14‐1786 (L)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. FERC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_________________
August Term, 2014
Argued: September 12, 2014
Decided: April 2, 2015
Docket Nos. 14‐1786 (L), 14‐1830 (Con), 14‐2130 (Con), 14‐2248 (Con)
_________________
CENTRAL HUDSON GAS & ELECTRIC CORP., PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK POWER
AUTHORITY, NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC AND GAS CORPORATION, ROCHESTER GAS
AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION,
Petitioners,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION,
Respondent,
ENTERGY NUCLEAR POWER MARKETING, LLC, NRG POWER MARKETING LLC,
GENON ENERGY MANAGEMENT, LLC, ARTHUR KILL POWER LLC, ASTORIA GAS
TURBINE POWER LLC, DUNKIRK POWER LLC, NRG BOWLINE LLC, HUNTLEY POWER
LLC, OSWEGO HARBOR POWER LLC, INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS OF NEW
YORK, INC. (IPPNY),
Intervenors.
1
______________________
Before: LIVINGSTON and DRONEY, Circuit Judges; NATHAN, District Judge.*
Petitioners challenge four orders of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission approving the New York Independent System Operator’s creation of
a new capacity zone and ordering the implementation of a demand curve for that
capacity zone. Petitioners argue that the orders are arbitrary and capricious,
unsupported by substantial evidence, and will result in rates that are not just and
reasonable. We disagree and therefore deny the petitions for review.
RAYMOND B. WUSLICH, Winston & Strawn
LLP, Washington, DC, for Petitioners Central
Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., New York Power
Authority, New York State Electric and Gas
Corporation, and Rochester Gas and Electric
Corporation.
Paul Colbert, Associate General Counsel‐
Regulatory Affairs, Central Hudson Gas &
Electric Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY, for
Petitioner Central Hudson Gas & Electric
Corp.
Glenn D. Haake, Principal Attorney, New
York Power Authority, Albany, NY, for
Petitioner New York Power Authority.
R. Scott Mahoney, General Counsel,
Iberdrola USA, Inc., Binghamton, NY, for
*
The Honorable Alison J. Nathan, of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
2
Petitioners New York State Electric and Gas
Corporation, and Rochester Gas and Electric
Corporation.
JONATHAN D. FEINBERG , Solicitor, Public
Service Commission of the State of New
York (Kimberly A. Harriman, General
Counsel, John C. Graham, Assistant
Counsel, and Nelli Doroshkin, Assistant
Counsel, on the brief), for Petitioners Public
Service Commission of the State of New York
and People of the State of New York.
ROBERT H. SOLOMON, Solicitor, Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission,
Washington DC (David L. Morenoff, Acting
General Counsel, Lisa B. Luftig and Karin
L. Larson, Attorneys, on the brief), for
Respondent Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission.
JOHN S. MOOT, Skadden, Arps, Slate,
Meagher & Flom LLP, Washington, DC
(Karis Anne Gong, on the brief), for
Intervenor Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing,
LLC.
David B. Johnson, Read and Laniado, LLP,
Albany, NY, for Intervenor Independent
Power Producers of New York, Inc.
Victoria L. Smith, Stinson Leonard Street
LLP, Kansas City, MO (Abraham Silverman
and Cortney Madea, NRG Energy, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ, on the brief), for Intervenors
3
NRG Power Marketing LLC, GenOn Energy
Management, LLC, Arthur Kill Power LLC,
Astoria Gas Turbine Power LLC, Dunkirk
Power LLC, NRG Bowline LLC, Huntley
Power LLC, and Oswego Harbor Power LLC.
__________________________________
DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:
In this appeal, two groups of Petitioners challenge four orders issued in 2013
and 2014 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). The challenged
orders approved a proposal by the New York Independent System Operator
(“NYISO”) to create a new wholesale electric power “capacity zone” comprising
certain areas of Southeastern New York, including the lower Hudson Valley (the
“Lower Hudson Valley Zone”). The orders represent the culmination of a multi‐
year process during which NYISO, at FERC’s direction, sought to identify areas of
New York in which customers received power from suppliers located on the other
side of a “transmission constraint” in the electrical grid. Because of the way New
York’s capacity markets work (as we explain later in this opinion), NYISO concluded
that the financial incentives for capacity resources in the transmission‐constrained
area that became the Lower Hudson Valley Zone were inadequate, jeopardizing the
reliability of the grid for customers there. FERC’s approval of the Lower Hudson
4
Valley Zone, along with a new “demand curve” that NYISO uses to set capacity
prices for the zone, was designed to address this potential reliability problem by
providing more accurate price signals to in‐zone resources. For customers in the
new zone, however, the creation of the new zone was expected to result in higher
prices.
The first group of Petitioners in this case comprises Central Hudson Gas &
Electric Corp., New York Power Authority, New York State Electric and Gas
Corporation, and Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation (“Utility Petitioners”). The
second group comprises the People of the State of New York and the New York
Public Service Commission (“NYPSC”) (“New York Petitioners”). The essence of
Petitioners’ claims is that FERC failed adequately to justify the new, higher prices
expected to result from the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone, particularly
without a “phase‐in” of the new zone and its demand curve to soften the impact.
Accordingly, Petitioners claim that the challenged orders are arbitrary and
capricious, are unsupported by substantial evidence, and disregard FERC’s statutory
mandate to ensure that rates are “just and reasonable.” 16 U.S.C. § 824d(a). For the
reasons set forth below, we disagree, and we therefore deny the petitions for review.
5
BACKGROUND
Due to the technical nature of the FERC orders that we are called on to review,
we first discuss the characteristics of the capacity market in New York, as well as the
history behind NYISO’s proposal to create the new Lower Hudson Valley Zone,
before describing the challenged orders.
A. New York’s Capacity Market for Wholesale Electric Power
In some regions of the United States, including New York, certain functions
involving the coordination, control, and operation of the wholesale electric
transmission grid and markets for wholesale electric power are administered by
organizations known as Regional Transmission Organizations (“RTOs”) or
Independent System Operators (“ISOs”). Around the turn of this century, FERC
formally encouraged the formation of these organizations through several orders
that restructured wholesale transmission and energy markets. See Promoting
Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non‐Discriminatory Transmission Servs. by
Pub. Utils.; Recovery of Stranded Costs by Pub. Utils. & Transmitting Utils., Order No.
888, F.E.R.C. Stats & Regs. ¶ 31,036 (1996), order on reh’g, Order No. 888‐A, F.E.R.C.
Stats & Regs. ¶ 31,048 (1997), order on reh’g, Order 888‐B, 81 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,248 (1997),
order on reh’g, Order No. 888‐C, 82 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,046 (1998), aff’d in relevant part,
6
Transmission Access Policy Study Grp. v. FERC, 225 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2000), aff’d sub
nom. New York v. FERC, 535 U.S. 1 (2002); Regional Transmission Orgs., Order No.
2000, F.E.R.C. Stats. & Regs. ¶ 31,089 (1999), on reh’g, Order No. 2000‐A, F.E.R.C.
Stats. & Regs. ¶ 31,092 (2000) (codified at 18 C.F.R. § 35.34). As part of their
administration of these markets, RTOs and ISOs must, pursuant to the Federal
Power Act (“FPA”), obtain FERC’s approval of proposed rules and regulations
affecting rates for the sale of electric energy, and FERC must ensure that these rules
and regulations are “just and reasonable” and result in “just and reasonable” rates.
16 U.S.C. § 824d. While many RTOs and ISOs in the country have authority over
areas whose boundaries cross state lines, New York has its own ISO (i.e., NYISO),
which is responsible for the reliable operation of New York’s high‐voltage
transmission grid and administers bulk power markets in New York.
One function that NYISO performs is administering a “capacity market” for
wholesale electric power. Installed capacity is “the amount of electricity that [a]
producer can supply at a given time.” Simon v. KeySpan Corp., 694 F.3d 196, 199 (2d
Cir. 2012); see also Conn. Dep’t of Pub. Util. Control v. FERC, 569 F.3d 477, 479 (D.C.
Cir. 2009) (“‘Capacity’ is not electricity itself but the ability to produce it when
necessary.”). Capacity markets are a tool that some RTOs and ISOs use to help
7
ensure that there is a reliable and adequate supply of electric power. In a capacity
market, suppliers sell a commitment to produce electric energy if called upon to do
so during a specified future time period, rather than electric energy itself. NYISO’s
capacity market is implemented chiefly through monthly mandatory spot auctions,
which are conducted a short time in advance of the month for which capacity is
being supplied. See NYISO Market Administration and Control Area Services Tariff
[hereinafter “NYISO Services Tariff”] §§ 5.13.3, 5.14.1.
