Mark Vernon Moore v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-12-00787-CR

Mark Vernon Moore, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR11-0929, HONORABLE GARY L. STEEL, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury convicted appellant Mark Vernon Moore of the offense of continuous sexual

abuse of a young child and assessed punishment at life imprisonment.1 The district court rendered

judgment on the jury’s verdict. In twelve points of error on appeal, Moore challenges the sufficiency

of the evidence supporting his conviction; the constitutionality of the statute under which he was

charged; rulings and comments made by the district court during jury selection; various evidentiary

rulings made by the district court before and during trial; and a comment made by the prosecutor

during closing argument. We will affirm the judgment of conviction.

1
See Tex. Penal Code § 21.02.
 BACKGROUND

Moore was charged with committing two or more acts of sexual abuse against his

stepdaughter, K.M., during a period lasting longer than thirty days, between the dates of June 20,

2008 and June 20, 2011. Evidence considered by the jury during trial, which we discuss in more

detail below as it becomes relevant to Moore’s issues on appeal, included the testimony of: K.M.,

who was thirteen years old at the time of trial; officers with the Kyle Police Department who had

investigated the offense; Janie Mott, a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) who had examined

K.M.; Melissa Rodriguez, a forensic interviewer who had interviewed K.M. on two occasions

concerning the abuse; relatives of K.M., who testified regarding their observations of Moore’s

behavior when he was around the child; and several defense witnesses, including Moore. Also

admitted into evidence were video recordings of Moore’s interview with police prior to his arrest;

K.M.’s interviews with Rodriguez; and sexual devices that had been used or exhibited by Moore,

according to the State, during his commission of some of the acts of abuse.

The jury found Moore guilty as charged and assessed punishment at life

imprisonment. After the district court rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict, Moore filed a motion

for new trial that was overruled by operation of law. This appeal followed.

Sufficiency of the evidence

A person commits the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child if, during

a time period of thirty or more days, that person commits two or more acts of sexual abuse against

a child.2 An “act of sexual abuse” is an act that violates one or more specified penal laws, among

2
Tex. Penal Code § 21.02(b)(1).

2
them indecency with a child by contact, sexual assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault

of a child, and sexual performance by a child.3 In his first point of error, Moore challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence relating to the timing element of the offense. Specifically, Moore asserts

that K.M.’s trial testimony is vague and does not include references to specific dates or times when

the acts of abuse were alleged to have occurred. As a result, Moore claims, the jury could not have

found beyond a reasonable doubt that he had committed two or more separate acts of abuse,

occurring more than thirty days apart, during the period charged in the indictment. We disagree.

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider

all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational

jury could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.4 We must

consider all the evidence in the record, whether direct or circumstantial or properly or improperly

admitted.5 We assume that the jury resolved conflicts in the testimony, weighed the evidence, and

drew reasonable inferences in a manner that supports the verdict, and we defer to the jury’s

determinations of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.6

At trial, K.M. testified that she was then thirteen years old and in the eighth grade.

She further testified that, when she was in fourth grade, her family, which included her mother, her

sister, her maternal grandmother, and Moore, had moved from Indiana to a house on Goldenrod

3
Id. § 21.02(c); see id. §§ 21.11(a)(1) (indecency with child by contact), 22.011 (sexual
assault); 22.021 (aggravated sexual assault), 43.25 (sexual performance by child).
4
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
5
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
6
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010); Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.04.

3
Street in Kyle. K.M. explained that the first incident of sexual abuse occurred at the house on

Goldenrod when she was nine years old. She recounted that she and her sister were sleeping with

Moore in his bed when he “rolled over” and touched her sexual organ with his hand. K.M. testified

to other sexual acts committed by Moore while the family resided at the house on Goldenrod,

describing in detail incidents in which Moore showed her a sexual device that belonged to her

mother; showed her pornography on his cell phone; entered the bathroom to observe her while she

was showering; masturbated in front of her, sometimes while forcing her to touch his sexual organ

while he masturbated; and “rubbed” her breasts with his hands.7

K.M. testified that when she was eleven, her family moved to a new house in Kyle

on Spring Branch Drive, where, she recounted, Moore’s acts of abuse increased in frequency and

severity. K.M. described a “routine” that Moore established with her in which he would make her

come into his room around 3:00 a.m. “[e]very night that [her] mom was gone” at work. K.M.

explained that during these encounters, he would sexually abuse her in various ways, and she

described these acts in detail and testified that such acts “happened a lot.” She recounted that certain

acts involving oral sex first occurred when she was eleven and continued “for over a year” until she

was twelve and decided to report the abuse. Although K.M. could not recall a specific date when

7
Under section 21.02, any incidents involving contact with K.M.’s breasts are not
considered acts of sexual abuse for the purposes of the continuous-sexual-abuse statute. See
Tex. Penal Code § 21.02(c)(2). Similarly, certain extraneous acts such as showing K.M.
pornography are not considered acts of sexual abuse for purposes of the statute. See id. § 21.02(c)
(defining “act of sexual abuse”). However, the jury may consider these incidents as circumstantial
evidence that Moore had engaged in other conduct that could form the basis for his conviction. See
Kuhn v. State, 393 S.W.3d 519, 526 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (citing Martin v. State,
335 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
art. 38.37)).

4
Moore made her perform oral sex on him, she testified that this was “[b]ecause it happened too

much.” She testified that he made her do so for “over a year” “up until [she] told” others about the

abuse. She explained that she would develop a sore throat “twice a month, at least,” during this time

period, which she attributed to the frequency in which Moore had made her perform oral sex on him.

K.M. further testified that while the family resided on Spring Branch, Moore had performed oral sex

on her on multiple occasions; penetrated her with a sexual device; and forced her to take photographs

of herself with her breasts exposed.

In sum, contrary to Moore’s assertions, K.M. was able to provide specific details

regarding the acts of abuse, including where they occurred and her age and grade in school at the

time they occurred. Beyond that, moreover, the jury heard other evidence from which it could have

reasonably inferred that Moore had committed two or more acts of abuse over a period of thirty days

or more. This evidence included two video recordings of forensic interviews of K.M. conducted by

Melissa Rodriguez, the program director at the children’s advocacy center in San Marcos. These

statements generally track K.M.’s trial testimony and, the jury could have reasonably inferred, shed

additional light on the time period during which the abuse had occurred. During the first interview,

K.M. stated that when she was eleven years old, Moore had penetrated her sexual organ with his

sexual organ one time while she was in the bathroom. During the interview, K.M. also described

a separate incident that occurred on Valentine’s Day when she was eleven years old. K.M. recounted

that during this incident, Moore had “knocked” her down onto her bed when she was wearing only

a towel and had attempted to penetrate her again. K.M. also told Rodriguez during the interview that

Moore had placed his fingers inside her sexual organ “more than ten or twenty times for sure”and

made her perform oral sex on him “more than once” and at least “ten or twenty” times. K.M. also

5
described to Rodriguez the most recent incident, which occurred “a couple of weeks or days” before

the interview. K.M. explained that Moore had entered her room at night, told her to pull down

her pants, and then squeezed her breasts, hurting her. K.M. also stated that Moore had shown her

pornographic websites as recently as three or four weeks before the interview. During her second

interview with Rodriguez, K.M. provided additional details and described other acts, including

Moore forcing her to take showers with him;8 ejaculating on various parts of her body; and forcing

her to perform oral sex on him while he performed oral sex on her.

