State of Tennessee v. William Eugene Hall

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
October 9, 2014 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WILLIAM EUGENE HALL

Automatic Appeal from the Court of Criminal Appeals
Circuit Court for Humphreys County
Nos. 10526, 10527, 10556, 10557, 10558, 10559 Jon Kerry Blackwood, Sr. Judge

No. M2012-00336-SC-DDT-DD - Filed March 20, 2015

The defendant was convicted on two counts of felony murder in the perpetration of a first
degree burglary, three counts of grand larceny, one count of petit larceny, and three counts
of first degree burglary. The jury imposed a sentence of death for the murder of one victim
and a life sentence for the murder of the second victim. The trial court ordered an aggregate
sentence of eighty years for the remaining crimes, to be served consecutively to the life
sentence. The direct appeal was decided adversely to the defendant. On post-conviction
review, this Court granted the defendant a delayed appeal and remanded to the trial court
based upon the lack of meaningful representation during the original direct appeal. The trial
court denied relief, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. We affirm the judgment of
the Court of Criminal Appeals.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206(a)(1) (2014); Judgment of the Court of Criminal
Appeals Affirmed

G ARY R. W ADE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C ORNELIA A. C LARK and
H OLLY K IRBY, JJ., joined. S HARON G. L EE, C.J., filed a concurring opinion. J EFFREY S.
B IVINS, J., not participating.

Patrick T. McNally and Paul J. Bruno, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, William
Eugene Hall.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Joseph F. Whalen, Acting Solicitor
General; James E. Gaylord, Assistant Attorney General; Dan M. Alsobrooks, District
Attorney General; and Robert Wilson, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee,
State of Tennessee.
 OPINION
I. Summary of Procedural Status
The current proceeding in this capital case is a delayed appeal on behalf of William
Eugene Hall (the “Defendant”). At a joint trial that extended over a period of six weeks and
two days in 1991 and 1992, the Defendant and his co-defendant, Derrick Quintero, were each
convicted by a jury of two counts of first degree felony murder, three counts of grand
larceny, one count of petit larceny, and three counts of first degree burglary. The Defendant
and Quintero were sentenced to death for the murder of Myrtle Vester and to life
imprisonment for the murder of Buford Vester. James Blanton, who was indicted in the same
criminal episode, was tried separately and convicted of two counts of first degree
premeditated murder, four counts of grand larceny, and three counts of first degree burglary.
He was also sentenced to death, State v. Blanton, 975 S.W.2d 269 (Tenn. 1998), but died in
prison in 1999.

On the direct appeal by the Defendant and Quintero, the Court of Criminal Appeals
affirmed the murder convictions, the imposition of the death penalty, and all other sentences
except that each of the petit larceny convictions was merged with one of the grand larceny
convictions. State v. Hall, No. 01C01-9311-CC-00409, 1997 WL 92080 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Mar. 20, 1997) (corrected opinion). This Court affirmed. State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121
(Tenn. 1998). Afterward, the Defendant and Quintero filed separate petitions for
post-conviction relief, each primarily alleging a violation of his right to the effective
assistance of counsel. During a joint evidentiary hearing, each also filed petitions for writs
of error coram nobis, alleging newly discovered evidence. The post-conviction court denied
relief as to all claims, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. Quintero v. State, No.
M2005-02959-CCA-R3-PD, 2008 WL 2649637 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 7, 2008).
Thereafter, the Defendant and Quintero each filed in this Court an application for permission
to appeal the denial of post-conviction relief.

This Court denied Quintero permission to appeal, thereby ending his participation in
these proceedings, but we granted the Defendant relief in the form of a delayed appeal based
upon the lack of meaningful representation in the original direct appeal. Specifically, we
determined that by copying and pasting the appellate brief filed by Quintero, counsel for the
Defendant had performed so deficiently that the Defendant was entitled to newly appointed
counsel and an opportunity to amend his original motion for new trial. By “Corrected Order”
dated October 30, 2009, this Court directed the Defendant to file a motion for new trial in the
trial court and, in the event the convictions and sentences were upheld, to proceed with a
delayed direct appeal. Meanwhile, we held in abeyance the appeal of the denial of
post-conviction relief pending resolution of the issues in the delayed appeal. See Tenn. Sup.
Ct. R. 28, § 9(D).

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 Upon remand to the Circuit Court for Humphreys County, the Defendant filed a
motion for new trial in November of 2009 and an amended motion for new trial in January
of 2011. These motions re-asserted the Defendant’s original motion for new trial that had
been filed in 1992, as well as his post-conviction claims and his petition for writ of error
coram nobis. After an evidentiary hearing on the motions for new trial and accompanying
petition for writ of error coram nobis, the Defendant was denied relief as to all claims in this
delayed appeal. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court.
State v. Hall, No. M2012-00336-CCA-R3-DD, 2013 WL 5761311 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct.
22, 2013). The case is now before this Court for automatic review pursuant to Tennessee
Code Annotated section 39-13-206(a)(1) (2014).

II. Facts
A. Evidence at Trial
On June 16, 1988, the Defendant and seven other inmates escaped from the Kentucky
State Penitentiary in Eddyville, Kentucky, which is located on the Cumberland River in the
Southwest region of that state. While three of the escapees, Bobby Sherman, Leo Spurling,
and Floyd Cook, were captured in the vicinity of the prison within two days of their escape,
five others, identified as the Defendant, Quintero, Blanton, Joseph Montgomery, and Ronnie
Hudson, were able to steal a pickup truck and drive across the state line into Stewart County,
Tennessee, which borders Kentucky Lake. In the few days following the prison escape, there
were reports of several burglaries in the Leatherwood area of Stewart County, a community
largely made up of seasonal and retirement residences. On June 22, the bodies of Myrtle and
Buford Vester were discovered inside their home. The Vesters were last seen alive during
the late afternoon of June 19.

Shortly after the prison escape, Zachary Pallay, who lived within a quarter mile of the
Vester residence, notified the Stewart County Sheriff’s Department that Quintero was
familiar with the Leatherwood community and might seek refuge there. Pallay, who had
committed an armed robbery with Quintero several years earlier, had been friends with
Quintero since childhood, when they had often played together in the lake resort area. In
addition to Pallay, there were other reports to the Sheriff’s Department of suspicious
individuals in the area.

Not counting the Vester residence, there were six break-ins in or near the
Leatherwood community in the days immediately following the Defendant’s escape: the
residences of Jim McMinn, Essie Settles, Alfred Cherry, Thomas Harris, Neal Foster, and
John and Virginia Crawford.1 The investigation by law enforcement established that most

1
There were first degree burglary convictions for the Vester, Cherry, and Foster residences. There
(continued...)

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of the burglaries took place before 1:00 p.m. on June 19. The McMinn burglary, apparently
the first, occurred on June 18. McMinn returned from a fishing trip to find that his telephone
had been removed from the wall, his telephone line had been cut, and the ignition to his truck
had been destroyed. Several shotgun shells were lying on the floor and McMinn’s .22 caliber
pistol was missing from his bedroom.

Suspicious that the prison escapees were in the area, the Stewart County Sheriff’s
Department used helicopters, four-wheel-drive vehicles, and tracking dogs to conduct their
search. Officers found and chased on foot some unidentified men they saw in the woods but
were unable to overtake them.

At some point, Hudson and Montgomery became separated from the Defendant,
Quintero, and Blanton. Hudson and Montgomery were able to steal a 1982 Ford Fairmont
from Essie Settles, who lived some six miles away from the Leatherwood community. The
two men then drove to Lebanon, Kentucky, which is located near Louisville, to meet with
members of Hudson’s family. Afterward, they hid Settles’ vehicle. On June 22, four days
after the McMinn burglary, Hudson and Montgomery were apprehended by Kentucky law
enforcement officers after an exchange of gunfire. One of two .22 caliber pistols found in
their possession belonged to McMinn. The other pistol was eventually determined to have
been stolen from the residence of Neal Foster. Montgomery’s fingerprints were found on the
door of Settles’ garage.

On June 19, the day after the McMinn burglary, Alfred Cherry discovered that his
residence had also been burglarized. Several items were missing, including six knives and
two paperweights bearing the Cumberland Electric logo. Two of the knives Cherry owned
were found at the Foster residence, indicating that the Cherry burglary had occurred before
the Foster burglary. Some seventeen months after the burglaries, the stolen pickup truck used
in the escape from Kentucky was discovered hidden under tree branches in a remote area of
Stewart County. Cumberland Electric paperweights identical to those missing from the
Cherry residence were found inside.

Thomas Harris, who lived next door to Cherry, also learned on June 19 that his
residence had been burglarized. The sink was full of dirty dishes, and wet towels and sheets
were strewn about the residence. Quilts, silverware, knives, and other items were missing.
Harris later discovered that three long-distance telephone calls had been placed from his

1
(...continued)
was a grand larceny charge for items taken from the Vester residence, which resulted in the conviction for
petit larceny. There was a grand larceny conviction for the theft of the Vesters’ vehicle. Grand larceny
convictions also resulted from items stolen from the Cherry and Foster residences.

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residence to Springtown, Texas during the early morning hours of June 19. Two other calls
had been placed to Hopewell, Pennsylvania during that time. The Texas telephone number
was registered in the name of Bryan Quintero, a brother to Derrick Quintero. The
Pennsylvania number was registered in the name of Barbara Vasser, the Defendant’s
girlfriend at the time of the prison escape.

Neal Foster, who had been away from his residence since June 16, did not discover
the burglary until he returned on June 21, some three days after the report of the McMinn
burglary. A .30-30 rifle, ammunition for various weapons, a 20-gauge shotgun, and silver
dollars, among many other items, were missing. A portion of the barrel of the shotgun had
been sawed off and left at the residence. Quintero’s thumbprint and fingerprint were later
found on shotgun shell boxes, and his palm print was found on a gun barrel. Blanton’s print
appeared on a shotgun shell box. The Defendant’s fingerprint was found on a soft drink can.

On June 23, John and Virginia Crawford, who had last been at their residence at 2:00
p.m. on June 19, learned that they had also been burglarized. Several items of food had been
taken. The thumbprint of the Defendant was found on a can of ham inside the residence, and
a fingerprint of Blanton was taken from a candy wrapper. A glove taken from the Crawford
residence was a match for a glove found outside the front bedroom window of the Vester
residence, which was located only one quarter mile away.

During the course of their investigation, officers learned that John Corlew and Arthur
Jenkins, who had been fishing, had heard five gunshots on June 20, 1988, between 11:00
p.m. and midnight, all from the direction of the residence owned by the Vesters. Corlew
concluded that the first two shots had been fired from a different weapon than the third and
fourth shots. Jenkins believed that the first two shots were from a pistol.

Wayne Vester, the son of Myrtle and Buford Vester, had visited his parents over the
weekend and, before leaving at 6:00 p.m. on June 19, had bought packages of Pepsi for them.
After he was unable to reach them by telephone on June 21 and again on June 22, he called
Howard Allor, a neighbor, and asked him to check on them. When Allor found the bodies,
he contacted the authorities. Officers with the Sheriff’s Department, working in conjunction
with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, discovered that the 1985 Pontiac owned by the
Vesters was missing and that their telephone line was dead. The officers determined that the
perpetrators had gained access through a window of the back bedroom, where Mr. Vester
slept, and that he had been shot at least once from the outside of the residence. A spent 20-
gauge shotgun shell was found near Mr. Vester’s bedroom window. A 20-gauge shot was
found near his head and several pellets were recovered from his body. Mrs. Vester, who
slept in a separate bedroom, had been shot three times by two different weapons—a 20-gauge
shotgun and a high-powered rifle. She had also been stabbed thirteen times. A hole in the

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screen over her bedroom window indicated that at least one shot had been fired from outside.
Shot pellets and shards of glass were found throughout the interior of the residence. An
edition of the Tennessean newspaper dated and scheduled for delivery on June 20 was found
on a sofa. Although an unopened Pepsi was found outside the residence, the packages of
Pepsi left by Wayne Vester were missing.