NYISO’s capacity market is divided into “capacity zones.” Prior to the orders
at issue here, the capacity market was divided into three different capacity zones:
the Long Island Capacity Zone (covering Nassau and Suffolk Counties), the New
York City Capacity Zone (covering all of New York City), and the New York Control
Area (covering the entire state, including both the Long Island Capacity Zone and
the New York City Capacity Zone). While the amount of capacity supply in each
zone is determined by market actors, the demand for capacity in each zone is
administratively determined by NYISO. The administratively determined demand
for a given region is known as that region’s demand curve. The point at which the
supply curve intersects with the administratively determined demand curve is the
market clearing price. All suppliers whose bids “clear” the market are paid the
8
clearing price, regardless of the price of each specific supply bid. Explaining the
method by which NYISO sets the demand curve for each region requires some
additional background on the way in which reliability is regulated in New York.
While NYISO administers New York’s capacity market, reliability is also
regulated by a separate entity, the New York State Reliability Council (“NYSRC”).
NYSRC periodically calculates a figure called the installed reserve margin, which is
an amount of power that must be procured for New York as a whole in addition to
the amount needed for peak customer demand. It sets this margin at a level
necessary to prevent a loss of load event—i.e., a system failure—from occurring, on
average, more than once every ten years. Keyspan‐Ravenswood, 474 F.3d at 806‐07.
The installed reserve margin for New York is currently 18 percent of the amount of
energy needed for peak consumer demand.
To achieve the installed reserve margin set by NYSRC, NYISO sets an
installed capacity requirement for New York, which is the specific amount of
megawatts necessary to meet peak demand plus the installed reserve margin. For
transmission‐constrained regions within New York, NYISO sets location‐specific
installed capacity requirements. NYISO also determines the net cost of new entry
for each capacity zone. This number is calculated to equal the cost of constructing
9
a new “peaking” plant—i.e., a plant that runs only during times of peak
demand—in the zone, minus such a plant’s revenues from energy and ancillary
services.
These figures—installed capacity and net cost of new entry—help NYISO
determine the demand curve for each capacity zone: the demand curve is designed
to procure, over time, an amount of capacity equal to the installed capacity
requirement for each zone at a price equal to the net cost of new entry for that zone.
See Centralized Capacity Mkt. Design Elements, F.E.R.C. Docket No. AD13‐7‐000,
Commission Staff Report, at 7 (Aug. 23, 2013) (explaining that capacity markets are
designed to achieve the planning reserve margin at a price equal to the net cost of
new entry); NYISO Services Tariff § 5.14.1.2; see also J.A. 2782 (describing the
demand curves in New York’s capacity zones). Once every three years, NYISO sets
separate demand curves for each region for each of the following three years. N.Y.
Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 143 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,217 at P 2 (2013); see J.A. 1479.
For each capacity zone except the New York Control Area, NYISO also
requires a certain amount of capacity (the exact amount is different for each zone)
to be supplied from resources located within the zone. These requirements are
called locational minimum installed capacity requirements (“LCRs”). The logic is
10
that LCRs must be set for certain capacity zones because even if the overall grid
would otherwise have adequate reserves, a particular zone may risk a blackout if
those reserves cannot reach the zone due to a transmission constraint.
NYISO’s capacity market was originally created after FERC ordered NYISO
to develop a proposal to implement a capacity market in 1999. See Cent. Hudson Gas
& Elec. Corp., 88 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,138 at 61,393 (1999). FERC subsequently approved
major elements of NYISO’s capacity market design, see N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc.,
108 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,309 (2004), including its use of an administratively determined
downward‐sloping demand curve, see N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 103 F.E.R.C. ¶
61,201 (2003). While New York’s capacity market has historically been divided into
the Long Island Zone, New York City Zone, and New York Control Area, in 2009
FERC ordered “NYISO [to] work with stakeholders to address dynamic changes to
the New York Control Area that may warrant the creation of additional capacity
zones within the NYISO market.” N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 127 F.E.R.C. ¶
61,318 at P 53 (2009). FERC stated that “[t]he establishment of criteria for the
addition of zones will facilitate their development and allow market participants to
assess the effect on their interconnected projects.” Id.
11
B. The New Zone Criteria Orders
In January 2011, NYISO submitted a filing addressing the creation of new
capacity zones in compliance with FERC’s 2009 Order. N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc.,
F.E.R.C. Docket No. ER04‐449, Compliance Filing (Jan. 4, 2011). NYISO proposed
two pass/fail criteria for determining whether or not to create a new capacity zone.
See N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 136 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,165 at PP 5‐6 (2011) (“New Zone
Criteria Order”). The first criterion NYISO proposed was a “highway capacity
deliverability test,” which was designed to assess whether transmission into a
potential new zone was constrained. Id. at P 5. A transmission “highway” is a bulk
electric transmission facility.1 A highway transmission constraint occurs when
electric power cannot be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed
due to congestion on a transmission highway. The second criterion was a
“reliability criterion,” which would assess the reliability of the bulk transmission
network in the potential new zone by simulating whether certain contingency
scenarios would result in a deficiency of energy resources in the zone. Id. at P 6.
NYISO proposed that once it identified a new capacity zone based on these criteria,
1
NYISO defines a “Highway” as any 115 kV or higher transmission facility. Id. at P 5
n.8.
12
it would engage in further analysis of the implications of the new capacity zone on
reliability and energy costs for customers in the zone. Id. at P 7.
FERC addressed NYISO’s January 2011 filing in its New Zone Criteria Order.
FERC ruled that NYISO’s specific methodology for the highway capacity
deliverability test was flawed. Id. at P 52. Accordingly, it ordered NYISO to conduct
a test for detecting the presence of transmission constraints using a different
methodology, and to file proposed tariff changes incorporating the as‐modified test.
Id. at P 52‐58. FERC later clarified the methodology of this test in an order on
clarification. See N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 137 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,229 (2011) (“New
Zone Criteria Order on Clarification”).
In the New Zone Criteria Order, FERC also rejected NYISO’s proposed
reliability criterion, finding that it “may improperly result in a new capacity zone
not being created when one is necessary.” New Zone Criteria Order at P 60. If the
highway capacity deliverability test were satisfied on the basis of an identified
transmission constraint, but a new zone was not created because the reliability
criterion was not satisfied, an energy resource could enter bids in a zone’s capacity
auction even though the transmission constraint would prevent the energy
generated by that resource from reaching customers in the constrained area of the
13
zone. Id. In that event, FERC reasoned, “price signals sent to the constrained and
unconstrained areas would not accurately signal the relative needs for and values
of capacity in the two areas of the broad zone.” Id.
Some commenters in the New Zone Criteria proceedings suggested that, in
addition to setting forth a method for creating new capacity zones, FERC should also
require NYISO to provide a process for the elimination of capacity zones. Id. at
PP 16, 70. FERC, however, declined to do so. Id. at P 70.
In accordance with FERC’s New Zone Criteria Order and New Zone Criteria
Order on Clarification, NYISO made a compliance filing proposing tariff changes
to implement the criterion for creating new zones based on the transmission
constraint test. See N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 140 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,160 at PP 14‐18
(2012) (“New Zone Criteria Compliance Order”). NYISO proposed starting the new
capacity zone process by conducting a study in which it would apply the FERC‐
approved “highway” test for identifying transmission constraints. Id. at P 9. If the
study identified such a constraint, NYISO would then identify the boundary for a
new capacity zone. Id. at P 39. NYISO also stated that any new capacity zone would
require a new LCR. Id. at P 14. NYISO proposed that it would determine the LCR
for a new capacity zone no later than March 1 of each year in which it
14
administratively determines demand curves for its capacity zones. Id. at P 16. FERC
approved NYISO’s filing. Id. at P 1.
C. The Orders Under Review
Applying the New Zone Criteria Orders, NYISO proposed the creation of the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone and a demand curve for the new zone. In response,
FERC issued the four orders that are the subject of this appeal. In one pair of orders,
it approved the creation of the new Lower Hudson Valley Zone, see N.Y. Indep. Sys.
Operator, Inc., 144 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,126 (2013) (“Zone Order”), on reh’g, N.Y. Indep. Sys.
Operator, Inc., 147 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,152 (2014) (“Zone Rehearing Order”). And in a
second pair of orders, it approved the establishment of a new demand curve for the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone. N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 146 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,043
(2014) (“Demand Curve Order”), on reh’g, N.Y. Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 147 F.E.R.C.
¶ 61,148 (2014) (“Demand Curve Rehearing Order”).
1. Zone Orders
NYISO filed its tariff revisions to establish the Lower Hudson Valley Zone on
April 30, 2013. Along with its tariff revisions, NYISO provided a report laying out
the results of its study, which showed that the transmission highway providing
power from certain NYISO “load zones” in Upstate New York into load zones
15
downstate was constrained. NYISO’s filing accordingly proposed creating the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone, and laid out the timing and sequence of steps required
to do so.
