J-A02028-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
ESTATE OF CATHERINE GENOVESE IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellants
v.
RITE AID STORES
Appellee
APPEAL OF: CRYSTAL J. GENOVESE, AS
EXECUTRIX FOR THE ESTATE OF
CATHERINE GENOVESE, GIUSEPPE
GENOVESE, SR., HUSBAND OF
CATHERINE GENOVESE AND GIUSEPPE
GENOVESE, JR., FRANK GENOVESE AND
CRYSTAL LIA, CHILDREN OF CATHERINE
GENOVESE
No. 1830 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered May 12, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County
Civil Division at No.: 1220-2011 Civil
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., LAZARUS, J., and WECHT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY WECHT, J.: FILED APRIL 01, 2015
Crystal J. Genovese, as executrix for the estate of Catherine Genovese
(“Mrs. Genovese”); Giuseppe Genovese, Sr., husband of Catherine
Genovese; and Giuseppe Genovese, Jr., Frank Genovese and Crystal Lia,
children of Catherine Genovese, appeal from the order entered May 12,
2014, granting summary judgment in favor of Rite Aid Stores in this
wrongful death action. We affirm.
The trial court set forth the following facts:
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The following facts from the incident on April 24, 2010 are
undisputed: Mrs. Genovese dropped her husband off at Silver
Lake Tavern on the afternoon of April 24 and then travelled to
Lords Valley to shop. At some point during her shopping trip,
Mrs. Genovese entered Rite Aid. The assistant manager, Richard
Ramme, noticed Mrs. Genovese looked ill. Mr. Ramme
approached Mrs. Genovese and asked if she needed anything.
After initially saying “no”, Mrs. Genovese requested a glass of
water, which Mr. Ramme provided. Mr. Ramme again asked if
he could do anything and Mrs. Genovese stated she’d just like to
sit. Mr. Ramme told Mrs. Genovese to “flag down” an employee
if she needed anything and then went back to work. When Mr.
Ramme returned to check on Mrs. Genovese, she had left the
store. Thereafter, Mrs. Genovese returned to Silver Lake Tavern
to meet her family. Mrs. Genovese informed her family that she
did not feel well and Mr. Genovese decided to drive her to the
hospital. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Mrs. Genovese
passed away from athero sclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 7/28/2014, at 2.
On July 21, 2011, Mrs. Genovese’s estate, along with her husband and
children (collectively, “Appellants”), filed a praecipe for writ of summons
against Rite Aid Stores (“Rite Aid”). Thereafter, Appellants filed a two-count
complaint alleging that Rite Aid Store #2702 negligently caused Mrs.
Genovese’s death. On December 16, 2011, Rite Aid filed an answer with
new matter, and on December 9, 2013, Rite Aid filed a motion for summary
judgment. Oral arguments were held before the trial court on March 24,
2014. On May 12, 2014, the trial court granted Rite Aid’s motion for
summary judgment.
On June 10, 2014, Appellants timely appealed to the Superior Court.
On June 30, 2014, they filed a concise statement of errors complained of on
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appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On July 28, 2014, the trial court
entered its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
Appellants raise seven duplicative and overlapping questions for our
review:
1. Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law by failing to
recognize . . . Rite Aid owed Mrs. Genovese, as [a] business
invitee who became ill and injured on its premises, a duty of
care, pursuant to Restatement of Torts 2d, § 314(a)?
2. Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law by failing to
follow Campbell v. Eitak, 893 A.2d 749 (Pa. Super. . . . 2006),
which imposes a duty on businesses, such as []Rite Aid, to
summon medical assistance for an ill or injured business invitees
[sic] on its premises?
3. Did the [trial c]ourt commit reversible error by ignoring
expert and circumstantial evidence read in [Appellants’] best
light—of the fact that Richard Ramme saw Mrs. Genovese was
severely ill, and therefore injured, and took it upon himself to
assist Mrs. Genovese (due to the severity of her ill and injured
condition), aided [Mrs. Genovese], and then left [Mrs. Genovese]
alone (contrary to [Rite Aid’s] Safety Manual), and then returned
to double-check on [Mrs. Genovese], at which point she was
gone—which if accepted in the light most favorable to
[]Appellants, demonstrates []Rite Aid assumed the duty of
reasonable conduct and care to Mrs. Genovese?