At approximately 8:00 a.m. on June 21, employees of the Memphis Funeral Home
observed three men leave a 1985 Pontiac in the parking lot. They described all as white,
bearded men weighing about 180 pounds, one of whom had long hair; however, the
employees were otherwise unable to make positive identifications. Two days later, the
funeral home employees contacted the police, who then confirmed that the Pontiac was
owned by the Vesters. The Memphis Police Crime Scene Squad discovered a sawed off 20-
gauge shotgun containing one live round inside the vehicle. The gun, which bore Foster’s
name, was later identified as that taken from the Foster residence. A shell found outside of
the Vester residence was determined to have been fired from the same shotgun. The police
also discovered a .30-30 caliber cartridge matching ammunition taken from the Foster
residence. Three of Blanton’s fingerprints appeared on a beer can inside the vehicle. The
police recovered thirteen 20-gauge shotgun shells from the vehicle and also found a
flashlight identical to one that had been taken from the Crawford residence. A twelve-pack
of Pepsi colas and three individual twelve-ounce Pepsis were in the car.

Curtis Jones, a security guard at the Greyhound bus station in Memphis, recalled that
between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. on either June 21, the date the Vesters’ Pontiac was left
at the funeral home, or the following day, he saw three men, one of whom appeared to be
Hispanic, enter the bus station to use the phone. When Jones approached them to ask
whether they had tickets, a man Jones was later able to identify as Blanton explained that
they intended to leave as soon as their “friend” finished his phone call. Jones identified the
Defendant and Quintero from a photographic lineup. He also identified them at their joint
trial.

Shirley Denise Morrow, a cashier at the Blue Movies West adult bookstore and
entertainment establishment in Memphis, recalled that three men, one of whom appeared to
be of Mexican descent, came into the store on the morning of June 21 and traded a few silver
dollars for tokens. While there, the three men entered the booth of dancer Darlene Christof,
who described two of the men as white and the other as Hispanic or Mexican. Later, Christof
was able to identify Quintero from a photographic lineup. She recalled that Quintero gave
her several silver dollars and attempted to sell her a class ring and a wedding band. Before
leaving the establishment, one of the three men tried to sell Morrow the class ring and
wedding band. However, when Christof commented in the presence of the three men that
they resembled the escapees from the Kentucky prison and then pretended to use the

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telephone, the men left, and Morrow contacted the police. Morrow was able to identify the
Defendant, Blanton, and Quintero from a photographic lineup; she also identified them at
trial. The six silver dollars that Morrow had purchased from the three men were later
identified as those that had been stolen from the Foster residence.

Barbara Vasser, the Defendant’s girlfriend at the time of the offenses, recalled several
telephone conversations she had with the Defendant after his escape from the Kentucky
prison. In the first call, the Defendant informed her that the authorities in Stewart County
were using helicopters in their search. He also informed her that he and Quintero had
become separated from Hudson and Montgomery. When the Defendant telephoned Vasser
a third time, her mother notified the Pennsylvania State Police. Afterward, Vasser agreed
that if the Defendant called again, she would set up a time and place to send him money.
When the Defendant telephoned to ask that she wire money to the Western Union in El Paso,
Texas, which is located just across the border from Juarez, Mexico, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (“FBI”) became involved and captured the Defendant. Four days later,
Mexican officials arrested Quintero and Blanton at the Santa Fe Hotel in Juarez and
transported them into the custody of the FBI at a border check point. At the time of his
arrest, Quintero had a wallet bearing an imprint of Foster’s driver’s license.

Neither the Defendant nor Quintero testified at trial, but their trial counsel challenged
the accuracy of their identification by the employees at the funeral home, all of whom had
described them with facial hair. A lieutenant from the Kentucky prison testified that
Quintero had long hair, a moustache, sideburns, and a beard at the time of the escape, but that
he had never seen the Defendant with a beard. A prison barber, Ben Spencer, testified that
the Defendant was unable to grow a beard.

Wayne Vester and Howard Allor were also called as witnesses. Neither was aware
of any friendship between the Vesters and Pallay, who had previously done work at the
Cherry, Harris, and Crawford residences and was at one time a suspect in the crimes.

Dr. Charles Harlan, the medical examiner who performed the autopsies, confirmed
that the Vesters had been shot a total of five times with three different weapons. Mrs. Vester
had been shot three times, once with a shotgun and twice with either a shotgun or a high-
velocity rifle, and had suffered thirteen stab wounds. Mr. Vester had been shot twice with
a shotgun. In Dr. Harlan’s opinion, the Vesters had died within two hours of their evening
meal on June 20, 1988.

As indicated, the Defendant and Quintero were each convicted of two counts of
murder during the perpetration of first degree burglary, three counts of grand larceny, one
count of petit larceny, and three counts of first degree burglary. The trial court ordered an

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effective eighty-year sentence for the burglary and larceny convictions. A subsequent
hearing was scheduled for the jury to determine the sentences for the first degree murder
convictions.

At the sentencing hearing on the murder convictions, both the Defendant and Quintero
presented evidence of mitigating circumstances. Robert Hall, the Defendant’s brother and
a prison minister, testified that their mother had died when the Defendant was four and he
had been sent to live with his father and stepmother. Hall described the Defendant as using
drugs as a pre-teen and abusing drugs by his early twenties, and he believed the Defendant
to be a follower rather than a leader. Barbara Vasser, the Defendant’s former girlfriend,
stated that she had assisted law enforcement only because she feared for the Defendant’s
safety.

Dr. Kenneth Anchor, a clinical psychologist, testified that the Defendant had been
addicted to Valium by age fourteen, had been sent to a juvenile detention facility on several
occasions, had spent time at a youth development center, and had been in and out of prison
since the age of seventeen. With an I.Q. of ninety-nine, the Defendant placed in the forty-
eighth percentile, but Dr. Anchor opined that the Defendant had difficulty using his
intelligence because of a history of drug and alcohol abuse and two prior head injuries. He
described the Defendant as seriously maladjusted, suffering from a treatable form of organic
personality syndrome, but not presenting a danger to others in a prison environment and
having a positive prognosis absent substance abuse. Dr. Samuel Craddock, a rebuttal witness
for the State, disagreed with Dr. Anchor’s diagnosis and further stated that the Defendant
could be a potential source of danger.

The Defendant and Quintero were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of
Buford Vester2 and to death for the murder of Myrtle Vester. The jury found five
aggravating circumstances that warranted the death penalty: (1) the defendants were
previously convicted of one or more felonies involving the use of threat or violence, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-2-203(i)(2) (1982); (2) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel
in that it involved torture or depravity of mind, id. § 39-2-203(i)(5); (3) the murder was
committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with, or preventing a lawful arrest or
prosecution of the defendants or others, id. § 39-2-203(i)(6); (4) the murder was committed
while the defendants were engaged in committing or were accomplices in the commission
of, or were attempting to commit, or were fleeing after committing or attempting to commit,
a burglary or larceny, id. § 39-2-203(i)(7); and (5) the murder was committed by the

2
At the time of the trial, life imprisonment without the possibility of parole was not a sentencing
option for first degree murder. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(a) (1991).

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defendants while they were in lawful custody or in a place of lawful confinement, or during
their escape from lawful custody or place of lawful confinement, id. § 39-2-203(i)(8).

B. Original Direct Appeal
On direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals merged the petit larceny convictions
with those for one of the three grand larceny convictions, but otherwise affirmed the
convictions and sentences, holding that the jury’s erroneous reliance upon the aggravating
circumstances set out in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-2-203(i)(6) and (7) qualified
as harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Hall, 1997 WL 92080, at *51-52, *59. While ruling,
contrary to the Court of Criminal Appeals, that it was not error for the jury to rely upon the
aggravating circumstance in section 39-2-203(i)(6) (murder to prevent arrest), this Court
ultimately affirmed the convictions and sentences. Hall, 976 S.W.2d at 133, 139.

During the trial and throughout the direct appeal, the Defendant was represented by
N. Reese Bagwell of Clarksville and Jennifer Davis Roberts of Dickson. Quintero was
represented by Shipp R. Weems, the District Public Defender, and an Assistant Public
Defender, Steve Stack, of Charlotte. In May of 1999, the Defendant and Quintero each filed
a pro se petition for post-conviction relief claiming ineffective assistance of counsel
throughout the proceedings. Appointed counsel filed amended petitions. At the evidentiary
hearing, the Defendant and Quintero also filed petitions for writs of error coram nobis based
upon claims of newly discovered evidence, which were heard simultaneously with the
petitions for post-conviction relief.

C. Post-Conviction and Coram Nobis
Judge Robert E. Burch presided over the post-conviction proceedings at the trial court
level. As indicated, the petitions for post-conviction relief primarily alleged that the
Defendant and Quintero had been denied their rights to the effective assistance of counsel.
At the lengthy evidentiary hearing before Judge Burch, the Defendant and Quintero also
presented “newly discovered evidence” in support of their claims for writs of error coram
nobis.

Ronnie Cauthern, an inmate on death row, testified that he had become acquainted
with Blanton prior to his death in 1999. Cauthern claimed that Blanton had admitted to
killing the Vesters and had stated that neither the Defendant nor Quintero was present at the
time. According to Cauthern, it had been Blanton’s intention to “step-up and stop” their
executions if they materialized. He also claimed that Blanton, who had previously been
convicted of a murder, actually bragged about killing the Vesters.

Terry Lynn King, also a death row inmate, testified similarly to Cauthern, alleging that
Blanton “felt really bad” that the Defendant and Quintero had received the death penalty for

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his crime. According to King, Blanton related that during the “sawed off shotgun” burglary
they thought they saw a police officer, and that the Defendant and Quintero fled in one
direction, Blanton fled with Montgomery and Hudson in a different direction, and Blanton
later went to a location where they had planned to meet “Zach.” According to King, Blanton
claimed that “Zach” had already driven the Defendant and Quintero to Nashville to meet
Quintero’s father and that because “Zach” was reluctant to take Blanton there, he took
Blanton instead to the residence of the Vesters, who had money and a car. It was King’s
understanding that only a man was murdered and that Blanton never made reference to a
female victim. King recalled that Blanton said he murdered the male victim because he “put
up a fight.” King testified that Blanton, who made no mention of whether “Zach” had a role
in the murder, also told him that he later met the Defendant and Quintero at a bus station in
Memphis, as they had pre-planned in the event of their separation. King was unable to state
whether Blanton had ever mentioned “Zach’s” last name.

Celerino Quintero, the father of Derrick Quintero, testified by deposition. A resident
of Springtown, Texas, he asserted that he had received two telephone calls from the
Defendant during the period after his escape from the Kentucky prison. Mr. Quintero
claimed that in the first call, the Defendant asked whether he had heard from his son in the
last day or so, explaining that they had become separated; in the second call, the Defendant
confirmed that he had located Derrick Quintero and asked Mr. Quintero to drive to “the old
truck stop in Nashville.” Mr. Quintero stated that he drove to Nashville, fell asleep upon his
arrival, and was later awakened by his son, the Defendant, and Zach Pallay. At that point,
his son informed him that they needed to leave in order to meet someone at a bus station in
Memphis. According to Mr. Quintero, he then drove his son and the Defendant to Memphis,
dropping them off about seven or eight blocks from the bus station. He claimed that he did
not learn of the murders until he returned home to Texas. When asked why he did not testify
at trial, Mr. Quintero explained that his son was adamant that he not get involved at that time.