NYISO set the boundaries for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone to encompass
all of the NYISO load zones located to the south of the constrained transmission
interface, except for Load Zone K, which covers Nassau County and Suffolk County
in Long Island. Load Zone J, comprising New York City, would be part of the new
Lower Hudson Valley Zone, but it would also continue to be its own capacity zone,
with a separate LCR and demand curve. NYISO’s filing did not include provisions
to govern the potential future elimination of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone. Nor
did NYISO’s tariff provisions provide for a phase‐in of the new zone.
NYISO proposed that the demand curve for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone
would be filed on November 30, 2013, and would become effective May 1, 2014. In
the Zone Order, FERC accepted all of NYISO’s proposed tariff revisions creating the
new Lower Hudson Valley Zone. Zone Order at P 1. FERC rejected protestors’
contentions that the new zone’s boundary was not just and reasonable. It also
concluded that it was unnecessary for NYISO to propose a mechanism for
eliminating the Lower Hudson Valley Zone upon the elimination of the transmission
16
constraint on which the zone was premised, and declined to require a phase‐in of
the new zone. Various parties petitioned for rehearing of the Zone Order and FERC
denied rehearing on all the issues which are now subject to appeal.2 See Zone
Rehearing Order at PP 1, 13‐20, 27, 44‐45.
2. Demand Curve Orders
In accordance with FERC’s Zone Order, NYISO filed tariff revisions proposing
a new demand curve for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone on November 27, 2013.
Unlike its tariff filing in the Zone proceeding, NYISO’s proposed tariff revisions
included provisions that would phase in the demand curve for the new Lower
Hudson Valley Zone to help soften the impact of the higher capacity prices that were
likely to result from the new zone’s creation. NYISO’s proposed phase‐in calculated
the demand curve for the first year of operation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone
using a reference value for the cost of a new peaking plant of only 76.06 percent of
what it otherwise would be, and calculated the demand curve for the second year
of operation using a value of 88.03 percent of what it otherwise would be. FERC
accepted NYISO’s tariff filing but rejected its phase‐in proposal. Demand Curve
2
FERC did grant rehearing on one narrow issue regarding market mitigation
measures, but that is not being appealed here. See Zone Rehearing Order at PP 33‐37.
17
Order at P 165. FERC later denied rehearing of its Demand Curve Order on the
same day that it issued its Zone Rehearing Order. Demand Curve Rehearing Order
at P 1.
D. Petitions for Review
In this appeal, Petitioners argue that the Zone Order, Zone Rehearing Order,
Demand Curve Order and Demand Curve Rehearing Order are not supported by
reasoned decisionmaking and substantial evidence. They make five principal
arguments against FERC’s orders: (1) FERC did not adequately justify its conclusion
that consumers would benefit from the creation of the new Lower Hudson Valley
Zone and the implementation of its associated demand curve; (2) FERC failed to
adequately support its conclusion that implementing the new zone without a phase‐
in of its demand curve would result in just and reasonable rates; (3) in creating the
new zone, FERC improperly ignored evidence regarding New York’s transmission
upgrade initiatives; (4) FERC improperly failed to set forth criteria for the potential
elimination of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone after the transmission constraint no
longer exists; and (5) FERC did not demonstrate that the increases in rates arising
from the new zone would “reflect to some degree the costs actually caused by the
customer who must pay them.” Midwest ISO Transmission Owners v. FERC, 373 F.3d
18
1361, 1368 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting KN Energy, Inc. v. FERC, 968 F.2d 1295, 1300
(D.C. Cir. 1992)).
The orders under review are defended not only by FERC, but also by two sets
of intervenors: Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing, LLC (“Entergy”) and
Independent Power Producers of New York, Inc. (together, “Joint Intervenors”), and
a group of subsidiaries of NRG Energy, Inc. (“NRG”).3
DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction
Before turning to the merits of Petitioners’ arguments, we address Joint
Intervenors’ contention that we lack jurisdiction over New York Petitioners’ petition
for review.
The FPA requires an aggrieved party to seek rehearing of a FERC order by the
Commission itself before the party may obtain judicial review of that order.
Specifically, the statute provides that no entity may bring a proceeding to review
any FERC order “unless such entity shall have made application to the Commission
for a rehearing thereon.” 16 U.S.C. § 825l(a). It also provides that a party must file
3
These companies are NRG Power Marketing LLC; GenOn Energy Management,
LLC; Arthur Kill Power LLC; Astoria Gas Turbine Power LLC; Dunkirk Power LLC; NRG
Bowline LLC; Huntley Power, LLC; and Oswego Harbor Power LLC.
19
a petition for review in an appropriate federal Court of Appeals within 60 days after
“the order of the Commission upon the application for rehearing,” and that “[n]o
objection to the order of the Commission shall be considered by [a] court unless such
objection shall have been urged before the Commission in the application for
rehearing unless there is reasonable ground for failure so to do.” Id. § 825l(b).
Under these provisions, courts are barred from considering a party’s objections if the
objection either (1) amounts to collateral attack on an earlier FERC order, see Pac. Gas
& Elec. Co. v. FERC, 533 F.3d 820, 824‐25 (D.C. Cir. 2008), or (2) was not specifically
raised by the party in a petition for rehearing (provided that there is no reasonable
ground for its failure to do so), see Save Our Sebasticook v. FERC, 431 F.3d 379, 381
(D.C. Cir. 2005).
Joint Intervenors argue that we lack jurisdiction over New York Petitioners’
objections to the Zone Order because those objections amount to impermissible
collateral attacks on the New Zone Criteria Orders and (with one exception) have
been waived by virtue of New York Petitioners’ failure to preserve them in a petition
for rehearing. The D.C. Circuit has long held that the bars erected by the FPA’s
mandatory‐rehearing provisions are jurisdictional in nature, see Pac. Gas & Elec. Co.,
533 F.3d at 825; Save Our Sebasticook, 431 F.3d at 381, and we will assume that the
20
D.C. Circuit is correct. Accordingly, we will consider ourselves obligated to
evaluate Joint Intervenors’ collateral‐attack and waiver arguments before turning to
the merits of Petitioners’ objections. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S.
83, 93‐95 (1998).
1. Collateral Attack
Joint Intervenors contend that by authorizing the creation of the Lower
Hudson Valley Zone in the Zone Orders, FERC merely evaluated NYISO’s proposal
against requirements that had already been imposed by the previously issued New
Zone Criteria Orders. In other words, it was the New Zone Criteria Orders (and not
the Zone Orders) that required NYISO to use the “highway” deliverability test for
determining the necessity of establishing a new zone; in the Zone Orders, FERC
merely approved NYISO’s application of that test and the resulting creation of the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone. On this basis, Joint Intervenors claim that New York
Petitioners’ challenges to the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone—which
New York Petitioners frame as challenges to the Zone Orders—are actually
impermissible collateral attacks on the New Zone Criteria Orders. We disagree.
When a petitioner’s objection is aimed not at the order purportedly under
review but instead at an earlier FERC order, it is barred as a collateral attack on the
21
earlier order unless (1) the objection attacks FERC’s constitutional or statutory
authority, (2) FERC has ”effectively reopened” the earlier order, or (3) the earlier
order failed to place parties on notice of what would be required. Sacramento Mun.
Util. Dist. v. FERC, 428 F.3d 294, 298‐99 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Contrary to Joint
Intervenors’ argument, New York Petitioners’ objections—with one possible
exception described below—are aimed at the Zone Orders themselves, and not at the
New Zone Criteria Orders.
In cases where the D.C. Circuit has held that a petitioner’s challenge is an
impermissible collateral attack on a prior FERC order, the challenge has involved a
significantly more direct attack on the prior order than do the bulk of New York
Petitioners’ objections here. In Sacramento, for example, a municipal utility district
asserted a right of first refusal for long‐term firm transmission service when its
transmission contract with certain utilities was set to expire. 428 F. 3d at 295, 298.
The utilities demurred, and the district filed a complaint with FERC. Id. Earlier,
however, FERC had ordered entities to take transmission service under the
California ISO’s tariff after their long‐term transmission contracts expired; in doing
so, it “explicitly approved the absence” of a right‐of‐first‐refusal provision in that
tariff. Id. at 297. Accordingly, the district’s challenge was effectively a direct attack
22
on the earlier FERC order that approved the California ISO’s tariff, so it could not
be raised in a later proceeding. Id. at 298‐99. In Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. FERC,
also cited by Joint Intervenors, the petitioner challenged orders requiring the
California ISO, and not the petitioner, to conduct interconnection studies for new
resources. 533 F.3d 820, 824 (D.C. Cir. 2008). But a prior order had made clear that
the “ISO conducts all studies” in a region with an ISO, and the relevant area was
plainly in the California ISO’s jurisdiction. Id. at 825. In both cases, then, the
petitioner’s challenge was squarely foreclosed by the prior order and therefore could
not succeed except by undermining the prior order.