4. Did the [trial c]ourt commit reversible error by making a
factual determination inconsistent with the Summary Judgment
standard that “the Trial Court must view the record in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all
doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact
against the moving party” when the [trial c]ourt failed to
recognize “reasonable minds would differ” with regard to the
question of whether, under the circumstances, []Rite Aid
breached its duty of care arising under either its Safety Manual
or as it’s [sic] on the job training required, which it owed to Mrs.
Genovese, as an injured/ill, business invitee on []Rite Aid’s
premises?
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5. Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law by not ruling
that OSHA or Labor and Industry regulation, legislative[ly]
created, required []Rite Aid to properly train [sic] its personnel
to handle illness or injury incidents, such as [Mrs.] Genovese’s
incident on []Rite Aid’s premises?
6. Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law by not finding
[]Rite Aid had a duty of care to require its employees to properly
follow [sic] []Rite Aid’s Retail Safety Manuel [sic], and that []Rite
Aid, therefore failed to train, educate, and/or enforce on its own
personnel the need to follow its own Retail Safety Manual?
7. Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law by not finding
[]Rite Aid had a duty of care to require its employees to properly
follow [sic] []Rite Aid’s Safety Manual, and that []Rite Aid,
therefore failed to train, educate, and/or enforce on its own
personnel the need to follow its own Retail Safety Manual?
Appellants’ Brief at 4-6.
Our standard of review is well-settled:
This Court may reverse a trial court’s order granting or denying
summary judgment only if there has been an error of law or an
abuse of discretion. To the extent that we must resolve a
question of law, we shall review the grant of summary judgment
in the context of the entire record. The record includes all
pleadings, as well as any depositions, answers to interrogatories,
admissions, affidavits, and expert reports. We examine the
record in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, and we
resolve all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact against the moving party. Summary judgment is
proper only if the moving party’s right is clear and free from
doubt.
Scungio Borst & Assocs. v. 410 Shurs Lane Devs., LLC, 106 A.3d 103,
105 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “Failure of a
non[-]moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue essential to his
case and on which it bears the burden of proof establishes the entitlement of
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the moving party to judgment as a matter of law.” Thompson v. Ginkel,
95 A.3d 900, 904 (Pa. Super. 2014).
In their first issue, Appellants contend that the trial court erred “by
failing to recognize []Rite Aid owed Mrs. Genovese, as [a] business invitee
who became ill and injured on its premises, a duty of care.” Appellants’
Brief at 15. We disagree.
Appellants seek to recover under the theory that, under the
Restatement (Second) of Torts, Rite Aid was negligent in failing to provide
additional aid to Mrs. Genovese:
To recover under a claim for negligence, the plaintiff must prove
the following elements: that the defendant owed a duty of care
to the plaintiff, the defendant breached that duty, the breach
resulted in injury to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff suffered an
actual loss or damage. Whether a duty exists under a particular
set of facts is a question of law. It has long been hornbook law
that a duty arises only when one engages in conduct which
foreseeably creates an unreasonable risk of harm to others.
The determination of whether a duty exists in a particular
case involves the weighing of several discrete factors
which include: (1) the relationship between the parties;
(2) the social utility of the actor’s conduct; (3) the nature
of the risk imposed and foreseeability of the harm
incurred; (4) the consequences of imposing a duty upon
the actor; and (5) the [over all] public interest in the
proposed solution.
Montagazzi v. Crisci, 994 A.2d 626, 631 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations and
quotation marks omitted); see id. at 632-33 (“If it appeared that the
deceased, by his own carelessness, contributed in any degree to the
accident which caused the loss of his life, the defendants ought not to have
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been held to answer for the consequences resulting from that accident.”)
(citing Brown v. French, 104 Pa. 604 (Pa. 1883)). The Restatement
(Second) of Torts sets for the relevant duty arising between a possessor of
land and members of the public:
§ 314A Special Relations Giving Rise to Duty to Aid or
Protect
(1) A common carrier is under a duty to its passengers to take
reasonable action
(a) to protect them against unreasonable risk of
physical harm, and
(b) to give them first aid after it knows or has reason
to know that they are ill or injured, and to care for them
until they can be cared for by others.
* * *
(3) A possessor of land who holds it open to the public is
under a similar duty to members of the public who enter in
response to his invitation.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A(1), (3).
