FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAR 18 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SERGIO ROJAS-MALDONADO, No. 11-72233
Petitioner, Agency No. A038-087-424
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted February 9, 2015
San Francisco California
Before: HAWKINS, PAEZ, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Sergio Rojas-Maldonado, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for
review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s (hereinafter “the Board”) dismissal
of his appeal of an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of his application for relief
under former Immigration and Nationality Act § 212(c), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c). An IJ
granted Rojas such relief in 1992, but the legacy Immigration and Naturalization
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Service appealed and, in 1997, following the passage of the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the Board denied Rojas 212(c) relief on the
ground that it had been eliminated by statute. A lengthy procedural history ensued,
but, in 2008, the Board granted Rojas’s motion to reopen and remanded his case to
an IJ for a determination of his eligibility “in the first instance.” On remand, the IJ,
at a status conference, determined that Rojas was statutorily pretermitted from
obtaining 212(c) relief and ordered him deported.
On appeal, the Board concluded that Rojas was ineligible for 212(c) relief.
The Board noted that, to render his 1983 entry as a lawful permanent resident
“lawful” for the purposes of accruing the seven years of unrelinquished lawful
domicile necessary to obtain 212(c) relief, Rojas would need to cure any grounds
of inadmissibility to which he was subject at the time of his application for
admission. The Board held that Rojas needed a waiver for having committed fraud
in obtaining a visa, but that he would only be eligible for that waiver if he had not
been inadmissible for any other reason. The Board concluded Rojas was also
inadmissible for having re-entered the country within five years of a deportation
without advance permission from the Attorney General, and thus not eligible for
the fraud waiver or, therefore, 212(c) relief.
2
The Board did not expressly adopt the IJ’s ruling, but rather conducted an
independent review of the record. Therefore, our review is confined to the Board’s
decision and the reasoning underlying it. Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953, 957
(9th Cir. 2006); Andia v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 1181, 1184 (9th Cir. 2004) (per
curiam) (“In reviewing the decision of the BIA, we consider only the grounds
relied upon by that agency. If we conclude that the BIA’s decision cannot be
sustained upon its reasoning, we must remand to allow the agency to decide any
issues remaining in the case.”).
The Board erred in concluding that Rojas needed a fraud waiver. The IJ
never took the necessary predicate step of finding that Rojas had in fact committed
fraud. Rather, both the IJ and the Board assumed that, because he failed to disclose
his prior deportation at the time he applied for lawful permanent residence in 1983,
Rojas was excludable under former 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(19)(1982), for having
“procured a visa or other documentation . . . by fraud, or by willfully
misrepresenting a material fact.” However, in order for an applicant to be
excludable under the fraud bar, the misstatement must have been “deliberate and
voluntary.” Forbes v. I.N.S., 48 F.3d 439, 442 (9th Cir. 1995). “Proof of an intent
to deceive is not required. Rather, knowledge of the falsity of a representation is
sufficient.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
3
Neither the BIA nor the IJ applied the “deliberate and voluntary” standard,
and neither considered whether Rojas knew that the information on his application
was false, despite evidence in the record that he did not. Rather, both concluded
that the omission alone constituted fraud.
In failing to assess whether Rojas’s omission was “deliberate and
voluntary,” and whether Rojas knowingly omitted his prior deportation, the Board
erred. The dissent would affirm because it concludes that Rojas was independently
inadmissible for having reentered without advance permission within five years of
having been deported. However, the Board did not consider whether Rojas might
be eligible for a nunc pro tunc waiver absent his inadmissibility for fraud. He may
not be, but because the Board’s holding that Rojas was ineligible for 212(c) relief
depended on its conclusion that he was ineligible for a fraud waiver, we must
remand.
Petition GRANTED and REMANDED.
4
FILED
Rojas-Maldonado v. Holder, No. 11-72233 MAR 18 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
HAWKINS, Senior Circuit Judge, dissenting: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I respectfully dissent. Had the Board denied Rojas-Maldonado relief under
former INA § 212(c) solely because he committed fraud in obtaining a visa, I would
join my colleagues in remanding this matter for application of the proper mens rea
standard for fraud. It did not. The Board denied relief on a valid ground independent
of the issue of fraud.
An applicant is only eligible for § 212(c) relief if he is “lawfully admitted,”
Monet v. I.N.S., 791 F.2d 752, 753 (9th Cir. 1986), and has accumulated seven years
of lawful domicile in the United States. See United States v. Lopez-Velasquez, 629
F.3d 894, 898 (9th Cir. 2010). Rojas was excludable when he entered the United
States in 1983 under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a) (1982) because he had been deported in
December 1977 and both entered the United States and applied for LPR status less
than five years later without permission. As a result, independent of fraud, Rojas was
not lawfully admitted and had not begun accruing years of lawful domicile for
purposes of § 212(c) relief. The Board correctly denied relief on this basis.
The majority remands this case because the Board’s holding “depended on its
conclusion that [Rojas] was ineligible for a fraud waiver.” This view is technically
correct but it does not comprehensively depict the Board’s holding. That Rojas was
“not a lawful permanent resident as of the date of his entry and [] did not accrue 7
years of lawful permanent residence” hinges on fraud waiver eligibility and the
unlawful reentry. Although the unlawful reentry bars a fraud waiver, making it
technically correct that the holding “depended” on Rojas’ ineligibility, it is equally
valid that the holding “depended” on the unlawful reentry.
On this point, the majority is silent. The Board correctly determined that the
unlawful reentry made Rojas excludable. The majority takes issue not with this
finding, but rather the Board’s failure to apply the proper mens rea test for fraud.
While it is true that the Board did not explain or apply this test, such an omission does
not constitute error or was, at most, harmless error because a fraud waiver is only
available if an applicant is otherwise admissible, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1)(H)(ii) (1992),
and Rojas was not. Thus, a fraud waiver was not viable, and the Board had no reason
to engage in a lengthy discussion of Rojas’ mental state when he applied for a visa.1
1
An immigration judge cannot grant nunc pro tunc waivers to cure an
unlawful entry ground of excludability in conjunction with an application for
212(c) relief. In re Garcia-Linares, 21 I. & N. Dec. 254, 258 (BIA) (1996). So,
even if the Board had not considered eligibility for a nunc pro tunc waiver if Rojas
had not committed the fraud, it would not have erred because Rojas remained
deportable for the aggravated felony. Nor was it error for the Board to fail to
consider a waiver not available under its precedent. The majority’s argument that
the Board did not consider the eligibility seems at least debatable. The Board cited
the IJ’s express determination that Garcia-Linares “discusses the fact that an
individual who was deported and who enters with a visa later cannot file a nunc
pro tunc request for a waiver under the I-212 form and a 212(c) waiver application
together.” The IJ did not expressly deny the waiver, but certainly appears to have
considered the possibility.
An independent ground renders Rojas unable to meet the requirements of §
212(c) relief.