Kathleen Bernhardt also testified at the evidentiary hearing. She stated that Quintero
had approached her at her church after he had escaped from prison in 1983, accompanied by
five other escapees. According to Bernhardt, her car keys were taken but Quintero treated
her respectfully and prevented one of the other men from holding a rag over her mouth. This
evidence, which had not been presented at the trial, was designed to establish that Quintero
would not approve of the mistreatment of a burglary or robbery victim.

Quintero, who had been convicted of armed robbery in 1979 and two separate escape
charges in 1983 and 1984, testified at the post-conviction hearing. He claimed that he had
wanted to testify at the trial but that his attorneys never discussed his option to do so. He
explained that his medication made him groggy and that, in consequence, he did not realize
he had missed his opportunity to testify until it was too late. He complained that prior to

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trial, his attorneys visited him only twice and contacted him by phone only ten times.
Quintero expressed surprise that his counsel made no effort to contact his father during their
preparations for trial and never asked about the possibility of an alibi.

According to Quintero, he was the only one of the prison escapees who had any
money and, because Blanton and the Defendant did not get along, there were different
“groups of people that escaped.” Quintero acknowledged, however, that he, Blanton, the
Defendant, Montgomery, and Hudson all stole the truck in Kentucky and drove to Tennessee
together. He agreed that he had suggested that the men travel to the Leatherwood community
and admitted that they broke into the Harris residence, although he gave the date of the Harris
burglary as June 16, the same day as their escape from prison. He contended that only
Blanton, Montgomery, and Hudson were responsible for the Cherry burglary next door. He
claimed that animosity developed between himself and Montgomery and that he and the
Defendant decided to separate from the others and go to Mexico. He stated that they
contacted Zach Pallay on the night of June 17 and that Pallay agreed to meet on the following
day to take them to Memphis to meet Quintero’s brother. He claimed that in the meantime,
he and the Defendant were rejoined by Blanton, Montgomery, and Hudson, and that they
decided to break into the Foster residence to look for guns. When asked to explain his need
for guns, Quintero answered, “I was . . . being hunted . . . . I was at war . . . with . . . the
police administration.” Quintero claimed that neither he nor the Defendant was involved in
the McMinn burglary, but he did acknowledge participating in the Foster burglary on June
18 and, while there, taking a 12-gauge shotgun and sawing off the barrel and then sawing off
the stock and barrel of a 20-gauge shotgun. While asserting that Montgomery and Hudson
took a .22 caliber rifle and .30-30 caliber rifle, Quintero claimed that the Defendant did not
take a weapon from the Foster residence. He maintained that when Sheriff’s Deputies
arrived at the Foster residence, he took a .22 caliber rifle and a box of ammunition and fled,
becoming separated from the Defendant.

Quintero further stated that he and the Defendant rejoined at their rendezvous location
on June 19 and met Pallay, who picked them up the next morning on June 20, and then drove
them to Nashville. Quintero so testified in order to establish that he and the Defendant had
left the area before the Vesters were murdered on the night of June 20. Quintero claimed that
after meeting his father at a truck stop in Nashville, his father drove them to Memphis and
dropped them off near the Greyhound bus station where they waited for Blanton until his
arrival on June 21. He recalled that they first went to the bus station and, when asked to
leave, they went to an adult bookstore nearby. According to Quintero, when they were
recognized by an employee there, they left and hid out in an abandoned building near Beale
Street. He testified that he telephoned his brother, Bryan, and that on June 23, his brother
picked them up in Memphis and drove them “[s]traight to El Paso.”

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 On cross-examination, Quintero admitted that he made a “conscious decision not to
tell [his] lawyers about [his] claimed alibi.” He described that as a “stupid decision.” When
asked why he sat next to his attorneys for several weeks over the course of the trial without
telling them that he was not present on the date of the murders, Quintero claimed that he
“never did really understand when the Vesters were killed.” When asked a follow-up
question to explain why he chose not to tell his counsel that he had already left the area by
the time the fishermen heard shots on the night of June 20, Quintero did not respond.

The Defendant also testified at the evidentiary hearing. He described Attorney
Bagwell as in charge during the course of the trial, while Attorney Roberts “was there to talk
to [him] and keep [him] company.” The Defendant claimed that he first met Roberts at the
arraignment and complained that she had no prior experience in capital cases. He stated that
he met with each of his attorneys about four times individually and twice together.
According to the Defendant, neither of his attorneys asked about an alibi. He also
remembered that Bagwell asked to be relieved as counsel because his law practice was
suffering financially as a result of the time he was spending on this case. The Defendant
further claimed that he did not learn that the Vesters were murdered on June 20 until he read
the opinion of this Court in the original direct appeal. The Defendant asserted that he was
with Quintero in Nashville on June 20 and that he otherwise agreed with Quintero’s
testimony. He denied having a weapon after the Foster burglary. The Defendant claimed
that he informed his counsel that he did not kill the Vesters, burglarize their residence, or
steal their car, but he did acknowledge an awareness that his prior criminal record would be
used against him if he chose to testify. He conceded that he trusted Bagwell’s advice not to
testify and that Bagwell had informed him that he had “nothing to worry about.” The
Defendant, who had been involved in at least five prior criminal proceedings, further
explained his failure to realize that he had an alibi for the night of June 20 because he did not
pay attention and was “doing something else” during portions of the trial and was tired from
talking all night to other inmates.

Jo Hall, a juror at trial and the wife of a former Humphreys County Sheriff, testified
that her decision to vote for the death penalty was based upon the facts surrounding the
murder of Mrs. Vester. She testified that she made no distinction between the roles of the
Defendant and Quintero regarding the murders but did determine that the evidence simply
did not support defense counsel’s efforts to place the blame on another individual whose
name she could not recall. When asked if the name “Zach Pallay” sounded familiar, she said
that it did but that she had no recollection of whether he was the individual that the
Defendant’s counsel and Quintero’s counsel had pointed to as the “real” murderer. Another
juror testified that defense witness Ben Spencer, the prison barber, lost all credibility
regarding the identification issue when he acknowledged wanting to change his name to

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“Oogateeboogatee.” Another juror stated that he saw the Defendant and Quintero brought
into the courtroom in shackles at some point during the course of the trial.

As to the allegation that the jurors had seen the Defendant or Quintero in shackles,
Officer Danny Warren, a Sheriff’s Deputy, testified that he had transported the two men to
and from jail during the course of the trial. He conceded that the Defendant and Quintero
wore shackles but explained that their handcuffs and leg shackles were removed on every
occasion before the jury entered the courtroom.

Zachary Pallay also testified at the post-conviction hearing. He claimed that he did
not see Quintero in June of 1988 and had never seen the Defendant at any time prior to the
trial. He denied that he had driven either the Defendant or Quintero to Nashville.

Attorney Roberts, who had practiced law for two years before her appointment in this
case, acknowledged that she had accepted compensation for her representation at trial, but
contended that she was not qualified to serve as either lead or co-counsel. She asserted that
her regular practice had suffered financially as a result of her time investment in this case.
She considered Attorney Bagwell as lead counsel but admitted that she had experienced
“communication problems” with Bagwell after the trial and had hurriedly filed the original
motion for new trial, copying some of the issues from the motion filed by Quintero’s
attorneys. She further acknowledged that she did not undertake an independent review of
the transcript of the evidence in order to address those issues for appeal that pertained to the
Defendant. As for the preparation of the appellate brief, Roberts stated, “I just assumed that
Mr. Bagwell had a vast enough amount of experience in this and [had] tried a wonderful
case, in my estimation, and I thought that he was handling [the preparation of the brief].”
She admitted that two days before its due date, Bagwell contacted her and asked her to
prepare the brief. She also remembered that Bagwell had been ordered by the Court of
Criminal Appeals to appear and show cause why he should not be held in contempt for
failing to file the brief timely. Roberts further agreed that Bagwell had eventually copied the
appellate brief prepared by the attorneys for Quintero, and she acknowledged that a number
of the issues included in the Defendant’s brief were relevant only to Quintero. Claiming that
she did not have sufficient time to do independent research, Roberts stated that she merely
assembled the brief filed in the Court of Criminal Appeals for filing in this Court. She
explained that her tardy efforts were the result of Bagwell’s failure to communicate with her
and further stated that she chose not to claim any compensation for her appellate work
because she “didn’t do anything.”

When asked whether the Defendant had been seen in leg shackles during the trial,
Roberts stated that his hands were not cuffed and that she and Bagwell had attempted to
make sure his legs were hidden from the view of the jury. She further testified that she was

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not surprised by the testimony of the two fishermen who had heard gunshots on the night of
the murders, and agreed that she had received a synopsis of the State’s proof in advance of
trial. When asked what she would have done differently in another trial, she said, “I don’t
know of a lot that I could’ve done different.” Roberts complimented Bagwell for his
presentation during final argument of a timeline suggesting the Defendant might have been
involved in a separate burglary at the time of the Vester murders. When asked whether the
Defendant had ever told her that he had an alibi, Roberts answered, “Not to my recollection
. . . .” She stated that the Defendant, Quintero, and Blanton had a “common plan that they
wanted us to present,” and that the Defendant had instructed her and Bagwell not to implicate
either Quintero or Blanton—“[they] were going to stick together with their story . . . and they
weren’t going to turn on anybody.” Roberts recalled that the Defendant “took a lot of his
cues . . . from [Quintero].” She conceded that she could have taken a more active role in the
appellate briefing process.

Shipp Weems, the Public Defender who represented Quintero, could not recall any
conversation in which Quintero informed him about a possible alibi, and he never spoke with
Celerino Quintero. He acknowledged that had Quintero made reference to an alibi, he would
not have ignored that claim. Assistant Public Defender Steve Stack corroborated the
testimony offered by Weems.

The Defendant also presented expert testimony in an effort to establish that the
mitigation evidence presented by his attorneys at trial had been inadequate. Deborah
Wolkhaner, a certified master social worker, had been employed by the Defendant to
investigate potential mitigation evidence for the post-conviction hearing. She stated that
evidence in mitigation of his crimes included a life of poverty, malnutrition, loss and
abandonment, divorced parents, instability in the home, and alcohol and substance abuse.
Murray Wilton Smith, a physician specializing in addictionology, testified that he had
evaluated the Defendant and determined that he had first used drugs at the age of nine or ten
and that by the age of twelve or thirteen was using alcohol and Valium in large amounts,
which had an adverse effect on his mental development. He described the Defendant’s only
role models as other prison inmates. Dr. Pamela Auble, an expert in neuropsychology, also
testified on behalf of the Defendant. Dr. Auble determined that the Defendant was of
average intelligence but had a history of drug abuse and impulsive behavior. Dr. Patti Van
Eys, a clinical psychologist specializing in the area of child maltreatment and child
psychopathology, did not examine the Defendant but did review the evaluations by
Wolkhaner and Dr. Auble. In the opinion of Dr. Van Eys, the Defendant had several
disruptions during his childhood development because of his parents’ divorce and his
mother’s death. Some of the Defendant’s family members likewise testified to his troubled
childhood.

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 John Oliva, an attorney with considerable experience in criminal law and capital cases,
testified that the work performed by the Defendant’s trial counsel fell below the required
standard. He cited several standards promulgated by the American Bar Association and
provided specific reference to guidelines that he believed the Defendant’s trial counsel failed
to meet. Paul Morrow, an attorney associated with the Capital Case Resource Center during
the late 1980s and early 1990s, testified that he reviewed Attorney Bagwell’s invoice for
services on behalf of the Defendant, which included three references to conferences that
Bagwell claimed to have had with Morrow. He denied having talked with Bagwell about the
Defendant’s case and asserted that the records he maintained at the Capital Case Resource
Center during this period of time made no reference to any such conferences. Thomas
Watson, also an attorney, testified that Bagwell had claimed in his invoice to have conferred
with Watson on three separate occasions. He testified that he had never met with Bagwell
regarding his preparation for the trial involving the Defendant.