Here, Appellants contend that the court erred in “failing to recognize
[that] Rite Aid owed Mrs. Genovese . . . a duty of care.” Appellants’ Brief at
4. This is contradicted by the trial court, which in fact agreed that Mrs.
Genovese was a business invitee under the Restatement (Second) of Torts.
See Order, 5/15/2014, at 3 (“Here, there is no question Mrs. Genovese was
a business invitee.”). Accordingly, the trial court did find that Rite Aid owed
Mrs. Genovese a duty of care “to take reasonable action . . . to give [her]
first aid” after it knew she was ill “and to care for [her] until [she could] be
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cared for by others.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A(1)(b); see
also Order, 5/15/2014, at 3. Thus, the dispute revolves around whether
Rite Aid took “reasonable action” pursuant to the Restatement in response to
Mrs. Genovese’s illness, and whether that duty rose to the level alleged to
be necessary by Appellants. Id.
It is undisputed that after speaking to Mrs. Genovese, store manager
Ramme knew that Mrs. Genovese felt unwell. Ramme provided Mrs.
Genovese with a glass of water and a seat, and told her to ask any employee
if she required more assistance. When Ramme returned to check on Mrs.
Genovese, she had left. We agree with the trial court that the care provided
to Mrs. Genovese was reasonable as a matter of law. See Order,
5/15/2014, at 4.
The record establishes that Mrs. Genovese received the assistance that
she requested, and that she declined further help. Ramme and Rite Aid had
no way of knowing that Mrs. Genovese’s condition was any more serious
than indicated by the flu-like symptoms she appeared to have.
Furthermore, Mrs. Genovese left of her own accord and drove to another
location. Rite Aid in no way declined to render reasonable assistance or
otherwise acted to prevent anyone from coming to Mrs. Genovese’s aid.
Montagazzi, 994 A.2d at 632-33. We agree with the trial court that, as a
matter of law, Rite Aid fulfilled its duty of care to Mrs. Genovese as a
business invitee. See Order, 5/15/2014, at 4. Appellants’ first issue does
not merit relief.
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In their second issue, Appellants contend that the trial court erred in
failing to follow Campbell v. Eitak, 893 A.2d 749 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Specifically, they contend that Rite Aid had a duty to summon medical
assistance for Mrs. Genovese as a business invitee on the premises.
Appellants’ Brief at 17. We disagree.
In Campbell, supra, a piece of food lodged in the plaintiff’s throat
while he ate at the defendant’s restaurant. See Campbell, 893 A.2d at
749. The plaintiff informed the restaurant that he was having difficulty
breathing, and the restaurant owner advised him to drink some water.
When the plaintiff told him that this had not made him feel better, the owner
asked whether the plaintiff wished the restaurant to call 911. The restaurant
then called 911, and the plaintiff was transported to a hospital where the
food was removed from his throat; the plaintiff later underwent surgery to
repair an esophageal tear. Id. at 749-50.
The plaintiff sued the defendant restaurant, alleging negligence
because the restaurant did not have a procedure in place for responding to a
choking emergency. The trial court granted the restaurant’s motion for
summary judgment, finding that the restaurant discharged its duty by calling
911. On review, we affirmed and, after reviewing decisions from other
jurisdictions, concluded that “[i]n absence of any legislative pronouncement,
we hold that the prompt summoning of medical assistance satisfies a
restaurant’s duty to a patron who is choking.” Id. at 753.
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Campbell is factually inapposite, in that it is specifically limited to
circumstances of “a restaurant’s duty to a patron who is choking.” Id.
Here, Mrs. Genovese was not choking, nor did she proactively request the
assistance provided by Ramme and Rite Aid. In fact, she initially declined
Ramme’s offers of aid. Cruzan v. Dir., Mo. Dep’t of Health, 497 U.S. 261,
278 (U.S. 1990) (recognizing “general liberty interest in refusing medical
treatment”). Appellants are incorrect to assert that Campbell stands for the
proposition that businesses have a duty “to summon medical assistance for
an ill or injured business invitees [sic] on its premises[.]” Appellants’ Brief
at 17. Campell merely held that, in the case of a man who choked at a
restaurant, the restaurant fulfilled its duty to take reasonable action to
provide first aid by summoning medical assistance. Campbell, 893 A.2d at
753; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts at § 314A. This issue does
not merit relief.