Here, by contrast, New York Petitioners’ objections (again, with one possible
exception) do not attack the general principles set forth in the New Zone Criteria
Orders. Instead, they concern the specific application of those principles to the
creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone—an application that FERC could not
have opined on in the New Zone Criteria Orders. It may be true that New York
Petitioners would prefer FERC to have approved, in the New Zone Criteria Orders,
criteria other than the “highway” criterion that it ultimately settled on—for example,
ones based on system reliability or consumer economic impacts. But New York
Petitioners are not challenging FERC’s adoption of the “highway” criterion, nor do
23
their arguments necessarily call the adoption of that criterion into question. Instead,
they argue that the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone will, under the
circumstances, result in unjust and unreasonable rates, and that the challenged
FERC orders are arbitrary and capricious. When the New Zone Criteria Orders were
issued, it was clear that, while NYISO would have to file for the creation of a new
zone if the test prescribed by the New Zone Criteria Orders were satisfied, FERC
would still have to approve the new zone pursuant to its statutory obligation to
ensure that rates and the rules and regulations affecting them are “just and
reasonable.” 16 U.S.C. § 824d(a), (c). New York Petitioners’ arguments that FERC
has not adequately made such a demonstration therefore do not constitute collateral
attacks on the New Zone Criteria Orders.
This point can also be understood as an application of the “notice” exception
to the prohibition on collateral attacks.4 See Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist., 428 F.3d at
299. In applying this exception, the D.C. Circuit has said that an objection is a
collateral attack on an earlier order “only if a reasonable firm in [petitioners’]
4
Indeed, while some D.C. Circuit authority suggests that a failure to put parties on
adequate notice opens an exception to the prohibition on collateral attacks, see Sacramento
Mun. Util. Dist., 428 F.3d at 299, other cases suggest that the question whether adequate
notice has been given is the same as whether the petitioner’s argument ranks as a collateral
attack in the first place, see Dynegy Midwest Generation, Inc. v. FERC, 633 F.3d 1122, 1126
(D.C. Cir. 2011); S. Co. Servs., Inc. v. FERC, 416 F.3d 39, 44‐45 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
24
position would have perceived a very substantial risk that the [order] meant what
the Commission now says it meant.” Dynegy Midwest Generation, Inc. v. FERC, 633
F.3d 1122, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (alterations in original) (quoting S. Co. Servs., Inc. v.
FERC, 416 F.3d 39, 45 (D.C. Cir. 2005)) (internal quotation mark omitted). The New
Zone Criteria Orders would have put New York Petitioners on notice only that
NYISO would have to file for the creation of a new zone upon finding a
transmission constraint under the test prescribed by those orders—not that the new
zone would have the boundaries of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone, nor that FERC
would necessarily approve the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone for the
reasons that it did. In other words, while Joint Intervenors may be correct that New
York Petitioners cannot “claim that [they] lacked adequate ‘notice’ that the New
Zone Criteria Orders would control the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone,”
Joint Intervenors’ Br. at 25, they also had no way of knowing that those orders
would be applied to these specific facts in this specific manner.
Indeed, Joint Intervenors never suggest that FERC’s approval of the creation
of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone was a foregone conclusion under the New Zone
Criteria Orders. FERC itself apparently thought that it was not; hence its
explanation, in the Zone Order, of why NYISO’s proposed creation of the Lower
25
Hudson Valley Zone not only was consistent with and required by NYISO’s tariff
(as modified by the New Zone Criteria Orders), but also would not result in unjust
and unreasonable rates. See Zone Order at PP 20‐22, 24‐25. Put simply, the fact that
FERC approved a general process does not suggest an advance determination that
applying that process to all potential factual situations would necessarily fulfill its
statutory obligation to ensure just and reasonable rates. Because New York
Petitioners’ challenges are aimed primarily at FERC’s just‐and‐reasonable rate
determination, and not at the test imposed by the New Zone Criteria Orders, they
are not barred as impermissible collateral attacks on those prior orders.
The one argument advanced by New York Petitioners that might amount to
a collateral attack on the New Zone Criteria Orders is their argument that FERC
should have required NYISO to put in place criteria for the elimination of the Lower
Hudson Valley Zone at the same time that the zone was created. In its first New
Zone Criteria Order, FERC explicitly declined to require a process for eliminating
zones even as it set up the process for new zone creation. See New Zone Criteria
Order at P 70 (“[W]e will not expand our compliance directive to require NYISO to
define criteria regarding the potential elimination of capacity zones as some
commentators have suggested.”). Thus, New York Petitioners’ argument that
26
“FERC unreasonably declined to establish criteria for eliminating the new zone in
the event the transmission constraint is relieved,” N.Y. Pet’rs’ Br. at 26, is directly at
odds with the conclusion reached in that prior order. There may be a distinction
between the need for zone elimination procedures in this particular case and the
need for such procedures in general, given that New York Petitioners supplied
evidence that New York’s transmission upgrade initiatives might eliminate the
transmission constraint necessitating the Lower Hudson Valley Zone. We need not
decide whether this distinction is relevant, however, because FERC has “effectively
reopened” the issue. Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist., 428 F.3d at 299.
An agency reopens an issue decided in a previous order—and thus lifts the
bar against challenging that decision in a subsequent proceeding—when “in
responding to comments the agency uses language that shows that it did in fact
reconsider an issue.” Pub. Citizen v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 901 F.2d 147, 150
(D.C. Cir. 1990). Here, FERC reopened the issue of zone elimination in the Zone
Order by articulating a different rationale than the one it relied on in the New Zone
Criteria Order.
In the New Zone Criteria Order, FERC justified its decision not to require
criteria for eliminating new zones based in part on the logic that “[t]he impact of the
27
failure to create a zone where one is needed is much more significant than the
impact of a failure to eliminate an existing unneeded zone because an unneeded
zone should not experience price separation from the neighboring zones.” New
Zone Criteria Order at P 70. But in the Zone Order, FERC suggested that its prior
reasoning was incorrect, indicating that “price separation may well continue after
the constraint leading to a new capacity zone disappears.” Zone Order at P 83.
FERC went on to conclude that criteria for eliminating the Lower Hudson Valley
Zone were nevertheless unnecessary because any such price separation would be an
“appropriate” reflection of a zone’s relative cost of entry and therefore necessary to
attract “adequate resources” to be located within the zone. Id. It also relied on new
record evidence—an affidavit submitted by NYISO’s Dr. David B. Patton—in
support of its conclusion. Id. & n.91. FERC’s revised, and newly supported,
explanation for its decision not to require zone elimination criteria shows that the
agency “did in fact reconsider” the issue of zone elimination in the Zone Order, and
that New York Petitioners’ arguments on that subject are not barred by the FPA’s
prohibition on collateral attacks. Pub. Citizen, 901 F.2d at 150.
28
2. Failure to Preserve on Rehearing
Joint Intervenors also argue that New York Petitioners waived their challenges
to the Zone Orders—with the exception of the argument that New York
transmission initiatives made the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone
unnecessary—by failing to raise them in a petition for rehearing. FPA’s requirement
that a party must raise its objections in a petition for rehearing “enables the
Commission to correct its own errors, which might obviate judicial review, or to
explain why in its expert judgment the party’s objection is not well taken, which
facilitates judicial review.” Save Our Sebasticook, 431 F.3d at 381; see also ASARCO,
Inc. v. FERC, 777 F.2d 764, 774‐75 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (examining the Natural Gas Act’s
identical mandatory‐rehearing provision). Thus, to preserve an objection for judicial
review, a party must raise it in a request for FERC rehearing “with ‘specificity.’”
Allegheny Power v. FERC, 437 F.3d 1215, 1220 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Wisc. Power
& Light Co. v. FERC, 363 F.3d 453, 460 (D.C. Cir. 2004)).
Joint Intervenors point to two objections in particular that they claim New
York Petitioners did not preserve: (1) that FERC failed to quantify consumer price
impacts and (2) that the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone was not
necessary to maintain reliability. We agree that that New York Petitioners failed to
29
raise the first of these objections with sufficient specificity in their petitions for
rehearing.