Janie Mott, the SANE nurse who had examined K.M., also testified, and a copy of

Mott’s report from the examination was admitted into evidence. The report contained a sexual-

assault history given by K.M. to Mott, repeating some of the details summarized above. Among

other things, K.M. described how Moore would force her to perform oral sex on him, stating that the

last time he had done so “was about a month” prior to the SANE exam. Similarly, K.M. stated to

Mott that the last time Moore had put his fingers in her sexual organ was “about 2 weeks ago.” Mott

testified that her physical examination of K.M. uncovered evidence of trauma to K.M.’s hymen,

which Mott found to be unusual because “85 to 95 percent of the time” in cases of child sexual

abuse, there is no evidence of trauma.

In summary, the jury could have reasonably found that K.M. was nine years old when

the abuse began at the house on Goldenrod and that the abuse continued and intensified when K.M.

moved to a new house on Spring Branch when she was eleven years old. In her various accounts,

K.M. explained that Moore had committed numerous acts of sexual abuse against her on a “routine”

8
K.M. stated that Moore did this when she was “twelve, eleven, ten. He’s done that the
whole time.”

6
basis “every night” when her mother was at work for a period of “over a year” until K.M. finally

reported the abuse in August 2011. Based on the evidence summarized above and all reasonable

inferences therefrom, considered in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a

rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Moore committed two or more acts

of sexual abuse against K.M. over a span of thirty or more days during the time period specified in

the indictment. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to support Moore’s conviction.9

We overrule Moore’s first point of error.

Constitutional challenges to continuous-sexual-abuse statute

In his second point of error, Moore asserts that the continuous-sexual-abuse statute

is facially unconstitutional because it permits the jury to convict a defendant without unanimously

agreeing on the specific acts of abuse he committed. In his third point of error, Moore further asserts

that the statute is facially unconstitutional because it does not provide a defendant with sufficient

notice of the particular acts of abuse he is alleged to have committed. However, these complaints

are being raised for the first time on appeal. The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “a

defendant may not raise for the first time on appeal a facial challenge to the constitutionality of a

statute.”10 Accordingly, Moore has failed to preserve these issues for our review.11 Moreover, even

9
See Williams v. State, 305 S.W.3d 886, 889-90 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.).
10
Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
11
See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Karenev, 281 S.W.3d at 434; Williams, 305 S.W.3d at 893;
see also Smallwood v. State, No. 08-12-00215-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 9719, at *12-13
(Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 29, 2014, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (rejecting similar
complaints regarding constitutionality of section 21.02 when appellant “made no objection to
the trial court about the constitutionality of Section 21.02 nor did he raise any complaint in his
motion for new trial”). Moore claims that he preserved error by filing a pretrial motion to quash the

7
if these issues had been preserved below, this Court and others have repeatedly rejected the

constitutional challenges to the continuous-sexual-abuse statute that Moore is attempting to raise

here,12 and we would follow that precedent in this case.13

We overrule Moore’s second and third points of error.

Jury selection

Moore’s fourth, fifth, and sixth points of error concern rulings and comments made

by the district court during the jury-selection process. The trial court has broad discretion over the

process of jury selection.14 Throughout the jury-selection process, “[a] trial court retains discretion

to restrict voir dire questions that are confusing, misleading, vague and broad, or are improper

indictment, which was denied by the district court following a hearing. However, the motion to
quash did not address the constitutional challenges that Moore raises on appeal. Instead, the motion
focused on the failure of the indictment to specify the dates on which the acts of abuse allegedly
occurred, and this was the only complaint that Moore raised at the hearing on his motion to quash.
See Resendiz v. State, 112 S.W.3d 541, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (in order to preserve error,
complaint below must comport with claim raised on appeal).
12
See McMillian v. State, 388 S.W.3d 866, 871-73 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,
no pet.); Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 871-73; Jacobsen v. State, 325 S.W.3d 733, 736-39
(Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.); see also Pollock v. State, 405 S.W.3d 396, 404-05
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.); Fulmer v. State, 401 S.W.3d 305, 310-13 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d); Kennedy v. State, 385 S.W.3d 729, 731-32 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012,
pet. ref’d); Casey v. State, 349 S.W.3d 825, 827-30 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, pet. ref’d); Render
v. State, 316 S.W.3d 846, 855-58 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d).
13
We note that, in his brief, Moore does not cite to or even acknowledge any of the various
cases finding the statute to be constitutional. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i).
14
Fuller v. State, 363 S.W.3d 583, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Sells v. State,
121 S.W.3d 748, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).

8
commitment questions.”15 Therefore, “[w]e review a trial court’s ruling regarding the limitation

of voir dire questioning for an abuse of discretion.”16 In this context, “[a] trial court abuses its

discretion when it prohibits a proper question about a proper area of inquiry.”17 “A question is

proper if it seeks to discover a juror’s views on an issue applicable to the case.”18 “However, an

otherwise proper question is impermissible if the question attempts to commit the juror to a

particular verdict based on particular facts.”19 “In addition, a trial judge may prohibit as improper

a voir dire question that is so vague or broad in nature as to constitute a global fishing expedition.”20

Improper commitment question

In Moore’s fourth point of error, he contends that the district court should have

allowed him to ask the following question of a prospective juror: “[H]ow do you know—how are

you going to know what—if the State has proven its case?” The district court sustained the State’s

objection to this question on the ground that it called for an improper commitment from the

prospective juror.21 A commitment question is one that commits a prospective juror to resolve, or

15
Hernandez v. State, 390 S.W.3d 310, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Barajas v. State,
93 S.W.3d 36, 38-39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).
16
Id.
17
Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 755-56.
18
Id. at 756.
19
Id.
20
Id.
21
The district court subsequently allowed Moore to rephrase the question, and Moore did
so, explaining to the prospective juror that he was referring specifically to the statutory requirement

9
refrain from resolving, an issue a certain way after learning a particular fact.22 “[T]he purpose for

prohibiting improper commitment questions by either the State or the defendant is to ensure that the

jury will listen to the evidence with an open mind—a mind that is impartial and without bias

or prejudice—and render a verdict based upon that evidence.”23 “Commitment questions require a

venireman to promise that he will base his verdict or course of action on some specific set of facts

before he has heard any evidence, much less all of the evidence in its proper context.”24 “[A]lthough

commitment questions are generally phrased to elicit a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, an open-ended question

can be a commitment question if the question asks the prospective juror to set the hypothetical

parameters for his decision-making.”25

In this case, the proposed question asked the prospective juror how he would

know if the State had “proven its case,” without referencing a “specific set of facts” or establishing

“hypothetical parameters” for that decision. Assuming without deciding that this was not an

that the State must prove at least two acts of abuse that occurred during a period of thirty days
or more.
22
Hernandez, 390 S.W.3d at 315 (citing Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 179 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001)).
23
Sanchez v. State, 165 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
24
Id.
25
Standefer, 59 S.W.3d at 180 (citing Allridge v. State, 850 S.W.2d 471, 480 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991)); see, e.g., Lydia v. State, 109 S.W.3d 495, 499 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“[W]hat kind
of [criminal] conviction would cause you to have a bias [against the witness]?” considered to be
improper open-ended commitment question); Allridge, 850 S.W.2d at 480 (“What circumstances in
your opinion warrant the imposition of the death penalty?” considered to be improper open-ended
commitment question); Vrba v. State, 151 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, pet. ref’d)
(“What signs of intoxication in your opinion warrant a conviction for driving while intoxicated?”
characterized as example of improper open-ended commitment question).

