Citation.] But, where

there is a dispute about the condition's physical nature, such as its

visibility, the question of whether a condition is open and obvious

is factual. [Citation.] Where a court cannot conclude as a matter

of law that a condition poses an open and obvious danger the

obviousness of the danger is for the jury to determine. [Citation.]"

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 17-18, 938 N.E.2d at

587-88.

¶ 30 We find the facts of Alqadhi easily distinguishable from the facts in this case. In

Alqadhi, the defendants argued on summary judgment that the rise in elevation on the concrete

surface was open and obvious. In response, the plaintiff presented evidence that the

conditions—namely, the poor lighting and lack of visual contrast between the low and high

concrete surfaces—prevented her from knowing that a potentially hazardous condition even

existed. Because the plaintiff in Alqadhi arguably did not know that a dangerous condition

existed, she had no opportunity to "appreciate and avoid" the risk. Bucheleres, 171 Ill. 2d at 448,

665 N.E.2d at 832. In other words, an actual dispute existed as to whether the condition was

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open and obvious.

¶ 31 In this case, however, it is undisputed that when plaintiff walked onto the patio

area behind the house, he saw the broad side of the retaining wall (which was not covered in

snow) and appreciated that a fall from the top of the retaining wall could result in injury. The

potential hazard was undisputedly open and obvious to plaintiff at that time. Appreciating that a

fall from the retaining wall might cause injury, plaintiff nonetheless walked up the incline on the

high side of the retaining wall, putting himself in a position that made it more difficult to

distinguish the top of the retaining wall from the patio below. According to plaintiff, the uniform

snow cover visually blended the high and low sides of the retaining wall into a seamless field of

bright white. But plaintiff had seen the retaining wall and knew the hazard was still there. It was

his responsibility to "take care to avoid any danger inherent in such condition." Id.

¶ 32 Knowing that the drop-off was just to his right, plaintiff chose to proceed with his

measurements. He took some precautions, including walking very slowly and periodically

looking down for the edge of the retaining wall. Plaintiff did not take steps to address the

visibility problem, however, such as brushing some snow off the top of the retaining wall to

make the edge easier to see, or placing an object on the retaining wall as a visual marker. The

open-and-obvious doctrine assumes "that people encountering potentially dangerous conditions

that are open and obvious will appreciate and avoid the risks." (Emphasis added.) Alqadhi, 405

Ill. App. 3d at 17, 938 N.E.2d at 587. In Alqadhi, the conditions made the plaintiff unable to

appreciate the risk, much less avoid it. In this case, on the other hand, plaintiff appreciated the

risk but failed to exercise reasonable care for his own safety to avoid injury. Accordingly, the

disputed issue that precluded summary judgment in Alqadhi is not present in this case.

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¶ 33 2. The Distraction Exception

¶ 34 Plaintiff further argues that even if the condition was open and obvious, the

distraction exception to the open-and-obvious doctrine applies. Specifically, plaintiff contends

that he was "distracted by the task of having to measure the back of defendants' house, which

was made necessary by defendants' need and desire to sell their house."

¶ 35 The distraction exception essentially holds that even an open-and-obvious

condition may still be unreasonably dangerous if the landowner should have foreseen that people

would fail to notice or protect themselves against the condition because they had become

distracted. See Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 152, 554 N.E.2d 223, 232 (1990) ("The

inquiry is whether the defendant should reasonably anticipate injury to those entrants on his

premises who are generally exercising reasonable care for their own safety, but who may

reasonably be expected to be distracted, as when carrying large bundles, or forgetful of the

condition after having momentarily encountered it.").

¶ 36 We conclude that the distraction exception does not apply in this case because

defendants could not have reasonably anticipated that plaintiff would become distracted to the

point of being unable to protect himself against the dangers posed by the retaining wall.

Notably, plaintiff was in complete control of his purported distraction. As he used his tape

measure to perform his task, he literally held the distraction in his hands. In that moment,

plaintiff had "taken the reins" of his own situation—so to speak—and only he could reasonably

be expected to protect his own safety. In Bruns, the supreme court approvingly cited the

following rule:

" 'A plaintiff should not be allowed to recover for self-created

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 distractions that a defendant could never reasonably foresee. In

order for the distraction to be foreseeable to the defendant so that

the defendant can take reasonable steps to prevent injuries to

invitees, the distraction should not be solely within the plaintiff's

own creation. The law cannot require a possessor of land to

anticipate and protect against a situation that will only occur in the

distracted mind of his invitee.' " Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 31, 21

N.E.3d 684 (quoting Whittleman v. Olin Corp., 358 Ill. App. 3d

813, 817-18, 832 N.E.2d 932, 936 (2005)).

Even if defendants should have anticipated that plaintiff would be conducting measurements near

the retaining wall, it was not reasonably foreseeable that plaintiff—an experienced real-estate

appraiser—would be unable to complete his measurements without falling off the retaining wall.

¶ 37 Further, plaintiff's own deposition testimony established that he was not

"distracted" as that term has been used in the context of an open-and-obvious hazard. Plaintiff

testified about what he was doing just before he fell, as follows:

"[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: What happened as you

approached the retaining wall?

[PLAINTIFF]: I was trying to find the retaining wall.

Everything was covered with snow.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right.

[PLAINTIFF]: I'm just trying to find it, and it was like I

have no depth perception at all.

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 ***

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: What happened next?

[PLAINTIFF]: Walking slowly, because, you know, there

was snow on the ground. As I get toward the retaining wall, where

I think the retaining wall was, I'm slowing down. Very slowing

[sic]. ***

I'm making sure the tape is level and the tape is straight

because you are appraising. You can get off 3 foot [sic] in any

direction, and I have liability in this.