In summary, the Defendant claimed that his counsel were ineffective by failing to
adequately investigate and present the defense of alibi at the trial; by failing to properly
challenge the testimony of Dr. Harlan as to the amount of time it took for Mrs. Vester to die
after the infliction of her wounds; by failing to effectively challenge the testimony of the
funeral home employees who described the Defendant, Quintero, and Blanton as having long
hair and beards; by failing to adequately prepare for the penalty phase of the trial as it related
to the Defendant’s social history and mental health; and, as to Attorney Roberts, by failing
to possess or acquire the qualifications to serve as counsel in a capital case. The Defendant
also asserted that his attorneys basically did nothing during the direct appeal.

At the conclusion of the proceeding, Judge Burch first denied relief on the petition for
writ of error coram nobis before considering the grounds presented for post-conviction relief.
In considering the claim of “new” evidence, Judge Burch did not make reference to any of
the proof offered in support of post-conviction relief and only addressed the evidence
presented at trial and that alleged to be newly discovered:

[The Defendant] would have the [c]ourt believe the testimony of
inmates Cauthern and King that Blanton, before he died, stated to them that
Blanton would testify to exonerate [the Defendant]. They testified that
Blanton would not so testify during his life[time] because it would damage his
own appeal. It may be safely assumed that Blanton’s case would be on a
similar time line as that of [the Defendant]. Had Blanton been alive and
testified to exonerate [the Defendant], it still would have damaged his own
post-conviction case. In short, the motive for Blanton to remain silent would
still exist if Blanton were alive. [The Defendant] would have the [c]ourt
believe that Blanton, a twice-convicted murderer, would have sacrificed his

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 own case (and possibly his life) to aid [the Defendant] and to insure that justice
was served.

Also, Blanton’s supposed statement to inmate King was to the effect
that Blanton alone killed Mr. Vester from inside the house when Mr. Vester
resisted Blanton’s efforts to steal the Vesters’ car. Neither inmate indicated
that “Zac[h]” assisted in committing the murders, only that he was present.
These inmates’ recitation of Blanton’s supposed statement do not conform to
the evidence of the Vester[] murders. To believe this statement, this [c]ourt
would have to accept the fact that Blanton killed the Vesters using two
different firearms and a knife. One inmate testified that Blanton mentioned an
“old man” while the other testified that “they” resisted and he had to kill
“them.” King testified that Blanton killed the “old man” in order to steal his
truck when in fact it was a car that was stolen. The supposed statement of
Blanton simply does not square with the known facts.

Even assuming by some miracle that Blanton had testified . . . as the
inmate witnesses related his statements to them, Blanton would have been
devastated on cross-examination using the known facts of the murders to such
an extent that his entire testimony would have been unbelievable.

The [c]ourt finds the proffered testimony would not have altered the
result of [the Defendant’s] trial. There is no “reasonable probability” that the
result of the proceeding would have been different.

After ruling for the State on the newly discovered evidence issue, Judge Burch found
no merit to any of the post-conviction claims regarding either the guilt or penalty phases of
the trial, concluding that as to each and every allegation, the Defendant failed to meet his
burden of proof demonstrating deficiency in performance or prejudice in the result. Judge
Burch further found from the proof offered that although the Defendant was in leg shackles
during the penalty phase of the trial, the shackles were hidden from the jury’s view, and that
he was not in shackles during the guilt phase of the trial. All other claims regarding the jury
instructions as to lesser included offenses and aggravating circumstances were rejected.
Judge Burch concluded, however, that counsel’s performance in the direct appeal was indeed
deficient, commenting as follows:

[A]ppellate counsels’ performance on appeal was abominable. Counsels’
performance fell far below the standard expected of counsel in the appeal of
a capital case (or any other case for that matter). Counsels’ appellate briefs
(both in the Court of Criminal Appeals and the Supreme Court) [were] a copy

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of [those] filed by . . . Quintero, often even containing allegations relating to
Quintero alone. Even then, the brief was filed late in the Court of Criminal
Appeals. The cause of this failure was different for each counsel. Mr.
Bagwell, lead counsel, had apparently begun his mental and physical decline
the reason for which this [c]ourt can only speculate. The onset was apparently
rapid and complete. He was, with varying degrees of success, attempting to
maintain a facade of normality while his actual performance dropped to below
substandard levels. He apparently devoted little time to his practice of law.
Ms. Roberts, on the other hand, was placed in an untenable position by Mr.
Bagwell’s decline. The proof at the [p]ost-[c]onviction hearing establishe[d]
that Ms. Roberts began to have communication problems with Mr. Bagwell
after the conviction[s] in this case. Ms. Roberts expected that Mr. Bagwell
would draft the motion for new [trial] but, in checking . . . , she discovered that
the motion had not been filed. Therefore, she hurriedly filed one herself. At
the time, Ms. Roberts didn’t notice that Mr. Bagwell was not attending to his
practice. Upon consulting with Mr. Bagwell, Ms. Roberts was advised that
Mr. Bagwell had an individual in his office who was engaged in condensing
the transcript into a narrative account. She received the document “a couple
of days before the brief was due.” Ms. Roberts continued to call Mr.
Bagwell’s office asking if there was anything that she should do in preparation
for the appeal. She did not receive a response to her inquiries. At that point,
Ms. Roberts was not overly concerned. She testified that Mr. Bagwell “had a
vast enough amount of experience in this and [had] tried a wonderful case, in
my estimation, and I thought [that] he was handling it.” With regard to the
writing of the brief [in] the Court of Criminal Appeals, Ms. Roberts testified
that Mr. Bagwell assured her that they would get an extension of time in which
to file the brief and that they would get together about the brief. At that time,
Ms. Roberts had no cause to think that he would . . . do otherwise. As the time
for filing the brief came and passed, Ms. Roberts became increasingly anxious
concerning the filing of the brief. Attempts to contact Mr. Bagwell were
usually unsuccessful. As secondary counsel, Ms. Roberts [was]
understandably reticent to “take matters in her own hands” since Mr. Bagwell
had assured her that the brief was being prepared. Later, Mr. Bagwell told her
that she would have to write the brief. By the time he told her this, there was
not sufficient time . . . to prepare an adequate brief. Ultimately, Mr. Bagwell
filed the brief, which was essentially a copy of Quintero’s brief. A number of
the issues in the brief filed by Mr. Bagwell did not pertain to [the Defendant].

The proceedings in the Supreme Court went about the same as in the
Court of Criminal Appeals except that Ms. Roberts waited for Mr. Bagwell to

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 file the brief and, when he did not, she took his previous brief, edited it and
filed it on time. Even so, she did not have time to file a [thorough] brief. Ms.
Roberts testified that it was “humiliating doing it the way that I did.” She said
it was an embarrassment for her to have her name associated with such shoddy
work. Ms. Roberts has practiced before this [c]ourt for many years and this
[c]ourt has never known her to be unprepared or even poorly prepared. She
testified that, in her sol[o] practice, she had never asked for an extension to file
an appellate brief. Mr. Bagwell did the oral arguments in both appellate
courts.

There is no question that the quality of the appellate representation of
[the Defendant] fell far below the standard expected of appellate counsel in a
capital case. Mr. Bagwell’s failure was due to his mental and physical decline
and Ms. Roberts[’] due to her reliance upon Mr. Bagwell and her uncertainty
concerning what action she should take because of her role as secondary
counsel. At the time, Ms. Roberts had no reason to think that Mr. Bagwell
would not perform the functions which he told her he would. . . . In any event,
[the Defendant] did not receive the level of representation to which he was
entitled. The answer to the first question of the Strickland inquiry is that
appellate counsel was ineffective.

(Citations omitted.)

While Judge Burch ruled that the level of counsel’s performance on appeal was
deficient, he also found that no prejudice resulted. In consequence, post-conviction relief
was denied.

After a lengthy recitation of the proof at trial and in the post-conviction proceedings,
the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed, holding first that Judge Burch had not abused his
discretionary authority by denying coram nobis relief. Quintero, 2008 WL 2649637, at *35.
The Court of Criminal Appeals further ruled that Judge Burch had properly denied post-
conviction relief, agreeing that the performance of counsel was deficient in the direct appeal,
but also ruling that the Defendant had been unable to establish any prejudice as a result of
the inadequate representation. Id. at *56-60. Moreover, the court concluded that even
though the Defendant’s attorneys had basically copied Quintero’s brief, there had been a
meaningful appellate review of his convictions and sentences because the defense theories
for the Defendant and Quintero were essentially the same. Id. at *58.

Because of obvious deficiencies in the quality of the brief filed by counsel for the
Defendant in the direct appeal of a capital case, this Court by per curiam order granted the

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Defendant a delayed appeal, remanded to the trial court for the appointment of new counsel
with the opportunity to amend the motion for new trial, and stayed the post-conviction
proceedings pending the final disposition of the delayed appeal. This Court further ruled as
follows:

The [Defendant] shall file his motion for new trial in the Circuit Court
for Humphreys County within thirty days from the issuance of this order. If
such motion is denied, then the [Defendant] shall proceed with the delayed
appeal under the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. The procedure after
the delayed appeal shall be governed by Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 28,
section 9[(D)](3), which states:

(a) Where a delayed appeal is granted and the petitioner is
unsuccessful on appeal, and new issues cognizable in a
post-conviction proceeding result from the handling of the
delayed appeal, the petitioner may amend the original
post-conviction petition to include such new issues.

(b) Where the post-conviction appeal has been stayed in the
[appellate court], the case may be remanded to the trial court for
the taking of evidence on any new issues resulting from an
unsuccessful delayed appeal.

Quintero v. State, No. M2005-02959-SC-R11-PD (Tenn. Oct. 30, 2009) (per curiam order)
(fourth alteration in original) (citations omitted).

Upon remand, Senior Judge Allen W. Wallace, who had presided over the trial and
had denied the Defendant’s original motion for new trial, was assigned to hear further
arguments by the Defendant on his original motion for new trial and any amendments filed
by his new counsel, Patrick T. McNally and Paul J. Bruno. Although counsel filed a new
motion in 2009 and an amended motion in 2011, Judge Wallace died before he could hold
a hearing. Upon the untimely death of Judge Wallace, Senior Judge Jon Kerry Blackwood
was assigned as a replacement for the delayed appeal.

D. Delayed Appeal
As a preliminary matter, Judge Blackwood confirmed his ability to serve as a
successor judge to Judge Wallace and explained that the proceedings would address the
Defendant’s original motion for new trial filed in 1992, as well as the new and amended
motions filed in November of 2009 and January of 2011. Judge Blackwood announced that
he would consider evidence from the post-conviction proceedings only as it related to the

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motions for new trial, but he declined to address any claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel at trial. Judge Blackwood did consider each of the following issues: (1) the
sufficiency of the evidence; (2) the prosecutor’s opening statements and closing arguments;
(3) prosecutorial misconduct; (4) the selection and empaneling of the jury and grand jury;
(5) the jury instructions provided at both phases of trial; (6) various evidentiary rulings by
the trial court; (7) the consolidation of presentments and defendants at trial; (8) the use of
shackles on the Defendant during both phases of his trial; (9) testimony given by several
experts; (10) the constitutionality of the aggravating circumstances found by the jury to
impose a sentence of death; and (11) the constitutionality of the death penalty in Tennessee.
Judge Blackwood also considered a re-asserted claim by the Defendant that he was entitled
to a writ of error coram nobis based on newly discovered evidence, practically all of which
had been filed and heard during the post-conviction proceedings before Judge Burch.