10
improper commitment question, we cannot conclude on this record that its prohibition harmed

Moore. Any error in prohibiting counsel from asking proper questions during voir dire is generally

considered non-constitutional error.26 Non-constitutional error that does not affect a defendant’s

substantial rights must be disregarded.27 To determine whether a defendant’s substantial rights were

affected, we must assess whether the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in

determining the jury’s verdict.28 In assessing harm from the denial of a proper question to the venire,

we are to examine the record in a manner similar to how we examine the record when assessing harm

from erroneous evidentiary rulings.29 Specifically, we are to consider “‘everything in the record,

including . . . the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error and

how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case, the jury instructions,

the State’s theory and any defensive theories, closing arguments, voir dire, and whether the State

emphasized the error.’”30

Here, Moore asserts that he was harmed because the district court’s ruling prevented

him from exploring whether the venire members would be willing and able to hold the State to

26
See Easley v. State, 424 S.W.3d 535, 536-41 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); see also Tex. R.
App. P. 44.2(b). The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded in Easley that while there may be cases
in which a court’s limitation on voir dire is “so substantial” as to rise to the level of a constitutional
error, such cases are generally the exception rather than the rule. See 424 S.W.3d at 541. The
limitation here, involving a single question that Moore was allowed to rephrase, does not rise to that
level. See id.
27
Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
28
See Rich v. State, 160 S.W.3d 575, 577-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
29
See Easley, 424 S.W.3d at 542 (citing Rich, 160 S.W.3d at 577-78).
30
Id. (quoting Rich, 160 S.W.3d at 577-78).

11
its proper burden of proof. The record does not support this assertion. We observe that, after the

district court sustained the State’s objection to Moore’s question, the district court allowed Moore

to rephrase the question in a manner that it did not consider objectionable, and Moore did so by

asking the prospective juror if he understood that the State was required to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Moore had committed two or more acts of abuse during a time period that was

at least thirty days in duration. The prospective juror indicated that he understood this requirement.31

We further observe that, prior to the State’s objection, Moore had already discussed the burden of

proof with the venire, including the State’s obligation to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt.

During the State’s questioning of the panel, the prosecutor had also discussed the State’s burden of

proof and questioned the panel members regarding their understanding of the beyond-a-reasonable-

doubt standard and their ability to apply it in this case. Additionally, the jury charge included

instructions on the presumption of innocence, the State’s burden to prove guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt, and how Moore should be found not guilty if the State failed to prove Moore’s guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt as to each and every element of the offense charged. During closing argument,

defense counsel again discussed the State’s burden of proof, reminding the jurors that they took an

oath “to follow the law and understand that the burden of proof is the highest of any type of case.

It’s beyond a reasonable doubt.” Finally, we observe that the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict,

which we have summarized above, can be fairly characterized as strong, which mitigates against a

31
See Woods v. State, 152 S.W.3d 105, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (concluding that
trial court’s denial of a proper question did not have a substantial or injurious effect or influence in
determining jury’s verdict because defense counsel was able to ask prospective juror “essentially the
same question” after district court sustained objection).

12
finding of harm.32 On this record, we conclude that any error in sustaining the State’s objection to

Moore’s question would have been harmless.33

We overrule Moore’s fourth point of error.

Full range of punishment

In his fifth point of error, Moore complains that the district court erred by not

permitting him to conduct voir dire on the full range of punishment. Specifically, the district court

prohibited Moore from asking the venire questions concerning whether they could consider

placing him on community supervision. In this case, we cannot conclude that this was an abuse of

discretion. Moore was charged with the first-degree-felony offense of continuous sexual abuse

of a child, an offense that carries a minimum sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.34 A defendant

convicted of this offense is not eligible for community supervision.35 Moreover, because the

victim in this case was younger than 14 years of age, Moore would also not have been eligible for

community supervision if the jury had acquitted him of the charged offense but convicted him of one

32
See Easley, 424 S.W.3d at 542-43.
33
See id. at 541-43; see also Fuller v. State, No. 05-09-01099-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS
7586, at *3-8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 14, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op. on remand, not designated for
publication) (concluding that error in refusing to allow defendant to question venire concerning
burden of proof was harmless because there was no indication in record that “the jury was unable
to properly apply the beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof to the evidence before it”).
34
See Tex. Penal Code § 21.02(h) (“An offense under this section is a felony of the first
degree, punishable by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any
term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years.”).
35
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, §§ 3(e)(1) (defendant not eligible for judge-ordered
community supervision if defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment that exceeds ten years),
4(d)(1) (defendant not eligible for jury-recommended community supervision if defendant is
sentenced to a term of imprisonment that exceeds ten years).

13
of the lesser-included predicate offenses, such as sexual assault of a child.36 Because community

supervision was not “an issue applicable to the case,” we cannot conclude that the district court

abused its discretion in prohibiting voir dire on that topic.37

We overrule Moore’s fifth point of error.

Alleged comment on the evidence

In his sixth point of error, Moore asserts that the district court judge made an

improper comment to the venire concerning the weight of the evidence. The comment that Moore

considers to be improper is the following:

The real question that needs to be asked is: Can you consider the entire range of
punishment, which is going to be up to life in the penitentiary, no less than five years,
a very small possibility that under all of the circumstances probation will be available
to this defendant.[38]

Moore argues on appeal that the district court, by indicating that there was only “a very small

possibility” that probation would be available to Moore, improperly conveyed to the venire the

36
See id. art. 42.12, §§ 3g(a), 4(d)(5)-(7).
37
See Smiley v. State, 129 S.W.3d 690, 696 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.)
(holding trial court did not abuse discretion in prohibiting voir dire on community supervision where
defendant was not eligible for that punishment).
38
After the district court made this comment, the prosecutor asked to approach the bench
and advised the district court that Moore was not eligible for probation in this case. Defense counsel,
after discussing the matter with the prosecutor, ultimately agreed that Moore would not be eligible
for probation. The district court later clarified its comment, informing the venire, “I do not believe
there is any circumstance under which this defendant will be eligible for probation.”