In its request for rehearing of the Zone Order, the NYPSC objected to FERC’s
conclusion that the benefits of creating the Lower Hudson Valley Zone justified the
zone’s costs. In essence, the NYPSC argued that FERC had identified only long‐term
benefits from the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone, because even assuming
that the zone’s creation would eventually “incent new generation” there, those
resources would not materialize for several years—particularly in light of state
regulatory initiatives that (the NYPSC argued) would alleviate the transmission
constraint identified by NYISO. J.A. 1076. Upon the creation of the new zone,
however, consumer rates would increase immediately, so FERC’s failure to identify
short‐term benefits of the new zone therefore suggested that the rate increases were
unjustified. The NYPSC thus urged FERC to either delay or phase in the rate
increases associated with establishing the new zone. But nowhere did it make the
specific argument that New York Petitioners do now—i.e., that FERC was obliged
to quantify the amount by which consumer rates would increase. See N.Y. Pet’rs’ Br.
at 19 (“Despite FERC’s refusal to do so, the FPA requires that it quantify and review
the extent of the possible price impacts to ensure that they fall within a reasonable
30
range of rates.”). Nor did the NYPSC raise this argument in seeking rehearing of the
Demand Curve Order, when it also highlighted FERC’s failure to identify short‐term
benefits from the Lower Hudson Valley Zone in light of ongoing state initiatives,
and therefore urged FERC to have NYISO phase in the new zone’s demand curve.
We do not intend to suggest that a petitioner may never, in seeking judicial
review, supplement an argument raised in its request for rehearing by adding new
nuances or framing the argument in a slightly different way. See, e.g., City of Oconto
Falls v. FERC, 204 F.3d 1154, 1162 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2000). But the NYPSC’s failure even
to mention to FERC that quantifying price impacts was required led FERC (quite
understandably) not to consider that question at all. For us to address New York
Petitioners’ argument on the merits would therefore disserve the FPA’s purpose of
enabling FERC to correct any error in its initial order or explain why, in its
considered judgment, there was no error. Accordingly, we conclude that the
quantification argument has not been preserved for our consideration. See Allegheny
Power, 437 F.3d at 1220 (finding that an objection had not been preserved where it
was not made specifically in the petitioner’s request for rehearing and did not elicit
a response from FERC). In light of the foregoing discussion, however, we also
conclude that New York Petitioners’ more general cost‐benefit argument—i.e., that
31
FERC failed to identify non‐speculative short‐term benefits of creating the Lower
Hudson Valley Zone that would justify consumer rate increases—has been
adequately preserved.
Joint Intervenors also contend that New York Petitioners failed to preserve
their argument that FERC improperly relied on reliability concerns to justify the
creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone. In its request for rehearing of the Zone
Order, the NYPSC raised reliability concerns only in connection with its argument
that FERC should establish criteria for NYISO to determine when the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone should be eliminated. It pointed out that, in the Zone Order, FERC
justified the creation of the new zone based in part on the fact that reliability
concerns required locating a certain amount of generation within the zone itself, so
higher capacity prices would be justified based on the zone’s higher net cost of new
entry vis‐à‐vis other zones. See Zone Order at P 26. The NYPSC argued that the
“sustained price separation” contemplated by FERC was unjust, and asked FERC
to prescribe a process for the elimination of the new zone. J.A. 1083. In the Zone
Rehearing Order, however, FERC cited reliability concerns not only as a reason for
tolerating price separation, but also in response to the NYPSC’s separate argument
that the zone should be delayed or phased in: FERC claimed that the accurate price
32
signals created by the new zone would enhance short‐term reliability. Zone
Rehearing Order at PP 13‐16. Perhaps for this reason, New York Petitioners now
argue that FERC improperly cited reliability concerns to justify the immediate
creation of the new zone—and not just to justify its refusal to require elimination
criteria.
New York Petitioners did not specifically argue on rehearing, as they do now,
that FERC’s decision to create the Lower Hudson Valley Zone was erroneous because
there was inadequate evidence of a reliability concern. Under the circumstances,
however, this failure does not preclude us from addressing the merits of New York
Petitioners’ argument. To the extent that there is error in FERC’s reliance on
reliability concerns to justify the immediate establishment of the new zone—as
opposed to a delay or a phase‐in—New York Petitioners specifically argued on
rehearing that the new zone should be delayed or phased in, so the adequacy of
FERC’s reasoning in rejecting that argument is properly before us. Similarly, to the
extent that FERC cited reliability concerns in deciding not to establish elimination
criteria for the new zone, that decision also was objected to on reconsideration, see
33
J.A. 1080‐83, so we may examine the adequacy of FERC’s explanation on that
subject, too—including its reliance on reliability concerns.5
B. Whether the Challenged Orders Are Lawful
We review final FERC orders under the Administrative Procedure Act, which
requires an order to be set aside if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,
or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Green Island Power Auth. v. FERC, 577 F.3d
148, 158 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). An order ranks as arbitrary and capricious if “the agency relied on factors
which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an
important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs
counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be
ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.” Id. (quoting
LaFleur v. Whitman, 300 F.3d 256, 267 (2d Cir. 2002)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). FERC “must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory
5
Joint Intervenors implicitly suggest that the elimination criteria argument is
unpreserved by claiming that New York Petitioners’ single preserved argument concerns
FERC’s refusal to take ongoing New York transmission initiatives into account. As noted
in the text, however, the elimination criteria argument was raised on rehearing and is
therefore properly before us: New York Petitioners devoted an entire section of their
rehearing request to the argument that FERC erred in not requiring criteria for the
elimination of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone. See J.A. 1080‐83.
34
explanation for its action[s] including a ‘rational connection between the facts found
and the choice[s] made.’” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156,
168 (1962)).
FERC’s decisions must also be supported by substantial evidence. See
Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Fed. Power Comm’n, 344 F.2d 594, 596 (2d Cir. 1965).
This requires the record to contain “more than a scintilla but less than a
preponderance” of evidence in support of FERC’s determination, such that “a
reasonable mind might accept [the evidence] as adequate to support [FERC’s]
conclusion.” Miller v. United Welfare Fund, 72 F.3d 1066, 1072 (2d Cir. 1995) (quoting
Sandoval v. Aetna Life & Cas. Ins. Co., 967 F.2d 377, 382 (10th Cir. 1992)) (internal
quotation mark omitted) . Under the FPA’s judicial review provision, however,
“FERC’s findings of fact, ‘if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive.’”
Green Island Power Auth., 577 F.3d at 158 (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 825l(b)).
“[W]e afford great deference to [FERC] in its rate decisions.” Morgan Stanley
Capital Grp. Inc. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1, 554 U.S. 527, 532 (2008). We also agree with
the D.C. Circuit that “[b]ecause issues of rate design are fairly technical and, insofar
as they are not technical, involve policy judgments that lie at the core of the
35
regulatory mission, our review of whether a particular rate design is just and
reasonable is highly deferential.” Sithe/Independence Power Partners, L.P. v. FERC, 165
F.3d 944, 948 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).
1. Zone Creation
Petitioners contend that FERC did not adequately support its conclusion that
the creation of the new Lower Hudson Valley Zone justified the costs imposed by
the zone—i.e., its conclusion that the creation of the new zone would ultimately
result in just and reasonable rates. We disagree. FERC adequately supported its
decision to approve the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone by relying on
economic theory.
The D.C. Circuit has held that FERC may permissibly rely on economic theory
alone to support its conclusions so long as it has applied the relevant economic
principles in a reasonable manner and adequately explained its reasoning. See, e.g.,
Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist. v. FERC, 616 F.3d 520, 531 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (holding that
FERC appropriately made findings based on “‘generic factual predictions’ derived
from economic research and theory . . . given that it explained and applied the
relevant economic principles in a reasonable manner” (quoting Transmission Access
Policy Study Grp. v. FERC, 225 F.3d 667, 688 (D.C. Cir. 2000))); Wis. Pub. Power Inc. v.
36
FERC, 493 F.3d 239, 260‐61 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (holding that FERC’s prediction that a
given formula for allowing electricity suppliers to recover fixed costs in setting
prices would “provide an efficient incentive to invest” was a “reasonable predictive
judgment that warrants judicial deference”); Associated Gas Distribs. v. FERC, 824
F.2d 981, 1008 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (stating that courts should not set aside an agency’s
“reliance on generic factual predictions merely because they are typically studied in
the field called economics”). We agree, and we will therefore consider whether
FERC reasonably applied sound economic principles and articulated an adequate
explanation for how those principles justified its conclusion.
As FERC explained in the New Zone Criteria Order, the “highway”
deliverability test pursuant to which NYISO determined that the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone should be created is designed to address reliability concerns that arise
due to transmission constraints between different areas of an existing zone. Because
NYISO’s capacity auctions are zone‐wide, capacity resources that bid to supply
capacity for a given zone can be located anywhere in the zone. If a transmission
constraint exists, “the capacity auction for that zone may accept more capacity in the
unconstrained area than can be delivered to the constrained area.” New Zone
Criteria Order at P 56. Capacity in the unconstrained area may even “displace
37
capacity located in the constrained area,” id. at P 56, if, for example, the cost of
supplying capacity is lower in the unconstrained area and resources in that area
therefore provide lower bids at auction, see Zone Rehearing Order at PP 15‐16.