At the hearing conducted by Judge Blackwood, the Defendant, who served as his only
witness, provided testimony to supplement that offered at the post-conviction hearing. In
seeking a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence, the Defendant relied primarily
upon the testimony of Ronnie Cauthern, Terry Lynn King, and Celerino Quintero. He
admitted to being involved in the burglaries in the Leatherwood community but insisted that
he was not in that area at the time of the Vester murders, claiming that he was already in
Memphis with Quintero. He contended that Quintero’s father had driven from Texas to
Nashville to meet them and then driven them to Memphis, dropping them off near the
Greyhound bus station there. He asserted that Quintero’s father could not wait for the arrival
of Blanton because he had business back in Texas. The Defendant also introduced a
telephone record indicating that on June 20, 1988, at 11:33 p.m., a phone call was made from
one of the telephones at the bus station to the same area code as calls that had been made to
Quintero’s brother, Bryan, from one of the burglarized residences. In response to cross-
examination, the Defendant offered various excuses for not informing his trial counsel about
his alibi evidence—such as he was not paying close attention during the trial, did not think
the dates were relevant, and “didn’t [even] know [he] had an alibi.”

After the conclusion of the hearing, Judge Blackwood denied the Defendant’s motions
for new trial and his petition for coram nobis relief. On appeal to the Court of Criminal
Appeals, the Defendant claimed that Judge Blackwood should have granted him a new trial
on the following grounds: (1) Judge Wallace died before the motions for new trial had been
fully resolved; (2) new, exculpatory evidence had been discovered after the trial; (3) the
convicting evidence was insufficient; (4) the jury observed the Defendant in shackles during
the course of the trial; and (5) his trial counsel were ineffective in the investigation for
having failed to locate the telephone call from the Greyhound bus station in Memphis on the
date of the murders. The Court of Criminal Appeals rejected all claims and affirmed the
convictions and sentences. Hall, 2013 WL 5761311, at *23.

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 The Defendant has raised the following issues for review by this Court, many of
which mirror those filed in the Court of Criminal Appeals: (1) whether Judge Blackwood,
as a successor judge, was required to grant a new trial after the death of Judge Wallace;
(2) whether the Defendant is entitled to a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence;
(3) whether the evidence is sufficient to support his convictions; (4) whether trial counsel
were ineffective; (5) whether the Defendant was improperly shackled in the presence of the
jury; (6) whether the death penalty is unconstitutional; and (7) whether appellate review of
death sentences in Tennessee is substantively and procedurally inadequate. The Defendant
has also sought to preserve “all issues from his original direct appeal, on post-conviction, and
presented in the most recent motion for new trial pleadings.”

In an order filed August 22, 2014, this Court expressed its particular interest in the
first two issues raised by the Defendant, which relate to Judge Blackwood’s role as a
successor judge and the impact of the alleged newly discovered evidence submitted in
support of the Defendant’s re-asserted petition for writ of error coram nobis. We will also
address the use of shackles on the Defendant during his trial. As for the sufficiency of the
evidence and the propriety of the sentence of death, we will briefly address these issues that
were previously resolved by the original direct appeal. We decline to consider any of the
Defendant’s claims as to the ineffective assistance of trial counsel because those issues are
being held in abeyance pending the final disposition of this delayed appeal. As indicated in
our October 30, 2009 “Corrected Order,” the Defendant will be permitted to amend his
original post-conviction petition to include any issues that may arise from the handling of this
delayed appeal. Finally, in our view, any remaining claims raised by the Defendant but not
addressed in this opinion were satisfactorily addressed and rejected in prior decisions by this
Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, Judge Blackwood, and Judge Wallace. See State v.
Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121 (Tenn. 1998) (direct appeal); State v. Hall, No. M2012-00336-CCA-
R3-DD, 2013 WL 5761311 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 22, 2013) (delayed appeal).

III. Analysis
As indicated, we will address the following issues in this appeal: (1) whether Judge
Blackwood, as the successor judge, was required to grant a new trial after the death of Judge
Wallace; (2) whether the Defendant is entitled to a new trial based on “newly discovered
evidence” that was presented during the post-conviction proceedings and supplemented at
the hearing before Judge Blackwood; (3) whether the Defendant was improperly shackled
in the presence of the jury; (4) whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to
support the convictions; and (5) whether the sentence of death was imposed in accordance
with constitutional and statutory standards.

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 A. Role of the Successor Judge
The Defendant first contends that Judge Blackwood, as a successor judge, was obliged
to grant the motions for new trial due to the death of Judge Wallace, the original trial judge.
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 25 sets forth the general circumstances under which
a successor judge may be appointed to perform the duties of an original trial judge:

(b) A FTER V ERDICT OF G UILT. —

(1) IN G ENERAL. — After a verdict of guilty, any judge regularly
presiding in or who is assigned to a court may complete the court’s
duties if the judge before whom the trial began cannot proceed because
of absence, death, sickness, or other disability.

(2) G RANTING A N EW T RIAL. — The successor judge may grant a new
trial when that judge concludes that he or she cannot perform those
duties because of the failure to preside at the trial or for any other
reason.

The Defendant has challenged two of the duties performed by Judge Blackwood as a
successor judge: (1) approving the verdict as thirteenth juror; and (2) ruling upon the various
motions for new trial.

1. Approving a Verdict as Thirteenth Juror
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(d) provides that a “trial court may grant a
new trial following a verdict of guilty if it disagrees with the jury about the weight of the
evidence.” This procedural rule has been described as “the modern equivalent to the
‘thirteenth juror rule,’ whereby the trial court must weigh the evidence and grant a new trial
if the evidence preponderates against the weight of the verdict.” State v. Blanton, 926
S.W.2d 953, 958 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). The rationale behind the thirteenth juror rule is
that “[i]mmediately after the trial, the trial court judge is in the same position as the jury to
evaluate the credibility of witnesses and assess the weight of the evidence, based upon the
live trial proceedings.” State v. Moats, 906 S.W.2d 431, 434 (Tenn. 1995). Although trial
judges have a “mandatory duty to serve as the thirteenth juror in every criminal case,” a judge
is not required to provide a specific statement on the record to indicate his or her approval
of the jury’s verdict. State v. Carter, 896 S.W.2d 119, 122 (Tenn. 1995).

In rare cases, a successor judge may be appointed after a verdict of guilt has been
rendered by a jury but before the original trial judge has had an opportunity to issue a ruling

-22-
as the thirteenth juror.3 When this occurs, the successor judge, unlike the original trial judge,
is not in the same position as the jury and did not have the advantage of evaluating the
credibility of witnesses and assessing the weight of the evidence based upon live trial
proceedings. See State v. Brown, 53 S.W.3d 264, 275 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (“[I]t is
difficult to see how a trial judge who has not heard the evidence and who has not seen the
witnesses can act as the thirteenth juror when weight and credibility are issues.”). In these
circumstances, our Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the successor judge’s
consideration of whether he or she is able to perform the duties of the original trial judge
“must include an assessment of his or her ability to act as a thirteenth juror, including witness
credibility.” State v. Nail, 963 S.W.2d 761, 765 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). This assessment
requires the successor judge “to determine the extent to which witness credibility was a
factor in the case and the extent to which he [or she] ha[s] sufficient knowledge or records
. . . in order to decide whether the credible evidence . . . adequately supported the verdict.”
Id. at 766. More recently, in State v. Ellis, this Court elaborated upon the standards for
evaluating witness credibility. No. E2011-02017-SC-R11-CD, 2015 WL 154209 (Tenn. Jan.
13, 2015). Recognizing that “the cold record of a trial generally will reflect all but one of the
components that comprise” witness credibility, id. at *13, we adopted a rebuttable
presumption in favor of the successor judge ruling as thirteenth juror and held that “[o]nly
if the record indicates that weighing the evidence would require an assessment of witness
demeanor should the successor judge decline to act as the thirteenth juror,” id. at *15.

In this instance, the Defendant contends that Judge Blackwood abused his discretion
by determining that he could act as the thirteenth juror. The Defendant points out that Judge
Blackwood, as the successor judge, did not hear the evidence or see the witnesses, and,
therefore, could not make the necessary credibility determinations before deciding whether
the original jury verdicts were supported by the evidence. Notably, the Defendant has not
argued that Judge Wallace, as the original trial judge, failed to rule as thirteenth juror or
otherwise erred in this regard.

In our view, it was unnecessary for Judge Blackwood to act as the thirteenth juror at
the time of the delayed appeal because that function had previously been performed by Judge
Wallace immediately following the original trial. While Judge Wallace may not have
specifically stated that he acted as the thirteenth juror, he was not required to do so.
Moreover, it is clear from the record that Judge Wallace approved the verdicts rendered by
the jury. Indeed, after Judge Blackwood stated that he was performing the court’s duties as
thirteenth juror, he observed “that Judge Wallace also previously ruled as thirteenth juror in

3
Because the thirteenth juror rule contemplates that the trial judge will evaluate the evidence
immediately after the jury has rendered its verdict, trial judges should act expeditiously in ruling as the
thirteenth juror and should not delay this ruling until the hearing on a motion for new trial.

-23-
these cases.” In addition to his denial of the original motion for new trial, Judge Wallace
approved the verdicts and sentences in the Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 12 report that was
filed following the trial in this matter. Because the function of the thirteenth juror was
performed by Judge Wallace after the trial, Judge Blackwood was not required to assess the
evidence as thirteenth juror in this delayed appeal. Indeed, when this Court entered its
October 30, 2009 “Corrected Order” granting the delayed appeal, we directed the Defendant
to file a motion for new trial with the assistance of newly appointed appellate counsel; we
did not give any indication that the trial court would also need to make a new thirteenth juror
determination. In consequence, we will not disturb the thirteenth juror ruling made by Judge
Wallace immediately following the trial, and, therefore, we need not determine whether
Judge Blackwood was in a proper position to reconsider the thirteenth juror ruling in this
delayed appeal.4

2. Ruling Upon a Motion for New Trial
Initially, it is important to note that the Defendant has not asserted any claim as to the
merits of Judge Blackwood’s decision to deny the various motions for new trial except as
pertains to the alleged newly discovered evidence, which is raised in the coram nobis
petition, and the use of shackles on the Defendant. Instead, the Defendant primarily attacks
the procedures employed by Judge Blackwood in determining whether he was able to rule
upon the motions as a successor judge. Specifically, the Defendant contends that Judge
Blackwood “was required to grant [the Defendant’s motions for new trial] under the ex post
facto clause of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee and the law regarding judging the
credibility of the witnesses.”

The first aspect of the Defendant’s argument is based upon a statute that governs the
circumstances in which a successor judge may properly rule upon a motion for new trial.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 17-1-305 currently provides as follows:

When a vacancy in the office of trial judge exists by reason of death . . . , after
verdict, but before the hearing of the motion for new trial, the trial judge’s
successor shall rule on the defendant’s motion for new trial after the successor
judge has reviewed the transcript and entire record of the trial.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 17-1-305 (2009). At the time of the offenses and the trial of this case,

4
Although neither the State nor the Defendant has presented an argument as to the standard of
appellate review that should apply to the evaluation of witness credibility by a successor judge when
determining whether he or she is able to rule as thirteenth juror, this Court recently decided the issue as a
matter of first impression in Ellis, 2015 WL 154209, at *15 (“[A]n appellate court should review a successor
judge’s decision about whether he can act as the thirteenth juror under a de novo standard of review.”).

