NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
SAMMIE HOROWITZ, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D13-3871
)
MAUREEN P. HOROWITZ, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed April 1, 2015.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
County; Jalal Harb, Judge.
Rafael J. Echemendia of Echemendia Law
Firm, P.A., Lakeland, for Appellant.
No appearance for Appellee.
CRENSHAW, Judge.
Sammie Horowitz challenges a final judgment of injunction for protection
against domestic violence issued for the protection of his estranged wife, Maureen P.
Horowitz. Because there was not competent, substantial evidence establishing that
Mrs. Horowitz was a victim of domestic violence or that she was in imminent danger of
becoming a victim of domestic violence, we reverse.
In her petition for an injunction, Mrs. Horowitz alleged both that she was
the victim of domestic violence, namely cyberstalking, and that Mr. Horowitz had
engaged in behavior that led her to believe she was in imminent danger of becoming a
victim of domestic violence. As this court explained in Branson v. Rodriguez-Linares,
143 So. 3d 1070, 1071 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014), either basis, when proved by competent,
substantial evidence, would support issuance of the injunction. After an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court found that Mrs. Horowitz had presented sufficient evidence to
support the allegations in her petition and granted the injunction. However, the trial
court did not specify whether it was granting the petition because Mrs. Horowitz
established that she actually was a victim of domestic violence or because she
established that she had reasonable cause to believe she was in imminent danger of
becoming a victim of domestic violence. Thus, we address both bases.
Cyberstalking is a form of domestic violence against which a person may
obtain an injunction. Id.
"Cyberstalk" means to engage in a course of conduct to
communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words,
images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail
or electronic communication, directed at a specific person,
causing substantial emotional distress to that person and
serving no legitimate purpose.
§ 784.048(1)(d), Fla. Stat. (2013). Mrs. Horowitz alleged that she was the victim of
cyberstalking based on two posts on Mr. Horowitz's Facebook page. The first post
contained the lyrics to Atlantic Starr's 1985 single "Secret Lovers." The second of Mr.
Horowitz's posts contained the text of a private message conversation that Mrs.
Horowitz had with a third party via her own Facebook account. Mrs. Horowitz testified
that these posts showed Mr. Horowitz either "hacked" her computer or was somehow
-2-
spying on her because she had recently been listening to "Secret Lovers" on her
personal computer in the privacy of her own home and because her private message
conversation would have only been observable by accessing her personal Facebook
account. She also testified that unbeknownst to her, there was a keylogger program,
which would track her computer use, installed on her personal computer and that Mr.
Horowitz told her he had someone watching her. She did not present any evidence that
Mr. Horowitz actually installed the keylogger.
Mr. Horowitz's Facebook posts do not meet the statutory definition of
cyberstalking for two reasons. First, the posts were not "directed at a specific person."
§ 784.048(1)(d). The testimony showed that Mr. Horowitz posted the information to his
own Facebook page. Screenshots of the posts admitted into evidence confirm that they
were posted to Mr. Horowitz's page and that Mrs. Horowitz was not "tagged" or
mentioned, nor were the posts directed to her in any obvious way. Unlike email
communication, which this court considered to be cyberstalking in Rodriguez-Linares,
143 So. 3d at 1071, posts to one's own Facebook page are not directed at a specific
person but are instead posted for all of the user's Facebook "friends" to see, depending
on the user's privacy settings. The testimony adduced at the hearing showed that Mrs.
Horowitz was able to view the posts by visiting Mr. Horowitz's Facebook page because
the two were still "friends" on the social networking website. Although Mrs. Horowitz's
assertions that Mr. Horowitz somehow "hacked" into her Facebook account are
disconcerting, that behavior alone does not amount to cyberstalking as it is not an
electronic communication. See Young v. Young, 96 So. 3d 478, 478 (Fla. 1st DCA
2012) ("Ms. Young's acts in the case at bar, which consisted of changing her husband's
-3-
password, appropriating his emails, and including them in a filing in their divorce
proceeding, do not amount to cyberstalking, because they were not electronic
communications by her of 'words, images, or language . . . directed at' Mr. Young.").
Even considering the posts in the context of Mr. Horowitz's statements that he had
someone watching Mrs. Horowitz, they do not qualify as cyberstalking. See Arnold v.
Santana, 122 So. 3d 512, 513 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (reversing injunction where
"Appellant sent [Appellee] text messages in which he warned her to change her
passwords because he was tracking everything she was doing, and informed her that
he was also following her").
Second, Mrs. Horowitz failed to show that the posts caused her
"substantial emotional distress." § 784.048(1)(d). She testified that the posts were "a
matter of concern" to her and that they "prevented [her] from having any privacy within
[her] own home." The record is devoid of any other mention of Mrs. Horowitz's reaction
to the posts. Because her testimony as to her reaction to the posts was "conclusory
and vague" it was insufficient to show that she had been a victim of domestic violence.
See Alderman v. Thomas, 141 So. 3d 668, 670-71 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (reversing
injunction where petitioner testified "that she feels 'insecure and unsafe with'
[respondent] and that he scares her").
Having concluded that Mrs. Horowitz failed to show that she was the
victim of domestic violence, we now turn to the issue of whether she established that
she had reasonable cause to believe she was in imminent danger of becoming a victim
of domestic violence. We conclude that she did not.
-4-
In attempting to show that she was in danger of becoming a victim of
domestic violence, Mrs. Horowitz testified as to three instances of past physical abuse
on the part of the Mr. Horowitz, the most recent of which occurred no less than fifteen
years prior to the filing of the petition. She further testified that "a few times over the
years" he held his hand in the shape of a gun, pointed it at her, and stated "til death do
us part." She added that Mr. Horowitz would "routinely" stand in the doorways of rooms
she was in and block her from leaving, which she found to be intimidating. Mrs.
Horowitz could not provide a specific time or place that Mr. Horowitz engaged in these
behaviors. Near the end of her direct examination, the following exchange occurred:
[Counsel]: Are you afraid of this man?
[Mrs. Horowitz]: Yes.
[Counsel]: Are you afraid he'll hurt you physically?
[Mrs. Horowitz]: Eventually, yes.
The physical incidents identified by Mrs. Horowitz are too remote to be
considered reasonable cause to believe that she was in imminent danger of becoming a
victim of domestic violence. See Gill v. Gill, 50 So. 3d 772, 744 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)
("[A]n isolated incident of domestic violence that occurred years before a petition for
injunction is filed will not usually support the issuance of an injunction in the absence of
additional current allegations."); Jones v. Jones, 32 So. 3d 772, 773 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)
(reversing injunction where petitioner presented evidence of a pushing incident
occurring three years prior and a statement from the respondent that he was not
threatening wife "yet"). Likewise, the allegations regarding Mr. Horowitz's "finger-gun"
gesture, his habit of "routinely" blocking Mrs. Horowitz's path, and her statement that
she was afraid he would eventually hurt her, although troubling, are too vague to
-5-
provide competent, substantial evidence supporting the injunction. See Alderman, 141
So. 3d at 671-72.
Reversed.
WALLACE and LUCAS, JJ., Concur.
-6-