14
district court’s opinion of Moore’s guilt.39 However, Moore did not object to this comment at the

time it was made. Unless a comment rises to the level of fundamental error,40 “a complaint regarding

an improper judicial comment must be preserved at trial.”41 In this context, fundamental error is

present if the judge’s comment “imparted information to the jury that tainted the presumption of

innocence.”42 The district court’s comment here does not rise to that level. The comment appears

to be nothing more than an attempt by the district court to ascertain whether the venire

could consider “the entire range of punishment” available in the case. The comment imparted no

information to the venire that “tainted [Moore’s] presumption of innocence.”43 Thus, if Moore

believed the comment to be improper, he needed to object to it. He did not. Accordingly, the error,

if any, has been waived.44

We overrule Moore’s sixth point of error.

39
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.05 (providing that trial court shall not, “at any stage of
the proceeding previous to the return of the verdict, make any remark calculated to convey to the jury
his opinion of the case”).
40
See Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (plurality op.).
41
Unkart v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
42
Blue, 41 S.W.3d at 132.
43
Cf. id. (trial court revealed to venire that defendant had considered entering into plea
agreement and further informed venire that judge would have preferred for defendant to plead guilty;
such comments “‘vitiated the presumption of innocence’ before the venire, adversely affecting
appellant’s right to a fair trial”).
44
See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Unkhart, 400 S.W.3d at 98-102; Lopez v. State, 415 S.W.3d
495, 497-99 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.).

15
Admissibility of sexual devices

In his seventh point of error, Moore contends that the district court erred by admitting

into evidence various sexual devices that were found during a search of Moore’s home. At trial,

Moore objected on the ground that proof of the devices was not relevant.45 The district court

overruled that objection.

We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence for an

abuse of discretion.46 A trial court abuses its discretion only when its decision “is so clearly wrong

as to lie outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.”47 We consider the ruling

in light of what was before the trial court at the time the ruling was made and uphold the court’s

decision if it lies within the zone of reasonable disagreement.48 If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling

is reasonably supported by the record and correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, we

will uphold the decision.49

45
See Tex. R. Evid. 401, 402. On appeal, Moore additionally contends that the devices were
more prejudicial than probative. See Tex. R. Evid. 403. Because Moore did not raise this objection
in the court below, it is waived. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 646 n.2
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Brown v. State, 381 S.W.3d 565, 577 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.);
see also Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (“[T]he point of error on
appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.”).
46
Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Sandoval v. State,
409 S.W.3d 259, 281 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.).
47
McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Montgomery
v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g)).
48
Billodeau v. State, 277 S.W.3d 34, 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d
at 281.
49
De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Carrasco v. State,
154 S.W.3d 127, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 297.

16
 Relevant evidence is that which has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact

that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be

without the evidence.”50 “Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible.”51

In this case, it would not be outside the zone of reasonable disagreement for the

district court to find that the sexual devices found in Moore’s home were relevant. Among other

underlying acts of sexual abuse charged in the indictment, Moore was alleged to have intentionally

or knowingly caused the penetration of K.M.’s sexual organ with a sexual device. K.M. testified that

one of her earliest memories of Moore’s abuse was when he had showed her one of her mother’s

sexual devices, which K.M. described to the jury. In her interviews with Rodriguez, K.M. stated that

Moore had explained to her the purpose of the device and asked her if she wanted to use it. K.M.

told Moore that she did not want to use it, but he persisted, eventually telling her, “Well, you’re

going to use it anyways.” K.M. testified that while she and Moore were alone in Moore’s bedroom,

he had used the device to penetrate her. In her videotaped interviews, K.M. told Rodriguez that

Moore had retrieved the device from a box in her mother’s closet and claimed that her mother had

more than one such device in the box. K.M. testified that Moore did not use any of these other

sexual devices on her. Detective Diane Talamantes of the Kyle Police Department, one of the

investigating officers in the case, testified that during the course of her investigation, she located the

sexual devices in the master bedroom closet belonging to K.M.’s mother, which is where K.M. had

indicated the devices were located. Talamantes further testified that the devices were consistent with

the types of items described by K.M. In his statement to the police, Moore claimed that his wife had

50
Tex. R. Evid. 401.
51
Tex. R. Evid. 402.

17
only one sexual device, that he did not recall showing K.M. that device, and that he did not use a

sexual device on her. On this record, it would not be outside the zone of reasonable disagreement

for the district court to find that Moore’s use of the sexual devices on K.M. was an issue in the case

and that the admission of the sexual devices had a tendency to make Moore’s commission of the

charged offense more probable than it would be without the evidence.52 Accordingly, we cannot

conclude that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the devices.

We overrule Moore’s seventh point of error.

Prior inconsistent statement

In his eighth point of error, Moore asserts that the district court abused its discretion

by not allowing Moore to impeach K.M.’s maternal grandmother, Mary Scott, with a prior

inconsistent statement that, according to Moore, would have established that the basis of Scott’s

testimony was inadmissible hearsay. Scott testified regarding several incidents of inappropriate

behavior involving Moore and K.M. that she claimed to have personally observed. Specifically,

Scott testified that on one occasion she discovered Moore and K.M. together in a locked bathroom,

while K.M. was wearing only a towel. She described another incident in which she walked in on

Moore and K.M. laying together in his bed, while K.M. was wearing only her underwear. Finally,

she described an incident in which she observed K.M. sitting on Moore’s lap and “wiggling” in a

52
See Brown, 381 S.W.3d at 578-79 (explaining how sexual devices allegedly used in
continuous-sexual-abuse case were relevant and probative of appellant’s guilt “because those
exhibits contained compelling evidence that made facts of consequence (that the sexual abuse
occurred as claimed) more probable” and went “directly toward the series of events” as described
by victim).

18
manner resembling a “lap dance.” Scott testified that when K.M. stood up, she observed that Moore

had an erection.

On cross-examination, Moore attempted to establish that Scott had not personally

observed any of the above incidents but instead was repeating what had been told to her by her

grandson, C.M.:

Q. Now you also testified that there was a lap dance that you
personally witnessed.

A. Yes, I did.

Q. Okay. Did you tell Detective Talamantes that [C.M.] told you
about this supposed lap dance?

A. No, I did not.

Q. Did you tell Detective Talamantes that [C.M.] had told you
about the restroom incident?

A. No, I did not.

Q. Did you tell Detective Talamantes that [C.M.] had told you—

[Prosecutor]: Your Honor, I think this is improper. He’s just complaining
that there was these statements made without giving her the
opportunity to review the statements and deny it.

[Defense counsel]: It is in the report.

[Prosecutor]: Ms. Scott did not write a report.

[Scott]: No.

[Prosecutor]: This is improper. He needs to do this with Detective
Talamantes.

[The Court]: Yeah. We’re getting into—it’s improper at this point.
Sustained. And I want to be clear. You can ask her what she

19
 told the detective. And then if there is an inconsistency there,
that’s with the detective, not with this individual.