Under those circumstances, the amount of capacity that is actually deliverable to the
constrained area might be “less than the amount needed for reliability.” New Zone
Criteria Order at P 56. Moreover, failing to pay resources located in the constrained
area for their capacity could lead to insufficient capacity supply in the constrained
area, jeopardizing long‐term reliability. To put it in simple terms, NYISO’s auctions
award capacity payments to the resources who supply capacity at the lowest cost,
and if those payments are going only to cheaper upstate resources that may be
unable to actually deliver power to downstate consumers, then downstate resources
who can deliver power to those consumers might not stay in business. By providing
for the creation of a new zone in a way that accounts for transmission constraints,
FERC sought to ensure that capacity prices in the constrained area would “be
allowed to rise above prices in the unconstrained area, thereby providing stronger
incentives to attract and retain capacity needed to meet reliability objectives in the
constrained area.” Id. at P 57.
38
After NYISO applied the deliverability test prescribed by the New Zone
Criteria Orders and sought FERC’s approval to create the Lower Hudson Valley
Zone in the Zone proceeding, FERC reaffirmed the economic basis for its conclusion
that the new zone would lead to just and reasonable rates by generating more
accurate price signals. See Zone Order at P 24 (“The results of NYISO’s application
of the . . . Deliverability test demonstrate that a significant transmission constraint
currently exists into NYISO’s proposed new capacity zone. Any resulting higher
capacity prices in the new capacity zone will help to encourage the development of
new generation and/or transmission capacity to help alleviate the constraint. Such
price changes promote efficient decisions and are not unreasonable.”). Indeed, in
its request for rehearing in the Zone proceeding, the NYPSC recognized the validity
of FERC’s economic reasoning, conceding that “creating [the Lower Hudson Valley
Zone] could have long‐term reliability benefits” and “may eventually incent new
generation in that location.” J.A. 1076.
We conclude that FERC articulated sound economic principles supporting the
creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone and satisfactorily explained how those
principles justified its conclusion. Accordingly, FERC’s determination that the
creation of the new zone would lead to just and reasonable rates was adequately
39
supported, and was not arbitrary and capricious.
New York Petitioners’ arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. New
York Petitioners claim that the long‐term benefits that FERC claims will follow from
the accurate price signals generated by the new zone “are merely predictions.” N.Y.
Pet’rs’ Br. at 22. Quoting the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Electricity Consumers Resource
Council v. FERC, they contend that “mere reliance on an economic theory cannot
substitute for substantial record evidence and the articulation of a rational basis for
[FERC’s] decision.” 747 F.2d 1511, 1514 (D.C. Cir. 1984). But the D.C. Circuit has
since clarified (repeatedly) that FERC’s economic argument in Electricity Consumers
was unavailing not because reliance on economic theory alone is never permissible,
but because the court there “was persuaded that the Commission had ‘inexplicably
distorted’ the theory that it claimed to apply.” Associated Gas. Distribs., 824 F.2d at
1008 (quoting Elec. Consumers, 747 F.2d at 1514); see also Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist.,
616 F.3d at 531 (“Neither Electric [sic] Consumers nor any other case law prevents the
Commission from making findings based on generic factual predictions derived
from economic research and theory.”) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Here, as we have explained, FERC has not distorted economic theory in
40
reasoning that the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone will ensure accurate
price signals and thereby alleviate the risk of reliability problems in the long run.
Petitioners also argue that FERC failed to consider the new zone’s impact on
consumer rates. FERC’s orders, however, show that it did consider the new zone’s
impact on consumer rates. See, e.g., Zone Rehearing Order at P 17 (“The reality is
that, in the short run, consumers may pay more but doing so is necessary to provide
the appropriate price signals to incent developers to build or restore capacity and
address a long‐standing problem. . . . The Commission hopes to emphasize that
decision‐making based only on avoiding price increase in the short‐term could
threaten reliability and price stability in the long‐term.”). FERC also explained that
rates in the Lower Hudson Valley Zone would be likely to decrease over time “[a]s
more capacity locates in the new capacity zone.” Id. (And, as we have explained,
New York Petitioners failed to preserve their argument that FERC was required to
quantify consumer benefits.)
“[T]he FPA has multiple purposes in addition to preventing excessive rates,
including protecting against inadequate service and promoting the orderly
development of plentiful supplies of electricity.” Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. v.
FERC, 510 F.3d 333, 342 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks
41
omitted). In determining whether rates are just and reasonable, FERC is charged
with balancing these competing interests, see, e.g., New Eng. Power Generators Ass’n,
v. FERC, 757 F.3d 283, 298 (D.C. Cir. 2014), and we are not persuaded that there is
anything unreasonable in FERC’s conclusion that higher prices were necessary to
ensure reliability by generating accurate price signals in the long run.
2. Phase‐In
Apart from challenging FERC’s balancing of higher consumer costs against
the long‐term benefits of generating more accurate price signals, Petitioners also
object to FERC’s decision to reject a phase‐in of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone and
the rate increases portended by the new zone’s demand curve. This issue arose in
both the Zone proceeding and the Demand Curve proceeding. In the Zone
proceeding, NYISO’s proposal did not call for a phase‐in of the new zone, but a
group of New York Transmission Owners (including Utility Petitioners) protested
that the zone should be phased in to soften the impact of rate increases. See Zone
Order at P 28. In the Demand Curve proceeding, NYISO proposed to phase in the
demand curve for the new zone by discounting the demand curve to 76.06 percent
of the cost of new entry in the first year and 88.03 percent in the second year, and
Petitioners urged FERC to adopt this aspect of NYISO’s proposal. See Demand
42
Curve Order at PP 141‐47, 155‐56. In both proceedings, FERC rejected the phase‐in,
explaining that “a phase‐in would delay the capacity market’s ability to send more
efficient investment price signals to attract and maintain sufficient capacity to meet
local demand.” Demand Curve Order at P 164; see also Zone Order at P 31; Zone
Rehearing Order at PP 13‐20; Demand Curve Rehearing Order at P 59‐65.
FERC rejected Petitioners’ arguments that the years‐long timeframe for the
construction of new capacity resources in the Lower Hudson Valley Zone implied
that short‐term increases in capacity prices would be irrelevant to FERC’s goal of
maintaining adequate capacity supply in the new zone. FERC explained that
accurate price signals would not only create the proper long‐term incentives for
building new capacity resources, but would also affect “shorter term supply
responses, i.e., demand response and repowering options.”6 Demand Curve Order
at P 164; see also Zone Rehearing Order at P 20 (reiterating FERC’s finding that “a
phase‐in could adversely affect incentives to supply shorter term capacity responses,
such as demand response and repowering options.”). Additionally, FERC asserted
6
Demand response is “reduction in the consumption of electric energy by
customers from their expected consumption in response to an increase in the price of
electric energy or to incentive payments designed to induce lower consumption of
electric energy.” Elec. Power Supply Ass’n v. FERC, 753 F.3d 216, 220 (D.C. Cir. 2014)
(quoting 18 C.F.R. § 35.28(b)(4)) (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted).
43
that accurate short‐term prices would “guide efficient investment decisions to add
or retire capacity resources.” Demand Curve Order at P 162 (emphasis added); see
also Zone Rehearing Order at P 16 (warning that failure to create a new zone would
“encourage[] premature capacity retirements in the import‐constrained area because
of the area’s inefficiently low prices”); Demand Curve Rehearing Order at P 61
(same). Thus, in FERC’s view, an immediate increase in prices would, in fact, help
alleviate short‐term reliability concerns by properly incentivizing demand response
and repowering options and by discouraging early retirement of existing resources;
none of these sources of capacity would require years to come on line.
Petitioners argue that FERC’s rejection of a phase‐in resulted in unjust and
unreasonable rates and was not supported by substantial evidence.7 They contend
that there was insufficient evidence of a short‐term reliability needs in the new zone,
7
FERC and Joint Intervenors assert that, because a phase‐in would require a
waiver of NYISO’s tariff, FERC acted within its discretion in denying the phase‐in.
They argue that it was NYISO’s burden to show that a phase‐in of the demand curve
was just and reasonable. Petitioners counter that FERC nevertheless maintained the
burden of showing that implementing the Lower Hudson Valley Zone without a phase‐
in would result in just and reasonable rates, and that FERC was therefore required to
show that implementing the full demand curve immediately would provide cost‐
justified benefits to consumers. As explained in the text, we conclude that even if FERC
were required to show that implementing the Lower Hudson Valley Zone without the
phase‐in would result in just and reasonable rates, it has satisfied this burden. Thus, we
do not decide whether FERC had such a burden.