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however, the statute provided that in such circumstances “a new trial shall be granted the
losing party if the motion therefor shall have been filed within the time provided by rule of
the court and be undisposed of at the time of such death.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 17-1-305
(1980) (emphasis added). The Defendant asserts that he has been prejudiced by this change
in the law because a successor judge now has the discretion to consider whether he is able
to rule upon a motion for new trial and is no longer required to grant a new trial after the
death of the original trial judge.

We need not address the argument by the Defendant that this “new law presents a
prejudicial retrospective change . . . violating the ex post facto clause of the Constitution of
the State of Tennessee.” Even if we were to conclude that the 1980 version of section
17-1-305 should apply to Judge Blackwood’s 2012 decision that he was qualified to rule
upon the motions for new trial, the Defendant would not be entitled to relief under the terms
of the prior statute. The 1980 statute required a successor judge to grant a new trial if a
motion for new trial had been filed but remained “undisposed of at the time of [the original
trial judge’s] death.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 17-1-305 (1980). In this case, Judge Wallace, the
original trial judge, denied the Defendant’s original motion for new trial in 1992, nearly
twenty years before his death. Thus, the only motion for new trial that was filed during the
effective date of the prior statute was not “undisposed of at the time of [Judge Wallace’s]
death.” Likewise, the new and amended motions for new trial, which were filed in
November of 2009 and January of 2011, would not satisfy the plain language of the 1980
statute because those motions were not “filed within the time provided by rule of the court.”
At the time of the Defendant’s trial, as now, Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(b)
required that a motion for new trial be filed “within thirty days of the date the order of
sentence is entered.” The 2009 and 2011 motions were not presented to Judge Wallace
within thirty days of the order of the Defendant’s sentences because these motions exist only
by virtue of this delayed appeal. Because none of the Defendant’s motions for new trial fall
within the scope of the prior statute, its terms are inapplicable and do not afford a basis for
relief.

Applying the current version of Tennessee Code Annotated section 17-1-305, the
Defendant contends that Judge Blackwood should not have ruled upon the motions for new
trial because he was unable to weigh the credibility of the witnesses. The determination by
a successor judge when assessing whether he or she may perform the duties of the original
trial judge necessarily includes an evaluation of the extent to which witness credibility is an
issue. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 17-1-305 (2009); Tenn. R. Crim. P. 25(b)(2); State v. Blanton,
No. M2007-01384-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 537558, at *8-10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 4,
2009). Our Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that because a “successor judge was
not at the trial to see any of the witnesses testify and would [be] unable to make a credibility
determination from the written record[, a] successor judge cannot rule on a motion for a new

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trial if witness credibility is an overriding issue.” State v. Biggs, 218 S.W.3d 643, 655 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2006) (emphasis added); see also State v. Gillon, 15 S.W.3d 492, 502 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997) (“[A] judge whose first exposure to the case [is] presiding over the motion
for new trial [may] rule on the motion if the record [is] available so long as witness
credibility [is] not an overriding issue.”). Likewise, this Court has ruled that “[w]hen witness
credibility is the primary issue raised in the motion for new trial, the successor judge may not
approve the judgment and must grant a new trial.” State v. Cobbins, No.
E2012-00448-SC-R10-DD, slip op. at 2 (Tenn. May 24, 2012) (per curiam order) (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).

The Defendant contends that credibility was “unequivocally an overriding issue in this
case” and that Judge Blackwood erred by ruling otherwise. Initially, we make two
observations. First, to the extent the Defendant has argued the issue of witness credibility
as it relates to Judge Blackwood’s ability to approve the verdicts as thirteenth juror, we have
already determined that the thirteenth juror ruling by Judge Blackwood was unnecessary.
Second, to the extent the Defendant has challenged the credibility of the witnesses who
testified at the post-conviction hearing, we again point out that the post-conviction
proceedings have been stayed pending the resolution of this delayed appeal. Thus, as a
general matter, the evidence presented at the hearing on the post-conviction petition is not
within the scope of this appeal. The Defendant contends, however, that because Judge
Blackwood agreed to consider some of the evidence from the post-conviction proceedings
when ruling upon the motions for new trial, Judge Blackwood erred by determining that he
could rule upon the motions without assessing the credibility of the testimony presented
during the post-conviction hearing. The State responds that Judge Blackwood could not have
erred because he relied upon the credibility determinations made by the post-conviction
court—determinations that were affirmed by the Court of Criminal Appeals but are now
being held in abeyance by this Court.

In an order dated August 10, 2011, Judge Blackwood ruled that he would consider
“[t]he testimony or deposition testimony of the following witnesses”: Ronnie Cauthern, Terry
Lynn King, Celerino Quintero, Derrick Quintero, the Defendant, Zachary Pallay, Henry Clay
Skeleton, and Officer Danny Warren, each of whom testified at the evidentiary hearing on
the Defendant’s petition for post-conviction relief. It is clear from Judge Blackwood’s order
that he intended to consider this evidence as part of the Defendant’s motions for new trial,
which also re-asserted the petition for writ of error coram nobis. The post-conviction
testimony of Cauthern, King, Celerino Quintero, Derrick Quintero, the Defendant, and Pallay
was presented to establish the alleged newly discovered evidence to support an alibi defense.
In consequence, their testimony was relevant only in relation to Judge Blackwood’s
consideration of the coram nobis petition, and was not relevant to any of the other issues
raised in the motions for new trial. Because we will address the coram nobis petition in a

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separate section of this opinion, we need not consider whether the credibility of these
witnesses was an overriding issue that could have affected Judge Blackwood’s ability to rule
upon the motions for new trial.

As for the remaining two post-conviction witnesses named in the August 10, 2011
order—Skeleton and Officer Warren—Judge Blackwood specified that he would consider
their testimony as it related to the use of shackles on the Defendant. Because this is an issue
raised in the Defendant’s new and amended motions for new trial that were filed as a part of
this delayed appeal, we agree that this evidence was properly considered by Judge
Blackwood when determining whether he could rule on the motions for new trial. The
Defendant has also identified the testimony of several witnesses from the original trial in
support of his claim that witness credibility was an overriding issue and, therefore, Judge
Blackwood was precluded from considering the motions for new trial as a successor judge.
Specifically, the Defendant contends that his trial testimony and that of Pallay, Murray
Parker, Leroy Love, Thomas Pryor, Ben Spencer, and James Bruce present critical credibility
issues.

We have carefully reviewed the credibility arguments made by the Defendant in light
of the issues raised in each of his motions for new trial. In our view, witness credibility was
not presented as an overriding issue that might have rendered Judge Blackwood unable to
rule upon the motions. The Defendant raised at least sixty issues for consideration by Judge
Blackwood. In the original motion for new trial, the majority of the issues related to
evidentiary and procedural rulings by Judge Wallace and the empaneling and instructing of
the jury. The only issue that challenged the credibility of a witness was the allegation that
Judge Wallace erred by not allowing the Defendant to impeach Pallay with prior bad act
evidence. In addition to reiterating the issues raised in the original motion for new trial, the
majority of the issues raised in the Defendant’s new and amended motions for new trial
related to the sufficiency of the evidence, the ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the use
of shackles on the Defendant, prosecutorial misconduct, and the constitutionality of the death
penalty. The only additional issue raised for consideration in the delayed appeal that directly
related to witness credibility was an allegation that Dr. Harlan had provided false and
misleading testimony.

We note, however, that the Defendant has not identified Dr. Harlan as one of the
witnesses in support of his claim that credibility is an overriding issue. In any event, it is our
conclusion that the few issues challenging the veracity of a witness’ testimony, when
considered within the context of the three motions for new trial, are not sufficient to establish
witness credibility as the overriding or primary issue presented on appeal. Rather, the bulk
of the challenges raised by the Defendant are directed at the various procedural and
evidentiary decisions made by Judge Wallace prior to and during the trial, the statements

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made by the prosecutors, the ineffectiveness of trial counsel, the sufficiency of the evidence,
and the constitutionality of the death sentencing scheme in Tennessee. In consequence, the
Defendant has not established that witness credibility was such an overriding issue that Judge
Blackwood was unable to consider the motions for new trial.5 We note, again, that in this
delayed appeal the Defendant has not challenged the merits of Judge Blackwood’s decision
to deny the motions for new trial on any basis other than the alleged newly discovered
evidence, which we will address within the scope of the Defendant’s petition for coram nobis
relief, and the use of shackles on the Defendant in the presence of the jury, which we will
also address in a separate section of this opinion.

B. Coram Nobis
The Defendant contends that he is entitled to a new trial based upon “newly
discovered evidence” that was presented during the post-conviction proceedings and re-
asserted in this delayed appeal. Petitions for writs of error coram nobis in criminal cases are
governed by Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-26-105(b) (2012), which provides as
follows:

The relief obtainable by this proceeding shall be confined to errors dehors the
record and to matters that were not or could not have been litigated on the trial
of the case, on a motion for a new trial, on appeal in the nature of a writ of
error, on writ of error, or in a habeas corpus proceeding. Upon a showing by
the defendant that the defendant was without fault in failing to present certain
evidence at the proper time, a writ of error coram nobis will lie for
subsequently or newly discovered evidence relating to matters which were
litigated at the trial if the judge determines that such evidence may have
resulted in a different judgment, had it been presented at the trial.

In State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 673 (Tenn. 1999), this Court described the writ of error
coram nobis as an extraordinary procedural remedy which rarely produces results favorable
to a criminal defendant.

The burden of proof for the grant of coram nobis relief is indeed heavy. Trial courts
are required to grant a new trial based on newly discovered evidence only if the defendant

5
While our recent decision in Ellis discussed the standards to be applied by a successor judge when
evaluating witness credibility prior to ruling as thirteenth juror, we acknowledge here the closely related
question of whether a successor judge can rule on a motion for new trial when witness credibility is the
primary issue raised in the motion. See Ellis, 2015 WL 154209, at *8 & n.7. Because, however, in this
instance we have determined that witness credibility was not an overriding issue raised in the various motions
for new trial, we need not decide whether or how the holding from Ellis may apply in this context.

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proves each of the following three requirements: (1) that he or she was reasonably diligent
in seeking the evidence; (2) that the evidence is material; and (3) that the evidence is likely
to change the result of the trial. State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722, 737 (Tenn. 1994) (citing
State v. Goswick, 656 S.W.2d 355, 358-60 (Tenn. 1983)). Newly discovered evidence that
is “merely cumulative or ‘serves no other purpose than to contradict or impeach’ does not
warrant” coram nobis relief. Wlodarz v. State, 361 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting
State v. Hart, 911 S.W.2d 371, 375 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). Moreover, the credibility of
the newly discovered evidence is of paramount importance to its consideration in a petition
for writ of error coram nobis. This Court has held that

in a coram nobis proceeding, the trial judge must first consider the newly
discovered evidence and be “reasonably well satisfied” with its veracity. If the
defendant is “without fault” in the sense that the exercise of reasonable
diligence would not have led to a timely discovery of the new information, the
trial judge must then consider both the evidence at trial and that offered at the
coram nobis proceeding in order to determine whether the new evidence may
have led to a different result.

State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 527 (Tenn. 2007) (first emphasis added); see also State
v. Bowers, 77 S.W.3d 776, 784 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (“An assessment of the witnesses’
credibility by the trial court is essential in order for the trial court to determine whether the
evidence is likely to change the result of the trial.” (emphasis added)). The decision whether
to grant coram nobis relief rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Harris v. State,
301 S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tenn. 2010).