“Rule 613(a) permits a party to impeach a witness with a prior inconsistent

statement.”53 However, “before further cross-examination concerning, or extrinsic evidence of, such

statement may be allowed, the witness must be told the contents of such statement and the time and

place and the person to whom it was made, and must be afforded an opportunity to explain or deny

such statement.”54 Thus, in order to establish the proper predicate or foundation for the admissibility

of a prior inconsistent statement, the party offering the statement must show: (1) “the contents of

such statement”; (2) “the time and place and the person to whom [the statement] was made”; and

(3) that the witness was “afforded an opportunity to explain or deny such statement.”55 The purpose

of the foundation requirement “is to put the witness on notice as to which statements may be used

to impeach her credibility.”56 If a party fails to establish the proper predicate, the trial court does not

abuse its discretion in excluding the statement.57 As with other evidentiary rulings, we review a

53
Lopez v. State, 86 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Tex. R. Evid. 613(a)).
54
Tex. R. Evid. 613(a).
55
See id.; Ellingsworth v. State, 487 S.W.2d 108, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Flowers
v. State, 438 S.W.3d 96, 103 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d); Ferguson v. State, 97 S.W.3d
293, 296 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d).
56
Flowers, 438 S.W.3d at 103 (citing Joseph v. State, 960 S.W.2d 363, 366
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d)).
57
See, e.g., Moore v. State, 652 S.W.2d 411, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Ellingsworth,
487 S.W.2d at 112; Madry v. State, 200 S.W.3d 766, 769 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006,
pet. ref’d); Osteen v. State, 61 S.W.3d 90, 91 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.).

20
trial court’s admission or exclusion of a prior inconsistent statement for abuse of discretion.58 “As

long as the judge’s ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we will not intercede.”59

Here, it would not have been outside the zone of reasonable disagreement for the

district court to conclude that Moore had failed to establish the time and place in which Scott had

made the prior inconsistent statement to Talamantes and that this failure confused the witness and

prevented her from having proper notice of the statement to which Moore was referring.60 Because

Moore failed to establish the proper predicate for admitting the statement, we cannot conclude that

the district court abused its discretion in excluding the statement.61

We overrule Moore’s eighth point of error.

58
Lopez, 86 S.W.3d at 230.
59
Id.
60
We note that Scott’s confusion regarding the statement is evident throughout her
testimony. Immediately after the district court sustained the State’s objection, Moore asked Scott,
“Do you recall your interview with Detective Talamantes?” Scott answered, “Yes, I do. There
wasn’t one.” The district court then asked Scott, “Did you have an interview with her?” Scott
answered, “No.” Scott later acknowledged that she had met with Talamantes at some point
during the investigation and had spoken with her over the phone on at least one occasion, but she
maintained that she was unaware of the statement to which Moore was referring and therefore did
not know how to answer his questions related to any such statement. On redirect examination, the
prosecutor also attempted to clarify the matter with Scott but was unable to do so, as Scott continued
to express confusion, at one point testifying, “I don’t know. I don’t understand. I’m not getting it.”
Shortly thereafter, the prosecutor remarked to the district court, “This is why, Your Honor, trying
to impeach a witness with, you know, a nonexistent report isn’t fair because it confuses the witness.”
At that point, defense counsel responded that he intended to recall Detective Talamantes for the
purpose of introducing the report into evidence, and the district court indicated that the report would
be admitted, if at all, “when we get the officer in here.” However, the detective was never recalled.
61
See Madry, 200 S.W.3d at 769-70.

21
Outcry witness

In his ninth point of error, Moore challenges the district court’s designation of

Melissa Rodriguez, the forensic interviewer who had interviewed K.M. concerning the abuse, as

the proper outcry witness in the case. Article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, also

known as the outcry statute, “creates a hearsay exception for a child’s first outcry of sexual abuse

to an adult.”62 “The statute applies only to out-of-court statements that (1) ‘describe the alleged

offense,’ (2) are ‘made by the child,’ and (3) are ‘made to the first person, 18 years of age or older,

other than the defendant, to whom the child . . . made a statement about the offense.’”63

A trial court has “broad discretion” in determining who qualifies as a proper outcry

witness, and we review a trial court’s designation of an outcry witness for abuse of discretion.64 As

with other evidentiary rulings, we will uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported

by the record and within the zone of reasonable disagreement.65 We will find an abuse of discretion

only when the trial court’s ruling is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.66

62
Bays v. State, 396 S.W.3d 580, 581 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. art. 38.072).
63
Id.
64
Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91-92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Rodgers v. State,
442 S.W.3d 547, 552 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. ref’d).
65
See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 92; Polk v. State, 367 S.W.3d 449, 452 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d); see also Martinez v. State, 178 S.W.3d 806, 810 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005) (“Article 38.072 is a rule of admissibility of hearsay evidence.”).
66
See McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Polk, 367 S.W.3d
at 452.

22
 Prior to Rodriguez testifying as the outcry witness, Moore objected on the ground that

Rodriguez was not the first adult to whom K.M. had described the offense. Instead, according to

Moore, that adult was either K.M.’s mother, Cadelia, or K.M.’s biological father, Jesse Rosales. In

accordance with the statute, the district court conducted a hearing outside the presence of the jury

to determine whether either Cadelia or Rosales were authorized to testify regarding K.M.’s outcry.67

The only witnesses to testify at the hearing were Cadelia and K.M.68 Cadelia testified that on

June 23, 2011, after being informed by Detective Talamantes of the allegations against Moore, she

took K.M. to a park and briefly discussed the matter with K.M. However, Cadelia testified, “I didn’t

question her. I told her what I was told. She didn’t want to talk about it, so I let her go and play with

her sister.” Cadelia was then asked, “And so over at the park nothing was told to you?” Cadelia

answered, “No. I won’t force her to talk to me, especially if it’s something that’s going to make her

uncomfortable.” Cadelia further testified that at no point prior to June 24—when K.M. was first

interviewed by Rodriguez—did she and K.M. discuss the allegations. Cadelia explained, “She didn’t

want to tell me what happened.” Instead, Cadelia recounted, “She had her dad [Rosales] call me and

tell me what she had told him.” Cadelia testified that she called Rosales and asked him what he had

been told. According to Cadelia, Rosales told her that K.M. had told him that Moore had had sex

with her, that it was “unprotected,” and that “she had been made to perform oral sex on him.”

K.M. also testified at the hearing. When asked to recount the conversation with her

mother at the park, K.M. testified, “She asked me if [Moore] had been doing anything sexual with

me and I told her, ‘Yes.’ And then she said, ‘Okay,’ and told me to go back out in the park and play

67
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.072, § 2(b)(2).
68
Rosales, who lived in Ohio, was unavailable to testify.