44
and they accuse FERC of failing to identify short‐term supply responses whose
decisions would actually be affected by higher short‐term prices.
In this context, Petitioners are arguably on stronger footing in suggesting that
FERC’s reliance on economic analysis alone is insufficient. As we have discussed,
in describing the long‐term benefits of creating the Lower Hudson Valley Zone,
FERC persuasively explained why economic theory dictated that reliability concerns
are likely to arise in a transmission‐constrained area and that creating a new
demand curve for the constrained area would appropriately incentivize the supply
of capacity within that area on an aggregate level. But in zeroing in on specific
categories of capacity suppliers that would respond to short‐term incentives and
mitigate short‐term reliability needs, FERC necessarily assumed that such suppliers
existed and would respond to higher prices, and that a short‐term reliability need
required an immediate response. However, even accepting for the sake of argument
Petitioners’ position that FERC was required to point to evidence supporting its
factual premises, we conclude, for the following reasons, that the evidence was
sufficient to justify FERC’s rejection of the phase‐in.
NYISO asserted, in its proposed tariff revisions in the Zone proceeding, that
the “reliability needs” that the new zone would address “are becoming increasingly
45
significant.” J.A. 129. FERC pointed to this statement, as well the 2012 “State of the
Market” report cited by NYISO, in determining that a lack of accurate price signals
in the constrained zone was already leading to a decrease in available capacity
within the zone. See Zone Order at P 35; see also Demand Curve Order at P 162
(declining to “reconsider” the Zone Order’s decision not to adopt a phase‐in). The
2012 State of the Market Report supported FERC’s conclusion. It suggested that the
new zone should have been created even sooner, and that the delay “has had several
consequences”—including that “[t]he total amount of unforced capacity sold in
Zones G, H, and I has fallen by 1 GW (or 21 percent) since the summer of 2006.”
Joint Intervenors’ App’x A‐74. The report further suggested that “[s]ome of this
capacity may have been economic to remain in service or been maintained more
reliably if the . . . capacity zone had been implemented sooner.” Id. This evidence
of negative consequences resulting from the initial delay in the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone’s implementation supported FERC’s prediction that further delay
would cause similar results.
There was also evidence supporting FERC’s prediction that further capacity
resource losses in the Lower Hudson Valley Zone not only would occur, but also
46
would jeopardize short‐term reliability.8 An expert affidavit that FERC cited in the
Demand Curve Order stated that “the loss of any of . . . three large generating
facilities in Zones G‐I would likely cause immediate and significant reliability
problems for the NYISO.” J.A. 790; see Demand Curve Order at P 159. Moreover,
in both of its orders on rehearing, FERC pointed to NYISO’s Summer 2014 Capacity
Assessment, which indicated that under extreme weather conditions, Southeast New
York would experience a capacity reserve shortage, and that NYISO might therefore
be required to invoke its emergency operating procedures to ensure sufficient
generation to meet Southeast New York’s needs. Zone Rehearing Order at P 17 n.29;
Demand Curve Rehearing Order at P 62 n.49. New York Petitioners claim that FERC
miscalculated the size of the potential shortage, but as Joint Intervenors point out,
a shortage of any magnitude would reasonably have provided cause for concern.
FERC is owed deference in drawing conclusions from this report. And although
FERC’s ordinary practice is not to consider new evidence on rehearing, see Exxon
8
NYISO’s own expert’s statement that discounted capacity prices “would be
adequate to retain sufficient existing capacity to meet reliability needs,” J.A. 1625, does not
require us to reject FERC’s contrary conclusion. See Wis. Valley Improvement Co. v. FERC,
236 F.3d 738, 746‐47 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (describing “the presence of disputing expert
witnesses” as “a classic example of a factual dispute the resolution of which implicates
substantial agency expertise” (quoting Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 376
(1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
47
Corp. v. FERC, 114 F.3d 1252, 1260 n.12 (D.C. Cir. 1997), Petitioners point to no
authority suggesting that FERC is prohibited from doing so when the evidence is in
the record already or, as with NYISO’s Summer 2014 Capacity Assessment, is
publicly available. See, e.g., Wis. Power & Light Co. v. FERC, 363 F.3d 453, 463 (D.C.
Cir. 2004) (approving consideration of “relevant, publicly available studies, which
need not have been introduced into the record”).
Furthermore, there was evidence in the record suggesting that specific
resources would respond to the incentives created by immediate implementation of
the Lower Hudson Valley Zone’s demand curve. In the Demand Curve Order,
FERC cited a submission from Entergy, which suggested that “a phase‐in that would
suppress prices for a two‐year period would discourage competitive supply.”
Demand Curve Order at P 164. The cited portion of Entergy’s submission discussed
a specific generating facility called Bowline Unit 2, which NRG was considering
restoring in response to the creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone. J.A. 1721‐23.
NRG had indicated that it was far more likely to pursue this restoration if there were
no phase‐in of the demand curve for the new zone.9 (Contrary to Utility Petitioners’
9
The brief filed by NRG as an Intervenor in this appeal supports Entergy’s argument
before FERC that the restoration of Bowline Unit 2 was financially justified only upon
creation of the new zone.
48
argument, this evidence was not newly introduced at the rehearing stage.)
Although Utility Petitioners challenge NRG’s suggestion that the phase‐in of the
demand curve would actually affect its investment decisions given that Bowline
Unit 2 would not be restored in time for, or eligible to participate in, 2014 capacity
auctions, we think FERC rationally could have credited NRG’s and Entergy’s
arguments, which were supported by an affidavit from Entergy’s expert, that a
phase‐in would increase perceived regulatory risk and therefore reduce the
likelihood of Bowline Unit 2’s being restored in the short term—regardless of when
the facility would actually be able to participate in capacity auctions. See J.A. 1721‐
23.
Finally, New York Petitioners also suggest that FERC’s concern about
reliability cannot be squared with its rejection of a reliability criterion in the New
Zone Criteria Orders, rendering its reasoning arbitrary and capricious. This
argument is a red herring. As we have discussed, FERC made clear throughout both
of the proceedings at issue that the “highway” deliverability criterion that it
instructed NYISO to apply in determining the need for a new zone was designed to
address reliability concerns caused by transmission constraints. Accordingly,
FERC’s reliance on reliability concerns in rejecting a phase‐in was wholly
49
appropriate.
Given the deference that FERC is owed in this highly technical area, we
conclude that its economic predictions about the effects of immediately
implementing the Lower Hudson Valley Zone and its demand curve, combined with
the evidence described above suggesting that a phase‐in of the demand curve would
inhibit efforts to incentivize needed short‐term supply responses, were sufficient to
support its decision to reject the phase‐in of the new zone and its demand curve.
Because FERC adequately justified higher prices by reference to specific offsetting
short‐term benefits, there is no basis for us to disturb FERC’s conclusion that the
higher rates generated by the immediate implementation of the new zone were just
and reasonable.
3. State Transmission Upgrades
We also reject New York Petitioners’ argument that it was arbitrary and
capricious for FERC to decide to proceed with establishing the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone despite the NYPSC’s claims that New York’s planned transmission
upgrades would eliminate the transmission constraint on which the new zone was
premised.
50
FERC rationally considered and rejected evidence introduced by the NYPSC
regarding New York’s planned transmission upgrades. In its Zone Rehearing
Order, FERC stated that it was “fully cognizant that the NYPSC has two proceedings
underway that may result in the construction of major transmission facilities during
the 2016‐2018 timeframe [which] could alleviate the long‐standing transmission
constraint.” Zone Rehearing Order at P 18 (footnote omitted). But it explained that,
“to date, no major new transmission facility has completed the certification review
process required under Article VII of the New York State Public Service
Law”—which “sets forth the existing certification review process for citing major
utility transmission facilities in New York State”—and “there is no assurance that
any facilities would be completed during the 2016‐2018 time frame.” Id. at P 18 &
n.33. Similarly, in the Demand Curve Rehearing Order, FERC explained that “there
is no assurance that any facilities would be completed during the 2016‐2018 time
frame.” Demand Curve Rehearing Order at P 63. And in the Zone Order, FERC
emphasized that “the transmission upgrades that the NYPSC expects to result from
its proceedings have not yet been built.” Zone Order at P 23.
As discussed above, FERC approved the Lower Hudson Valley Zone in order
to ensure that the capacity market more accurately reflected true market conditions.
51
Because FERC explained that potential future transmission upgrades that might
alter those conditions were speculative, it rationally explained its decision to act
according to existing market conditions rather than speculative future conditions.
4. Zone Elimination
Petitioners also claim that FERC should have required NYISO to establish a
process for the elimination of the new Lower Hudson Valley Zone when it
established that zone. As discussed, FERC now concedes that price separation
between the Lower Hudson Valley Zone and the remaining portions of the New
York Control Area may continue even if the transmission constraint justifying the
creation of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone is eliminated. See Zone Order at P 83.