So I went over, and I'm trying to find *** the top of the

retaining wall. I never did find it.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Why is that?

[PLAINTIFF]: I stepped over the edge into air space."

¶ 38 Plaintiff's own testimony established that his inability to find the edge of the

retaining wall was not caused by a "distraction," but by natural conditions—namely, snow cover

and bright sunlight. Although plaintiff's attention was perhaps divided between keeping his tape

measure level and looking for the retaining wall, he was not distracted in the sense that he (1)

failed to appreciate the hazard or (2) forgot to protect himself against the danger. On the

contrary, he was actively looking for the drop-off when he fell. His simple inability to see the

drop-off does not constitute a "distraction" as that term has been used and understood in the

context of open-and-obvious conditions.

¶ 39 3. The Deliberate-Encounter Exception

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¶ 40 Last, plaintiff contends that the deliberate-encounter exception to the open-and-

obvious doctrine applies because plaintiff reasonably proceeded through his measurements,

despite the known danger, due to the economic necessity that he complete his appraisal. We are

not persuaded.

¶ 41 Under the deliberate-encounter exception to the open-and-obvious doctrine,

"harm may be reasonably anticipated when the possessor 'has reason to expect that the invitee

will proceed to encounter the known or obvious danger because to a reasonable man in his

position the advantages of doing so would outweigh the apparent risk.' " LaFever v. Kemlite Co.,

185 Ill. 2d 380, 391, 706 N.E.2d 441, 448 (1998) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts

§ 343A, cmt. f 220 (1965)). "[T]his exception has most often been applied in cases involving

some economic compulsion, as where workers are compelled to encounter dangerous conditions

as part of their employment obligations ***." Morrissey v. Arlington Park Racecourse, LLC,

404 Ill. App. 3d 711, 725-26, 935 N.E.2d 644, 656 (2010). "The focus with the deliberate[-

]encounter analysis is on what the possessor of land anticipates or should anticipate the entrant

will do." Grillo v. Yeager Construction, 387 Ill. App. 3d 577, 596, 900 N.E.2d 1249, 1268

(2008).

¶ 42 In this case, plaintiff was hired by a bank to conduct an appraisal of defendants'

property. Plaintiff chose the time of his appraisal and the manner in which he conducted it.

Even if defendants should have known that an appraisal required taking measurements of the

exterior dimensions of the house, it was not reasonably foreseeable that such a task could only be

completed by risking a fall off the retaining wall. As already mentioned, common sense suggests

that plaintiff could have easily taken some small precautions to avoid the risk of falling, such as

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brushing snow off the top of the retaining wall so that the edge was more visible. The cases in

which courts have applied the deliberate-encounter exception almost always involve a plaintiff

forced to make a choice between either facing the danger or neglecting his duties. See, e.g.,

LaFever, 185 Ill. 2d at 392, 706 N.E.2d at 448 (the deliberate-encounter exception applied when

the defendant company knew that the plaintiff could perform his job only by walking over a

surface covered in a slippery substance); Rusch v. Leonard, 399 Ill. App. 3d 1026, 1036, 927

N.E.2d 316, 326 (2010) (the deliberate-encounter exception applied when the plaintiff, a fireman

carrying an injured person, fell down an obviously unsafe staircase because that staircase was the

only means of getting to the injured person); Preze, 336 Ill. App. 3d at 59, 782 N.E.2d at 716

(deliberate-encounter exception applied when the plaintiff could perform his job only by

climbing a ladder that was covered in slippery resin generated by the defendant's factory). The

circumstances of this case simply do not fit within recognized understandings of the deliberate-

encounter exception.

¶ 43 4. Defendants Owed Plaintiff No Duty

¶ 44 The undisputed evidence in this case establishes that (1) the condition was open

and obvious as a matter of law and (2) no exception to the open-and-obvious doctrine applies.

We note, however, that "[t]he existence of an open and obvious danger is not an automatic or

per se bar to the finding of a legal duty on the part of a defendant." Bruns, 2014 IL 116998,

¶ 19, 21 N.E.3d 684. Instead, " '[i]n assessing whether a duty is owed, the court must still apply

traditional duty analysis to the particular facts of the case.' " Id. (quoting Jackson v. TLC

Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418, 425, 706 N.E.2d 460, 463 (1998)). "Application of the open

and obvious rule affects the first two factors of the duty analysis: the foreseeability of injury, and

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the likelihood of injury. [Citation.] Where the condition is open and obvious, the foreseeability

of harm and the likelihood of injury will be slight, thus weighing against the imposition of a

duty." Id.

¶ 45 In this case, plaintiff argues that the remaining two factors of the duty analysis—

the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury and the consequences of placing that

burden on the defendants—weigh in his favor. Specifically, plaintiff contends, "all that

defendants had to do was to place a fence, bushes, or some kind of barrier or guard next to the

top of the retaining wall, and no injury would have occurred." We reject plaintiff's argument,

however, because the foreseeability and likelihood of injury was far too remote to justify placing

a burden on defendants to anticipate, much less incur expense to prevent, the type of accident

that occurred here. Under the facts of this case, "[t]he imposition of this burden is not justified[,]

given the open and obvious nature of the risk involved." Id. ¶ 36, 21 N.E.3d 684.

¶ 46 Accordingly, because defendants owed no duty to plaintiff, the trial court properly

granted defendants' motion for summary judgment.

¶ 47 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 48 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

¶ 49 Affirmed.

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