23
with my sister.” When asked if she had told her mother “any of the details” of what had happened

between her and Moore, K.M. testified, “No.” K.M. was also asked what she had told her father

regarding the abuse. She answered, “That Mark had raped me.” However, when asked how she had

explained the rape to her father, K.M. testified, “I didn’t,” and she repeated that answer when asked

the same question regarding how she had explained it to her mother. When asked if she had told her

mother and father various details of the abuse, including whether Moore had penetrated her, used

sexual devices on her, and put his fingers inside of her, K.M. repeatedly answered, “No.” At one

point during her testimony, the district court asked K.M., “[D]id you tell them anything before you

went and talked to Ms. Rodriguez?” K.M. answered, “No, I did not.” After this testimony, the court

ruled that Rodriguez was the proper outcry witness.

On this record, it would not be outside the zone of reasonable disagreement for the

district court to find that Rodriguez was the proper outcry witness rather than K.M.’s mother or

biological father. Although the statute provides that the proper outcry witness is the “first” adult to

whom a child made a statement about the offense, this provision has been interpreted to mean the

first adult to whom the child “in some discernible manner describes the offense.”69 The statement

must be more than words that give a “general allusion” that something in the area of sexual abuse

has occurred.70 If the initial statement to an adult conveyed nothing more than a “general allusion”

of abuse, then the recipient of a subsequent, detailed statement should be designated as the outcry

witness, even though that person technically was not the first adult to whom the child revealed the

69
See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 90-91; Michell v. State, 381 S.W.3d 554, 558
(Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.).
70
See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91; Michell, 381 S.W.3d at 558.

24
offense.71 Given the testimony summarized above, it would not be outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement for the district court to find that K.M.’s statements to her mother and biological father

were general allusions that sexual abuse had occurred and were not specific descriptions of the

offense charged as required by article 38.072.72 The charged offense—continuous sexual abuse of

a young child—in addition to requiring proof of some type of sexual abuse, also requires proof that

two or more acts of sexual abuse were committed during a period that is thirty days or more in

duration. Article 38.072 requires a description of the “offense,” but the information K.M. related

to Cadelia and her biological father, the district court could have reasonably found, did not touch

upon the timing element of the charged offense or the number of times the acts of abuse occurred.73

The district court also could have reasonably found that Rodriguez was the first adult witness to

whom K.M. had provided a description of multiple acts of sexual abuse over an extended period of

71
See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91 (initial statement that “something happened at home, and
that it had to do with abuse” was “general allusion,” insufficient to designate first adult as outcry
witness”); Thomas v. State, 309 S.W.3d 576, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d)
(initial statement to victim’s mother that defendant had touched her “private parts” did not describe
incident with specificity and trial court could have reasonably determined that statement was nothing
more than general allusion); Sims v. State, 12 S.W.3d 499, 500 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1999, pet. ref’d)
(same); see also Robinett v. State, 383 S.W.3d 758, 761-62 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.);
Michell, 381 S.W.3d at 558-59; Broderick v. State, 35 S.W.3d 67, 73 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000,
pet. ref’d); Foreman v. State, 995 S.W.2d 854, 858-59 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, pet. ref’d)
(collecting cases).
72
See, e.g., Michell, 381 S.W.3d at 559-60 (holding child’s statements to police that her
“mom made her put her hands up in her,” “her dad put his middle part up in her,” her parents
“touched her in her private areas” and that her “dad put his male parts inside of her” were general
allusions to sexual abuse whereas child’s statement to forensic interviewer provided the “how, when,
and where” of the abuse and therefore that trial court did not err in designating forensic interviewer
as outcry witness); Thomas, 309 S.W.3d at 579; Sims, 12 S.W.3d at 500.
73
See Michell, 381 S.W.3d at 559-60 (observing that initial statements to police did not
provide detail regarding timing element of offense of continuous sexual abuse of young child).

25
time, which is what is required to constitute the charged offense. On this record, we cannot conclude

that the district court abused its discretion in finding that Rodriguez was the proper outcry witness.74

We overrule Moore’s ninth point of error.75

Question regarding truthfulness

During K.M.’s testimony, the prosecutor asked her the following question: “[K.M.],

have you told this jury the truth today?”76 K.M. answered, “Yes.” After K.M. had answered the

question, Moore objected. The district court overruled the objection. In his tenth point of error,

Moore asserts that the testimony invaded the province of the jury to determine witness credibility

and provided improper evidence of K.M.’s character for truthfulness.77

Moore failed to preserve error on this point. A timely objection to the admission of

evidence is required to preserve error on appeal.78 An objection is timely if made at the earliest

74
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.072, § 2(a); Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91-92; Thomas,
309 S.W.3d at 579.
75
In this issue, Moore also briefly asserts, without elaboration or citation to authority, that
K.M.’s outcry statement to Rodriguez was not reliable. This complaint was not preserved below.
See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Moreover, even if the complaint had been preserved, we could not
conclude on this record that the district court abused its discretion in finding the statement to
be reliable. See Torres v. State, 424 S.W.3d 245, 257-59 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014,
pet. ref’d) (discussing factors to be considered in analyzing reliability of outcry statement).
76
This question was asked prior to Moore’s cross-examination of K.M.
77
See Tex. R. Evid. 404(a), 608(a); see also Wills v. State, 867 S.W.2d 852, 855-56
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d) (“Are you telling the truth here?” held to be
improper question under Rules 404 and 608); Caldwell v. State, 696 S.W.2d 606, 608
(Tex. App.—Beaumont 1985, pet. ref’d) (“To allow a witness to answer self-serving questions such
as ‘have you told this jury the truth’ . . . is not proper.”).
78
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1).

26
opportunity or as soon as the grounds for the objection become apparent.79 It is well established that

“if a defendant fails to object until after an objectionable question has been asked and answered, and

he can show no legitimate reason to justify the delay, his objection is untimely, and any claim of

error is forfeited.”80 Here, the answer that the prosecutor expected to elicit from the witness should

have been immediately apparent to Moore at the time the objectionable question was asked, but

Moore did not object until after the witness had already answered the question. Moore provides no

explanation for his delay. Accordingly, the error, if any, has been waived.

Moreover, even if we were to assume that Moore’s objection had been timely, and

were to further assume that the district court should have sustained the objection, we could not

conclude on this record that Moore was harmed. We have already detailed the evidence presented

to the jury, including the two statements made by K.M. to Rodriguez as well as her trial testimony.

In her three separate accounts of the abuse, K.M. recounted in detail multiple instances of sexual

abuse at the hands of Moore over a period of years. The jury was able to directly observe K.M.’s

demeanor during these accounts and make its own determination regarding K.M.’s credibility. The

district court also admitted physical evidence that corroborated K.M.’s accounts of what had

happened, including evidence that K.M. had experienced trauma to her hymen, as well as a collection

of sexual devices, matching descriptions given by K.M. of devices that Moore had exhibited to or

79
Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Gillenwaters v. State,
205 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
80
Luna v. State, 268 S.W.3d 594, 604 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see Lagrone v. State,
942 S.W.2d 602, 618 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 355 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1995); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 306.