The Defendant presented his alleged “newly discovered evidence” during the
evidentiary hearing on his petition for post-conviction relief, which was conducted by Judge
Burch, and later supplemented that evidence with his own testimony at the evidentiary
hearing on remand for the delayed appeal, which was conducted by Judge Blackwood. At
the hearing before Judge Burch, death row inmates Cauthern and King essentially testified
that prior to his death in 1999, Blanton had claimed sole responsibility for the murders of the
Vesters and had expressed to Cauthern and King that the Defendant and Quintero had not
participated in the crimes. The Defendant, Quintero, and Quintero’s father testified in an
attempt to establish an alibi defense, asserting that the Defendant and Quintero had already
left the area when the Vesters were murdered on June 20, 1988. At the hearing before Judge
Blackwood, the Defendant pointed to the testimony of Cauthern, King, and Celerino
Quintero as the primary basis of his effort to be granted a new trial based upon newly
discovered evidence.

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 Judge Burch and Judge Blackwood both denied the Defendant’s petition for writ of
error coram nobis, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed these decisions in the post-
conviction case and in this delayed appeal. Hall, 2013 WL 5761311, at *19; Quintero, 2008
WL 2649637, at *35. At each stage of these proceedings, the credibility of the Defendant’s
“newly discovered evidence” has been called into question. Judge Burch, for example, was
highly skeptical that “Blanton, a twice-convicted murderer, would have sacrificed his own
case (and possibly his life) to aid [the Defendant] and to insure that justice was served.” He
also noted that Blanton’s alleged statement to Cauthern and King “simply [did] not square
with the known facts.” On post-conviction review, the Court of Criminal Appeals further
observed that Blanton’s alleged statement to Cauthern and King was necessarily made prior
to Blanton’s death in 1999, which was well over two years before either of the two men
notified the Defendant, Quintero, or their counsel of the contents of Blanton’s statement.
Quintero, 2008 WL 2649637, at *34. The court described the timing of the discovery of the
proffered evidence as “suspicious,” having an adverse effect upon the credibility of the
testimony. Id. Later, on review of Judge Blackwood’s decision in the delayed appeal, the
Court of Criminal Appeals again expressed its doubts as follows:

The foundation of the [Defendant’s] entire newly discovered evidence claim
simply cannot stand on its own. He would have the courts believe that he did
not reveal evidence supporting his alibi because he did not pay attention during
the trial in which his life was literally on the line. Like Judge Blackwood, we
choose not to believe the [Defendant’s] explanation. His self-serving attempt
now to manufacture a different defense about which he should well have
already known does not gain him any favor. The [Defendant’s] testimony is
simply not credible. Similarly, the testimony of Cauthern and King is equally
unbelievable . . . .

Hall, 2013 WL 5761311, at *19 (emphasis added).

We agree with these statements as to the veracity of the alleged newly discovered
evidence. In our view, credibility was an issue only in the sense that the testimony of the
Defendant, Quintero, Quintero’s father, and the two witnesses on death row, each claiming
that a deceased inmate had taken full responsibility for the murders, was absolutely
incredible—as found by Judges Burch and Blackwood. Moreover, neither the Defendant nor
Quintero could explain why they had not informed their attorneys about their alibis prior to
trial. From all appearances, the Defendant has simply attempted to take advantage of
Blanton’s death in order to manufacture an alternative defense which, if true, could have
been presented at trial. In consequence, Judge Blackwood did not abuse his discretion by
denying the re-asserted petition for writ of error coram nobis because the Defendant is not
entitled to a new trial based upon “newly discovered evidence.”

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 C. Use of Shackles
The Defendant contends that he is entitled to a new trial because one of the jurors,
Henry Clay Skeleton, observed him in shackles “during the course of the trial.” In his brief
to this Court, the Defendant has not specified at which stage of the trial Skeleton allegedly
saw him wearing shackles. As Judge Blackwood noted, the Defendant raised the shackling
issue in his new and amended motions for new trial, but only as to the penalty phase. When
the Defendant attempted to argue, in a post-hearing brief, that he had also been improperly
shackled during the guilt phase, Judge Blackwood dismissed this claim as unsupported by
the testimony of Skeleton and Officer Warren, the Deputy Sheriff who was responsible for
transporting the Defendant to and from the courtroom each day for trial. The Court of
Criminal Appeals affirmed, finding that the record did not support the Defendant’s claim that
he was shackled during the guilt phase of the trial, and that although the Defendant was
shackled during the penalty phase and may have been observed by Skeleton at that time, the
use of shackles was permissible under the circumstances of this case and did not influence
the sentences imposed by the jury. Hall, 2013 WL 5761311, at *21-22.

It is a well-settled principle of due process that every defendant in a criminal case
must be afforded the “physical indicia of innocence.” Kennedy v. Cardwell, 487 F.2d 101,
104 (6th Cir. 1973); Mobley v. State, 397 S.W.3d 70, 100 (Tenn. 2013). The use of shackles
during a trial, for example, has been specifically condemned absent certain safeguards
designed to assure that it would not influence the issue of innocence or guilt. State v. Smith,
639 S.W.2d 677, 681 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982) (citing Willocks v. State, 546 S.W.2d 819,
822 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976)). As the United States Supreme Court has explained, because
the use of physical restraints on defendants during trial is “an affront to the very dignity and
decorum of judicial proceedings,” restraints such as shackles may only be used as “a last
resort.” Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 344 (1970).

While we are mindful of the “legal presumption against the use of in-court restraints,”
Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 101 (citing Willocks, 546 S.W.2d at 821), we also recognize that a
decision regarding the use of shackles on a defendant is entrusted to the discretion of the trial
court, id. at 99 (citing Willocks, 546 S.W.2d at 821-22). See also State v. Thompson, 832
S.W.2d 577, 581-82 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991) (“Obviously, the allowance of shackles,
approved in Willocks, indicates that the due process right involved is a qualified one which
depends upon the circumstances of each case.”). To guide the determination of whether the
use of shackles may be appropriate, this Court has explained the balance between due process
principles and a particularized need for restraints as follows:

Tennessee law, consistent with federal precedent, affords the trial court
discretion with respect to the decision to employ shackles, but the State bears
the burden of demonstrating necessity. As for those reasons supporting the use

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 of shackles, Tennessee law has recognized preventing the escape of the
defendant, protecting individuals in the courtroom, and maintaining order
during trial.

When requiring shackles, the trial court must place findings of necessity
on the record. In fact, the better practice is to hold a hearing so that factual
disputes may be resolved and evidence concerning the use of shackles may be
placed in the record. The trial court must employ the least drastic security
measure necessary to accomplish the objective. Lastly, in the event the
defendant is shackled in view of the jury, the trial court must give a cautionary
instruction that the shackling should not influence the jury’s decision.

....

. . . The trial court should consider all relevant circumstances, including
without limitation: (1) the defendant’s circumstances, such as record of past
behavior, temperament, and the desperateness of his or her situation; (2) the
state of the courtroom and courthouse; (3) the defendant’s physical condition;
and (4) whether there is a less onerous but adequate means of providing
security. The trial court should consider the relevant circumstances against the
backdrop of affording the defendant the physical indicia of innocence,
ensuring the defendant’s ability to communicate with counsel, protecting the
defendant’s ability to participate in his or her defense and offer testimony in
his or her own behalf, and maintaining a dignified judicial process.

Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 99-101 (citations omitted).

Applying these principles to the facts of this case, we are unable to conclude that the
use of shackles in this instance was inappropriate. First, the record does not support the
Defendant’s contention that he was shackled during the guilt phase of the trial. On March
5, 1991, Judge Wallace entered a pre-trial order requiring that the Defendant and Quintero
be given “street clothing or such clothing that does not demonstrate to the jury that they are
prisoners” and that they “not be chained, handcuffed or restrained in the presence of the jury
so long as they conduct themselves in such a manner consistent with an orderly trial in this
cause.” It does not appear that the shackling issue was mentioned again until December 2,
1991, when the following discussion took place immediately before the jury was brought into
the courtroom to begin the penalty phase of the trial:

[Defendant’s counsel:] Your Honor, . . . has it already been ruled that our
clients will remain in shackles?

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 The Court: No.

[Defendant’s counsel:] I’d like to ask that they be removed.

The Court: No. I don’t think you can — you probably can’t
see them from the jury box . . . .

The Sheriff: I went over there and checked and you can’t see
them from over there.

The Court: Okay. I’ll leave the leg irons on then, because
they’re under the table and they can’t be seen
from the jury box.

....

[Quintero’s counsel:] For the record, Your Honor, we would like to
state that Mr. Quintero is also in shackles. I
didn’t even notice, but just for the purpose of the
record —

The Court: Just the leg irons, and they’re under the table.
And the Sheriff has walked at every box in the
jury and he can’t see them, [they] cannot be seen.
And the [S]heriff is responsible for security, and
that’s what he wants to do. I’m going to allow the
leg shackles to remain.

If some emergency arises, I’ll excuse the jury and
the jury won’t ever see them. The jury can’t see
them from where they are now. Bring the jury
back in.

Moreover, the Defendant has not demonstrated that the use of shackles was an abuse
of the trial court’s discretion. In his brief to this Court, the Defendant devotes less than half
a page to the shackling issue, asserting that he is entitled to a new trial simply because
Skeleton saw him in shackles during the course of the trial. This argument, however, ignores
the fact that the use of shackles on a defendant is not, in itself, sufficient to establish a due
process violation. Rather, the physical indicia of innocence is a qualified right that depends
upon the circumstances of each case.

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 Here, the Defendant and Quintero, who were on trial in the same rural courthouse at
the same time, had committed multiple offenses following their joint escape from a Kentucky
state prison. In addition to the escape in this case, Quintero had escaped from custody on two
prior occasions. The Defendant had been convicted in Kentucky as a persistent felony
offender. Charged with two counts of first degree felony murder, four counts of grand
larceny, and three counts of first degree burglary, the Defendant was facing the possibility
of another lengthy sentence in Tennessee. The record reflects that security was a specific
concern at the jail and at the courthouse during the trial. Based on these facts, we conclude
that the State made a specific showing of necessity for restraints, and, therefore, Judge
Wallace did not abuse his discretion by permitting the use of shackles on the Defendant. See,
e.g., State ex rel. Hall v. Meadows, 389 S.W.2d 256, 259-60 (Tenn. 1965) (allowing use of
handcuffs on four-time escapee); Thompson, 832 S.W.2d at 582 (identifying security risk
based on prior attempted escape); Rivera v. State, 443 S.W.2d 675, 679 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1969) (allowing use of handcuffs on two-time escapee).

Finally, the Defendant has not presented any evidence to support his claim that the use
of shackles improperly influenced the jury during either the guilt or penalty phase of the trial.
At the post-conviction hearing, only one juror testified that he had seen the Defendant in
shackles as he was brought into the courtroom at some unspecified time “during the course
of the trial.” Officer Warren testified that although the Defendant was shackled and
handcuffed during transportation to and from the courtroom each day, the handcuffs and leg
shackles were removed before the jury entered the courtroom and were placed back onto the
Defendant only after the jury had exited the courtroom. Further, the original trial record
reveals that Judge Wallace took several precautions to ensure that the leg shackles were not
visible to the jury during the penalty phase. In consequence, the Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

D. Sufficiency of the Evidence
As he did on the original direct appeal, the Defendant argues that the evidence at trial
was insufficient to support his convictions. The Court of Criminal Appeals declined to
address the sufficiency of the evidence in this delayed appeal, citing to the doctrine of “the
law of the case,” which typically precludes the reconsideration of issues already decided in
prior appeals of the same case. State v. Jefferson, 31 S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting
Memphis Publ’g Co. v. Tenn. Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Bd., 975 S.W.2d 303,
306 (Tenn. 1998)). The rationale behind the doctrine is that a ruling is binding on subsequent
trials or appeals of the same case if the facts in the second trial or appeal are essentially the
same as the facts in the initial trial or appeal. Memphis Publ’g Co., 975 S.W.2d at 306.
Notwithstanding this general rule, however, courts may reconsider issues that have been
previously determined if one of the following exceptions applies:

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 (1) the evidence offered at the [subsequent proceeding] was substantially
different from the evidence at the first proceeding; (2) the prior ruling was
clearly erroneous and would result in a manifest injustice if allowed to stand;
or (3) the prior decision is contrary to a change in the controlling law occurring
between the first and second [proceeding].