In their third issue, Appellants argue that, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to Appellants as the non-moving party, the trial court
erred in granting summary judgment because Rite Aid “assumed the duty of
reasonable conduct and care to Mrs. Genovese[.]” Appellants’ Brief at 20.
We disagree.
Appellants misstate Rite Aid’s duty owed to Mrs. Genovese. See id.
As previously discussed, the trial court properly concluded that Rite Aid owed
a duty of “reasonable action” to Mrs. Genovese as a business invitee
pursuant to the Restatement. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A.
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Appellants argue that, because Ramme “took it upon himself to assist Mrs.
Genovese,” Appellants’ Brief at 4, he performed negligently while
undertaking to provide services to Mrs. Genovese pursuant to the
Restatement (Second) of Torts at § 323. Section 323 provides:
§ 323 Negligent Performance of Undertaking to
Render Services
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render
services to another which he should recognize as necessary for
the protection of the other’s person or things, is subject to
liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure
to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of
such harm, or
(b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance
upon the undertaking.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323.
Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Appellants, it is
undisputed that Mrs. Genovese refused any additional help offered by
Ramme and the other employees of Rite Aid and that she left of her own
volition. It cannot be said that Mrs. Genovese relied upon the employees’
assistance or that they increased her risk of harm. Any physical harm she
suffered did not result from Ramme’s “failure to exercise reasonable care to
perform his undertaking.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323. Cf. Baur
v. Mesta Mach. Co., 168 A.2d 591, 599 (Pa. Super. 1961) (finding no
workmen’s compensation liability where decedent complained of flu
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symptoms at work and suffered fatal heart attack on his way home). This
issue does not merit relief.
In their fourth through seventh issues, Appellants allege that Rite Aid
breached its duty to Mrs. Genovese as set forth in its Retail Safety Manual,
Rite Aid’s training policies, and “OSHA or Labor and Industry Regulation[s].”
Appellants’ Brief at 5-6. We disagree.
Through the expert reports of John Shane, M.D. and Alan Nudelman,
Appellants attempt to cast Rite Aid’s duty owed to Mrs. Genovese as a
genuine issue of material fact that would preclude the award of summary
judgment and require submission to a jury. Id. at 22, 24. It is well-
settled that whether a duty exists under a particular set of facts is a
matter of law. See Charlie v. Erie Ins. Exch., 100 A.3d 244, 250
(Pa. Super. 2014).
Appellants cannot overcome summary judgment by recasting the
duty of care that Rite Aid owed to Mrs. Genovese. Appellants claim
that a variety of regulations superseded the Restatement (Second) of
Torts’ common-law duty owed toward a business invitee. See
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323. Rite Aid and its employees fulfilled
the standard of reasonable care toward Mrs. Genovese as a business
invitee.
Appellants’ suggested application of these regulations to the
instant case lacks support in fact or in law. OSHA specifies the safety
standards an employer owes its employees in the workplace. See,
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e.g., Stephens v. Paris Cleaners, Inc., 885 A.2d 59, 68 (Pa. Super.
2005). Appellants do not, and cannot, claim that Mrs. Genovese was
an employee of Rite Aid when she fell ill.
Appellants claim that Rite Aid’s safety manuals specify that 911
should be called when a patron suffers injury. Nowhere does the
manual so state; it only obligates employees to remain with injured
persons. See Deposition Exh. 3, Retail Safety Manual, at 3 (“If a
person becomes injured, stay with the injured person and reassure
them until medical personnel arrive.”). Appellants conflate illness and
injury. Even if illness was covered under Rite Aid’s employee safety
manuals and training, the record shows that Mrs. Genovese denied the
assistance that was offered to her. See Deposition of Richard Ramme,
10/16/2012, at 46-47. Finally, while Appellants make a vague
reference to “labor and industry regulation[s],” they fail to
meaningfully develop this claim. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), (b).
We agree with the trial court that imposing a duty upon a
pharmacy to call 911 any time a patron appears to be ill would impose
an unreasonable burden, and that, under the circumstances of this
case, Rite Aid and its employees fulfilled their obligations to Mrs.
Genovese as a business invitee as a matter of law. T.C.O. at 8.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment
in favor of Rite Aid, and no genuine issues of material fact remain that
would warrant submission to a jury.
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Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/1/2015
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