27
used on her. Based on our review of the record as a whole, we have fair assurance that any error in

admitting the challenged testimony did not influence the jury or had but a slight effect.81

We overrule Moore’s tenth point of error.

Motion to suppress

In his eleventh point of error, Moore argues that the district court abused its discretion

in denying his motion to suppress the statement that he made to police officers prior to his arrest.

The basis of his motion to suppress was that he was in custody at the time he had provided the

statement, and that during the interview, the police had denied him his right to counsel pursuant to

Miranda.82 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Moore was the only witness to testify. A video

recording of the interview was also admitted into evidence, which the district court subsequently

reviewed. After taking the matter under advisement, the district court denied the motion to suppress.

No written findings of fact or conclusions of law were requested or made.

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for abuse of discretion.83

“The record will be viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s determination, and the

judgment will be reversed only if it is arbitrary, unreasonable, or ‘outside the zone of reasonable

81
See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
82
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 466-67 (1966); see also U.S. Const. amend. V;
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.22, § 3(a)(2); Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 525 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
83
State v. Story, 445 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Martinez v. State,
348 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006).

28
disagreement.’”84 When there are no written findings explaining the factual basis for the trial judge’s

decision, we imply findings of fact that support the court’s ruling so long as the evidence supports

those implied findings.85 “The appellate court must apply a bifurcated standard of review, giving

almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of historic facts and mixed questions of law

and fact that rely upon the credibility of a witness, but applying a de novo standard of review to pure

questions of law and mixed questions that do not depend on credibility determinations.”86

In this case, the dispositive question is whether Moore was in custody at the time he

provided his statement, because if he was not in custody, he had no right to counsel pursuant to

Miranda.87 The rights set out in Miranda are triggered only when a person is subject to “custodial

interrogation.”88 “Custodial interrogation” is defined as “questioning initiated by law enforcement

officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action

in any significant way.”89 The defendant bears the burden of proving that a statement was the

product of a custodial interrogation.90 To determine whether an individual is in custody, a court

84
Story, 445 S.W.3d at 732 (quoting Dixon, 206 S.W.3d at 590; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d
at 391-92).
85
Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Gutierrez v. State,
221 S.W.3d 680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
86
Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 922-23 (citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87-89
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
87
See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 478; Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 296 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010).
88
See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 442-57, 467-79.
89
Id. at 444.
90
See Herrera, 241 S.W.3d at 526.

29
must first examine all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, but “the ultimate

inquiry is simply whether there [was] a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the

degree associated with a formal arrest.”91 The determination of custody depends on the objective

circumstances of the interrogation, not the subjective views of the person being questioned or the

subjective intent of the officer to arrest or not arrest.92 After the circumstances surrounding the

interrogation are considered, the court must determine whether, “given those circumstances, would

a reasonable person have felt he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.”93

The “reasonable person” standard presupposes an innocent person.94

At the suppression hearing, Moore testified that the police called him on his cell

phone and asked if he would come to the police department for an interview. Moore agreed, and

drove himself to the department in his own vehicle. Once he arrived, he recounted, he had to “wait

for a little bit” in the “lobby area” of the department. Eventually, Talamantes met him in the lobby

area, patted him down,95 and took him to what Moore described as a “tiny” interrogation room,

“about ten by ten [feet], maybe.” Moore testified that Talamantes was not wearing a uniform during

91
Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994) (per curiam) (quoting California
v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983) (per curiam) (quoting Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492,
495 (1977) (per curiam))); Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Bartlett
v. State, 249 S.W.3d 658, 668 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d).
92
Stansbury, 511 U.S. at 323; Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 254; Bartlett, 249 S.W.3d at 669.
93
Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112 (1995); see also Herrera, 241 S.W.3d at 532.
94
Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 254 (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 438 (1991));
Bartlett, 249 S.W.3d at 669.
95
The purpose of the pat-down, according to Moore, “was just to make sure I didn’t have
any weapons in my waistband or my socks or anything.”

30
the interview but was wearing her badge and a sidearm. Moore further testified that he was not

permitted to bring anything into the interview room, including a cane that he used to assist him in

walking.96 Moore claimed that the door was locked during the interview and that when Talamantes

wanted to leave the room, she had to wait for another person to let her out. Moore testified that he

was not given his Miranda warnings at any point during the interview. He also claimed that at

some point during the interview, he told Talamantes, “I would like to have an attorney,” but she did

not respond to his request. According to Moore, “it was implied” to him at some point during

his interview with Talamantes that the police already had enough evidence to arrest him. Moore

testified that after Talamantes finished speaking with him, a second officer entered the room and

proceeded to interview him. After that interview was concluded, Moore explained, he was “allowed

to leave.” He added, “I gave them my cell phone number and I took their phone number so we could

contact each other.”

The video recording of the interview, the district court could have reasonably found,

is not entirely consistent with Moore’s account of what had occurred. The tape depicts that, after

Moore seated himself in the interrogation room, Detective Talamantes entered the room and stated

that she would have to set his cane outside the room. Moore gave her his cane and Talamantes set

it outside, re-entered the room, and closed the door. Nothing in the video indicates that the door

was locked at that time. Talamantes then advised Moore that he was not under arrest, that he was

free to leave at any time, and that the interview was voluntary. The interview then began. Near the

96
Moore’s use of the cane appears to be related to a back injury that he had suffered. Moore
testified during the hearing that he was on pain medication for “three bulging disks and one ruptured
disk that was surgically repaired.”

31
end of the interview, Talamantes questioned Moore regarding his willingness to take a lie detector

test, at which point Moore asked her, “[I]s that something that I need anybody else here for?”

Talamantes responded, “That’s up to you if you, I mean—you aren’t taking it now. We’d set you

up for it.” Moore replied, “Okay. Well, I just want to know cause I, you know I’m watching my life

just disappear on me here.” Talamantes then instructed Moore to “hang on” and exited the room.

Nothing in the video indicates that she had to unlock the door or that the door was unlocked for her

by another person prior to her exit. Contrary to what Moore claimed in his testimony, at no point

during his interview with Talamantes did he ask for an attorney.

The recording of the interview further showed that, several minutes after Talamantes

had exited the room, Sergeant Jacob Luria entered the room and proceeded to interview Moore.

During this interview, Moore received a call on his cell phone from his wife. Sergeant Luria exited

the room while Moore took the call and spoke with his wife for several minutes. When Moore

finished his call, Luria returned and the interview resumed. Near the conclusion of the interview,

Luria stated, “Before you walk out of here, cause you know it’s completely voluntary like we said

and I think we’re coming kinda towards the end here. Before you walk out of here, I want you to

take a second, cause once you walk out that door, that opportunity kinda goes away and then we have

to do what we have to do.” Shortly thereafter, the following exchange occurred:

Luria: I don’t think we have too much more to discuss because I’ve asked
you point blank and yet everything about you shows me that all you
want to do is have someone tell you that the best thing to do is to just
say it. This is what happened.

Moore: Are you saying that I need a lawyer? I mean is that what—

Luria: I don’t give legal advice. I mean, that’s up to you.