State v. Carter, 114 S.W.3d 895, 902 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Jefferson, 31 S.W.3d at 561).

While the doctrine of the law of the case can be a useful tool for the sake of judicial
economy and consistency, the doctrine is neither a constitutional mandate nor a limitation on
this Court’s power. Memphis Publ’g Co., 975 S.W.2d at 306 (citing 5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate
Review § 605 (1995); Ladd ex rel. Ladd v. Honda Motor Co., 939 S.W.2d 83, 90 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1996)). “Rather, it is a longstanding discretionary rule of judicial practice . . . .” Id.
(emphasis added) (citing Ladd, 939 S.W.2d at 90). In consequence, the doctrine is not a rule
of law but is “merely a practice to guide the court[s].” State v. Scarbrough, No. E2003-
02850-CCA-R9-CD, 2004 WL 2280423, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 11, 2004) (quoting
Brett T. Parks, McDonald’s Corp. v. Hawkins and “The Law of the Case” Doctrine in
Arkansas, 50 Ark. L. Rev. 127, 131 (1997)). In this instance, while we agree with the Court
of Criminal Appeals that the circumstances do not qualify for review under any of the three
exceptions to the doctrine of the law of the case, we have chosen to exercise our discretion
to review the sufficiency of the evidence.6 Although this issue was raised in the Defendant’s
original motion for new trial and was considered by the Court of Criminal Appeals on direct
appeal, the Defendant was granted a delayed appeal in this capital case due to the obvious
shortcomings of his counsel on the original direct appeal. Under these circumstances, the
law of the case doctrine does not prohibit this Court from reconsidering the sufficiency of
the evidence. See, e.g., State v. Harris, 919 S.W.2d 323, 334 (Tenn. 1996) (recognizing a
“heightened regard for the imperatives of fundamental fairness and substantial justice” in
capital case procedures because “death is different from all other penalties and . . . is severe
beyond rectification”).

Although the Defendant claims that the evidence at trial was insufficient because it
was entirely circumstantial, the law governing the sufficiency of the evidence, in particular
with regard to circumstantial evidence, has not changed in his favor since the prior rulings

6
If we had determined that the Defendant presented newly discovered evidence in support of his
petition for writ of error coram nobis, then the evidence offered upon remand for the delayed appeal would
have been substantially different from the evidence presented at the original trial, and, therefore, the first
exception to the doctrine would apply. Because, however, we have rejected the Defendant’s alleged newly
discovered evidence for its lack of credibility, this proof will not be considered as part of our sufficiency of
the evidence analysis.

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on this issue. On the original direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals, in finding that
the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to support the convictions, relied upon the law in
effect at the time—that although a crime may be established by direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two, a conviction based solely upon
circumstantial evidence requires that the facts and circumstances be so strong and cogent as
to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except the guilt of the defendant, which must
be established beyond a reasonable doubt. Hall, 1997 WL 92080, at *16 (citing State v.
Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987); State v. Crawford, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612-13
(Tenn. 1971)). On further direct appeal, this Court affirmed. Hall, 976 S.W.2d at 123-24,
136. Now, in his brief to this Court on the delayed appeal, the Defendant continues to rely
on case law requiring that circumstantial evidence “weave a web of guilt” that allows no
other inference to be made by a reasonable jury. See, e.g., State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739,
763 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).

In 2011, however, this Court departed from the rationale of these prior decisions and
adopted the federal standard for determining whether circumstantial evidence is sufficient
to support a conviction, holding that “direct and circumstantial evidence should be treated
the same when weighing the sufficiency of such evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d
370, 381 (Tenn. 2011); see also State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d 641, 662 (Tenn. 2013) (“In
Dorantes, this Court abolished any distinction between the standard of proof required at trial
in cases based solely upon circumstantial evidence and that in cases where direct evidence
of guilt is presented by the State.”). In consequence, when the sufficiency of the evidence
is challenged on appeal, the relevant question is simply whether, after reviewing the
evidence—direct, circumstantial, or both—in the light most favorable to the State, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “Because
a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt,
the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that the evidence was legally
insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)
(citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992)). Although we review de novo the
application of the law to the facts, Jordan v. Knox Cnty., 213 S.W.3d 751, 763 (Tenn. 2007)
(citing State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 247-48 (Tenn. 2005)), we cannot substitute our
own inferences for those drawn by the factfinders at trial, State v. Lewter, 313 S.W.3d 745,
747-48 (Tenn. 2010). With these standards in mind, we now turn to review the evidence in
support of the Defendant’s convictions.

The Defendant was found guilty of two counts of first degree felony murder, which
the trial court defined for the jury as “kill[ing] any person during the perpetration of, or
attempt to perpetrate[,] any first degree burglary.” This offense required the State to prove
that the Defendant unlawfully killed Myrtle and Buford Vester during the perpetration of or

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attempt to perpetrate a first degree burglary, and that the Defendant specifically intended to
commit the first degree burglary. As charged by the trial court in relation to the Vester,
Cherry, and Foster residences, the offense of first degree burglary required the State to prove
that the Defendant “did break and enter the alleged dwelling place . . . with the intent to
commit the felony of larceny therein[,] . . . that the structure was occupied permanently or
temporarily as a dwelling[,] . . . and . . . that the offense occurred during the nighttime.” As
to the related four larceny convictions based on items taken from the Vester, Cherry, and
Foster residences, the offense of grand larceny required the State to prove that the Defendant
took personal goods of a victim without the victim’s consent, that the Defendant carried away
the personal goods with the intent to permanently deprive the victim of the goods, and that
the goods were valued at more than two hundred dollars. The lesser included offense of petit
larceny required the State to prove the same elements except that a petit larceny conviction
required the goods to be valued at two hundred dollars or less.

The State’s theory at trial was that all of these crimes were intertwined, occurring at
various residences within the Leatherwood community in Stewart County over a period of
four or five days following the Defendant’s prison escape from nearby Eddyville, Kentucky
on June 16, 1988. Although fellow inmates Sherman, Spurling, and Cook were captured in
the vicinity of the prison within two days of their escape, the Defendant, Quintero, Blanton,
Montgomery, and Hudson were able to avoid the authorities. Pallay, who was acquainted
with Quintero and knew that he was familiar with the Leatherwood area, notified the Stewart
County Sheriff’s Department that Quintero might seek refuge there. The police also received
reports from other sources that suspicious individuals were in the area following the prison
escape. At one point, the police spotted and chased some unidentified men in the woods but
were unable to overtake them.

Between June 18 and 21, 1988, seven Leatherwood residences were broken into: the
residences of Jim McMinn, Essie Settles, Alfred Cherry, Thomas Harris, Neal Foster, John
and Virginia Crawford, and Myrtle and Buford Vester. While the Defendant’s various
convictions related to events occurring at the Vester, Cherry, and Foster residences, the
evidence also established his presence at the Harris and Crawford residences. Knives,
paperweights, and other items were taken from the Cherry residence, some of which were
later found at the Foster residence and inside the stolen truck that was used in the escape
from Kentucky. Five long-distance telephone calls were made from the Harris
residence—three calls to Quintero’s brother in Texas and two calls to the Defendant’s
girlfriend in Pennsylvania. Guns, ammunition, silver dollars, and other items were taken
from the Foster residence, where the Defendant’s fingerprint was found on a soft drink can.
The Defendant’s thumbprint was also found on a can of ham inside the Crawford residence.
A glove taken from the Crawford residence matched a glove found outside of the Vester
residence.

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 On June 20, 1988, two fishermen heard five gunshots between 11:00 p.m. and
midnight, all coming from the direction of the Vester residence. On June 22, the bodies of
Myrtle and Buford Vester were discovered inside their residence. Both victims had been shot
at least once from the outside of the residence and had been shot a total of five times with
three different weapons. The police determined that the perpetrators had gained entry
through a window in the back bedroom. Broken shards of glass and spent shotgun shells
were found throughout the interior of the residence. The Vesters’ 1985 Pontiac was missing,
as were several packages of Pepsi. When the Vesters’ Pontiac was later discovered at the
funeral home in Memphis, it contained a shotgun and ammunition that had been taken from
the Foster residence, a flashlight that had been taken from the Crawford residence, and the
Pepsi packages that had been taken from the Vester residence. Employees of the funeral
home testified that three men exited the Pontiac and abandoned the vehicle. Soon thereafter,
three men, later identified as Blanton, Quintero, and the Defendant, were spotted at the
Greyhound bus station in Memphis. Two other witnesses identified Blanton, Quintero, and
the Defendant as the three men who traded silver dollars for services at the Blue Movies
West in Memphis and tried to pawn several other items. Foster was later able to identify the
silver dollars as those taken from his residence.

Taken in the light most favorable to the State, all of this evidence, although primarily
circumstantial, was sufficient for a rational juror to have found the essential elements of each
of the crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. The proof at trial established that the Defendant
participated in the string of break-ins occurring within and around the Leatherwood
community in the days immediately following his escape from prison. As to the larceny
convictions, numerous items of value were taken from the Vester, Cherry, and Foster
residences, some of which were recovered in other locations and others that were never
recovered, clearly indicating an intent to permanently deprive the victims of their property.
On the direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals properly merged the dual larceny
convictions for items taken from the Vester residence. As to the burglary convictions, the
evidence demonstrated that the residences were broken into and that larcenies were
committed therein. The fact that some of the victims were not at home and that some of the
residences were seasonal or temporary does not preclude a conviction for burglary. Although
the exact time of each burglary could not be determined—other than the crimes that took
place at the Vester residence between 11:00 p.m. and midnight on June 20—there was
sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that each of the burglaries occurred “during the
nighttime” at some point over the course of several days immediately following the
Defendant’s escape from prison. Finally, as to the felony murder convictions, it is
undisputed that Myrtle and Buford Vester died as a result of their injuries, which were
inflicted during the course of a first degree burglary in which the Defendant participated. In
summary, the Defendant has failed to show that the evidence at trial was legally insufficient
to sustain the guilty verdicts.

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 E. Capital Sentencing in Tennessee
As for the Defendant’s claims that our capital sentencing scheme is unconstitutional
and is substantively and procedurally inadequate, this Court has repeatedly and consistently
rejected the various arguments raised by the Defendant. See, e.g., State v. Pruitt, 415 S.W.3d
180, 222-23 (Tenn. 2013). Specifically as to the Defendant’s sentence of death, this Court
previously conducted its statutorily mandated review in the original direct appeal, and the
sentence of death was affirmed. Hall, 976 S.W.2d at 135-39. The Defendant has not
presented any new arguments to challenge the propriety of his death sentence, and, therefore,
we need not revisit the issue in this delayed appeal.

IV. Conclusion
After careful review, we conclude that the Defendant is not entitled to a new trial or
a writ of error coram nobis. The judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals is, therefore,
affirmed. The post-conviction proceedings that were held in abeyance pending resolution
of this appeal will be resumed by order of this Court in the case styled Quintero v. State, No.
M2005-02959-SC-R11-PD, and the Defendant will be permitted to amend his post-
conviction petition to assert any new claims of ineffective assistance of counsel as a result
of the handling of the delayed appeal. It appearing that the Defendant is indigent, costs of
this delayed appeal are taxed to the State of Tennessee.

_________________________________
GARY R. WADE, JUSTICE

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