32
 Moore: Well, that’s not really legal advice. I mean, I was just saying—

Luria: Well, that’s up to you. I mean that’s why you’re here voluntarily.
You’re not in custody.

Moore: Yeah.

Luria: So, I don’t advise whether or not someone does or not. We’re not
even talking about that. What we’re talking about is the mental
health of your daughter.

At the conclusion of the interview, Moore asked Luria if he was free to leave Texas

and return to Indiana, where some of his family lived. Luria replied that he could not prevent Moore

from leaving the state, but he suggested that Moore remain in Texas until his case was resolved.

Moore then asked if he “would be looking at charges.” Luria responded that he would have to

discuss the matter with his supervisor. Moore was then permitted to leave the police department.

Approximately two hours elapsed between the time Moore entered the interview room and the

time he left.

Although there are some objective circumstances summarized above that might

support a finding that Moore was in custody, there are other objective circumstances supporting the

district court’s finding that he was not. The circumstances that support the district court’s finding

include the following: (1) rather than appear at Moore’s residence, the police called Moore and

requested an interview; (2) Moore drove himself to the police department in his own vehicle;

(3) Moore was allowed to wait in the lobby area of the police department before being interviewed;

(4) although Moore was patted down and could not have his walking cane with him in the interview

room, he was allowed to bring in his cell phone; (5) Moore seated himself in the interview room, and

was seated close to the door; (6) although the door was closed during the interview, there was no

33
indication on the video recording that the door was actually locked as Moore claimed; (7) during the

interview, Moore was left alone in the room on two occasions, including on one occasion when he

was allowed to take a phone call from his wife that lasted several minutes; (8) both Talamantes and

Luria informed Moore that he was free to leave at any time and that he was not under arrest at that

time; (9) Moore was not in handcuffs or any other physical restraints during the interview; (10) at

the conclusion of the interview, Moore was allowed to leave the department.

Viewing the above evidence in the light most favorable to the district court’s ruling,

we conclude that the record supports the district court’s implied finding that Moore was not in

custody during his interview with the police.97 Therefore, the Miranda requirements, including the

right to counsel, were not triggered during the interview.98 Accordingly, we cannot conclude that

the district court abused its discretion in denying Moore’s motion to suppress his statement.

We overrule Moore’s eleventh point of error.99

97
See, e.g., Beheler, 463 U.S. at 1121-25; Mathiason, 429 U.S. at 493-95; Estrada,
313 S.W.3d at 288-95; Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d 274, 293-95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Meek
v. State, 790 S.W.2d 618, 619-23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); see also Garcia v. State,
No. 03-10-00364-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6500, at 20-28 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 17, 2011,
pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (providing analysis on factors that do and do
not support finding of custody and concluding that record in that case supported trial court’s finding
that appellant was not in custody); Bartlett, 249 S.W.3d at 667-71 (distinguishing custody from other
citizen-police interactions); Rodriguez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 211, 215 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997,
no pet.) (“In reviewing the trial court’s decision [on suppression], an appellate court does not engage
in its own factual review; it determines only whether the record supports the trial court’s findings.”).
98
See Estrada, 313 S.W.3d at 296.
99
In this issue, Moore also asserts that his statement was involuntary. This argument was
not raised at the suppression hearing, but even if it had been, we could not conclude on this record
that it had merit. Moore testified at the suppression hearing that he could not recall how long the
interview lasted because he was “heavily medicated” on pain medication at the time, but he provided
no testimony tending to show that this medication somehow rendered his statement involuntary or
not the product of his own free will. Nor did he provide any testimony or other evidence tending to

34
Improper argument

In his twelfth point of error, Moore asserts that the district court abused its discretion

by overruling his objection to an allegedly improper comment made by the State during its closing

argument. The comment to which Moore objected was the following: “A lot of times defense

attorneys will try to say, ‘Well you know, if she’s a victim she should have acted like one.’”

We review a trial court’s ruling on an objection to improper jury argument for abuse

of discretion.100 Permissible jury argument falls into one of four areas: (1) summation of the

evidence; (2) reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) an answer to the argument of opposing

counsel; or (4) a plea for law enforcement.101 Comments on matters outside the record are generally

considered outside the permissible areas of jury argument.102

Assuming without deciding that the prosecutor’s argument referred to a matter outside

the record and was thus impermissible, we cannot conclude on this record that Moore was harmed

by the argument. Prosecutorial comments on matters outside the record are to be disregarded unless

they affect a defendant’s substantial rights.103 A defendant’s substantial rights are not affected by

an improper jury argument unless, “in light of the record as a whole, the argument is extreme or

show that the officers coerced or forced him in any way to make the statement. On this record, we
could not conclude that the district court would have abused its discretion in finding Moore’s
statement to have been voluntarily obtained. See Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 285-86
(1991); Delao v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
100
See Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Nzewi v. State,
359 S.W.3d 829, 841 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d).
101
See Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
102
See Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
103
Id.; see Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).

35
manifestly improper, violative of a mandatory statute, or injects new facts harmful to the accused

into the trial proceeding.”104 For the argument to rise to the level of reversible error, “[t]he remarks

must have been a willful and calculated effort on the part of the State to deprive appellant of a fair

and impartial trial.”105 In this context, “[w]e conduct a harm analysis using the following three-factor

test: (1) the severity of the misconduct (the magnitude of the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s

remarks); (2) the measures adopted to cure the misconduct (the efficacy of any cautionary instruction

by the judge); and, (3) the certainty of conviction absent the misconduct (the strength of the evidence

supporting the conviction).”106

Considering the prosecutor’s comment in light of the above factors, we cannot

conclude that Moore was harmed here. First, the prosecutor’s comment was not severe. It was

merely a generalized reference to what defense attorneys in other cases “will try to say” concerning

the conduct of the victim. The comment does not appear to have been “a willful and calculated

effort on the part of the State to deprive appellant of a fair and impartial trial.”107 We observe that

the vast majority of the prosecutor’s argument was devoted to summarizing the evidence in the

case and responding to the evidence presented by Moore relating to K.M.’s conduct, which are

permissible areas of jury argument.

Regarding the second factor, because the district court overruled the objection, no

instruction to disregard or other curative measures were adopted to cure the alleged misconduct.

104
Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
105
Id.
106
Gallo, 239 S.W.3d at 767; Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
107
See Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 115.

36
This factor weighs in Moore’s favor.108 However, the third factor weighs in the State’s favor. As

we have already detailed elsewhere in our opinion, the evidence supporting the conviction in this

case can be fairly characterized as strong. Based on the strength of the State’s case, combined with

the relatively mild nature of the allegedly improper comment, we have fair assurance that the

comment did not have a substantial or injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.

Accordingly, we cannot conclude on this record that Moore was harmed.109

We overrule Moore’s twelfth point of error.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction.

___________________________________________

Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Pemberton and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed: March 20, 2015

Do Not Publish

108
See Mosley, 983 S.W.2d at 260.
109
See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Mosley, 983 S.W.2d at 260.

37