But assuming arguendo that Petitioners are correct that such price separation would
lead to unjust and unreasonable rates, FERC was not required to address that
potential future concern in the orders under review.
In its Zone Rehearing Order, FERC explained that “any new rules for
discontinuing a capacity zone must apply to all capacity zones and not just the
recently‐approved new [Lower Hudson Valley Zone] and, therefore, should be the
subject of a separate proceeding that develops a record for establishing tariff criteria
and procedures for eliminating any capacity zone, including any future new
52
capacity zone and not just the new [Lower Hudson Valley Zone] at issue here.”
Zone Rehearing Order at P 45.
FERC “enjoys broad discretion in determining how best to handle related, yet
discrete, issues in terms of procedures.” Mobil Oil Exploration & Producing Se., Inc.
v. United Distrib. Cos., 498 U.S. 211, 230 (1991) (citation omitted); see also Heckler v.
Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 831‐32 (1985). The D.C. Circuit has logically applied this
reasoning to the context of market rules adopted by FERC, holding that FERC may
appropriately address one market problem even if it potentially exacerbates another.
See TC Ravenswood, LLC v. FERC, 705 F.3d 474, 478‐79 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (holding that
FERC could adopt rules regarding supply‐side market power without
simultaneously addressing buy‐side market power). We agree with this reasoning.
FERC can address the current problem it has diagnosed—i.e., that rates do not
reflect true market conditions because a transmission constraint prevents capacity
from reaching the Lower Hudson Valley Zone—without simultaneously addressing
problems that may result from changed market conditions. FERC’s argument that
a mechanism for eliminating unneeded zones should be consistent across zones, and
that such a rule should not be dealt with in this proceeding because it implicates
other parties, is reasonable. See Zone Rehearing Order at P 45. Further, FERC has
53
instructed NYISO to work with stakeholders to address the issue of zone
elimination. Id.
Although the D.C. Circuit has held that FERC abuses its discretion in
addressing related yet discrete issues where “its manner of proceeding significantly
prejudices a party or unreasonably delays a resolution,” La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v.
FERC, 482 F.3d 510, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2007), FERC has not significantly prejudiced
Petitioners in this case. New York Petitioners concede that even if New York’s
planned transmission upgrades are completed as scheduled, they will not all be
complete until 2018, leaving FERC time to address the potential issue created by
elimination of the transmission constraint in another proceeding. However,
significant prejudice does not occur where the harm caused to a party is speculative.
See id. In the event that the transmission constraint on which the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone is based is eliminated and FERC has not yet established a process for
zone elimination, Petitioners are free to file a complaint under Section 206 of the
Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. § 824e, challenging NYISO’s tariff as unjust and
unreasonable.
54
5. Cost Causation
The final issue we must address is Utility Petitioners’ argument that the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone unfairly apportions charges arising from the
transmission constraint on which NYISO premised the creation of the new zone.
Rates approved by FERC must “reflect to some degree the costs actually caused by
the customer who must pay them.” Black Oak Energy, LLC v. FERC, 725 F.3d 230, 237
(D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting E. Ky. Power Coop., Inc. v. FERC, 489 F.3d 1299, 1303 (D.C.
Cir. 2007) (internal quotation mark omitted)). Utility Petitioners contend that the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone unfairly apportions capacity charges because NYISO’s
calculation of the LCR for the new zone is flawed, causing some customers in the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone to pay more than their share of capacity charges. Utility
Petitioners made this argument to FERC in a protest in FERC’s Zone proceeding,
and raised it again in their request for rehearing of the Zone Order.
However, FERC explained in the Zone Order that NYISO’s calculation of the
Lower Hudson Valley Zone’s LCR was outside the scope of the Zone proceeding
because the new zone’s LCR “is not used to determine whether a new capacity zone
should be created or to establish the new capacity zone boundary; it is used solely
for establishing an [installed capacity] Demand Curve for the new capacity zone.”
55
Zone Order at P 66; see also Zone Rehearing Order at P 27. FERC explained that the
Zone proceeding, as opposed to the parallel Demand Curve proceeding, was
“narrowly focused on determining whether NYISO followed its tariff in determining
that a new capacity zone should be created.” Zone Order at P 66; see also Zone
Rehearing Order at P 27.
It is true that NYISO discussed the LCR for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone
in its tariff filing in the Zone proceeding, providing an affidavit in which its experts
explained how the LCR for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone was calculated and
specifying that under their planned method of calculation, the resulting LCR for the
new zone would be 88 percent. J.A. 561‐62. But NYISO also specifically noted that
its filing would only briefly address the LCR determination for the Lower Hudson
Valley Zone because—as FERC explained in addressing Utility Petitioners’
protest—LCRs “are used solely for establishing revised [installed capacity] Demand
Curves.” J.A. 127 (internal quotation mark omitted). NYISO’s filing thus stated that
“[t]he actual [LCR] that will be used to administer market rules for the [Lower
Hudson Valley Zone] will be established in the same manner as, and concurrent
with, the LCRs for existing” capacity zones, and that the Lower Hudson Valley
Zone’s LCR would therefore be an element of NYISO’s filing in the Demand Curve
56
proceeding. J.A. 127 & n.17; see Zone Order at P 64 & n.67.
Given FERC’s broad discretion to address related issues in discrete
proceedings, see TC Ravenswood, 705 F.3d at 478‐79, it was permissible for FERC to
determine that the method by which the LCR was calculated was outside the scope
of the Zone proceeding because it would be addressed in the Demand Curve
proceeding. Utility Petitioners argue that FERC was required to review the LCR in
the Zone proceeding because it had the burden of showing that the creation of the
new zone would result in just and reasonable rates. While it was clear, however,
that the Zone proceeding’s authorization of the Lower Hudson Valley Zone would
result in new rates for that zone, FERC explained that in the Zone proceeding, it only
had to show that the creation of the new zone—and not the LCR for the zone—was
just and reasonable; the specific LCR that would actually affect the apportionment
of rates among different zones’ customers would be used only to construct the
demand curve, and not to set up the zone itself. See Zone Order at P 66; Zone
Rehearing Order at P 27. Whether the demand curve for the Lower Hudson Valley
Zone was just and reasonable (and whether the rates imposed on the new zone
complied with cost‐causation principles) would be addressed in the Demand Curve
proceeding.
57
As we have noted, FERC was not free to “slice and dice issues to the prejudice
of a party.” TC Ravenswood, 705 F.3d at 478; see La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 482 F.3d at
521. But we are not persuaded by Utility Petitioners’ arguments that FERC abused
its discretion here. Utility Petitioners claim that FERC’s failure to address the LCR
in its Zone proceeding was contrary to the New Zone Criteria Compliance Order’s
guarantee that the LCR for the new zone would be reviewable. But while the New
Zone Criteria Compliance Order did state that NYISO’s tariff provides for review
and comment of an LCR for a new zone, it did not imply that this review and
comment could not take place in a proceeding separate from the one in which the
creation of the new zone was evaluated. See New Zone Criteria Compliance Order
at P 50. Thus, FERC did not contradict this order by specifying that the LCR would
be reviewed in the Demand Curve proceeding rather than the Zone proceeding.
Nor were Utility Petitioners prejudiced: FERC stated on August 13, 2013 (in the
Zone Order) that it would address the new zone’s LCR in the Demand Curve
proceeding, and NYISO did not file its proposal in the Demand Curve proceeding
until November 29, 2013.
Utility Petitioners also suggest that the Demand Curve proceeding was not
the appropriate venue for challenging NYISO’s LCR calculation because NYISO
58
failed to submit any evidence in that proceeding explaining how the LCR was
calculated. NYISO, however, specifically stated in its Zone proceeding filing that
the LCR for the Lower Hudson Valley Zone would be part of its Demand Curve
proceeding filing, and indeed, its latter filing included proposed LCRs for each
capacity zone calculated as set forth in its tariff. FERC also acknowledged in its
Demand Curve Order that NYISO had “propose[d] an additional locational
[installed capacity] requirement”—in other words, an LCR—“for the new capacity
zone.” Demand Curve Order at P 3. The LCR for the new zone was therefore
plainly at issue in the Demand Curve proceeding. Utility Petitioners, however,
failed to challenge NYISO’s calculation or methodology in the Demand Curve
proceeding, either prior to FERC’s first Demand Curve Order or in their request for
rehearing.
And while FERC now claims—seemingly at odds with its contention that
Utility Petitioners’ cost‐causation argument would have received a hearing in the
Demand Curve proceeding—that its review of NYISO’s LCR calculation was limited
to determining whether NYISO properly followed its pre‐existing methodology
because that methodology was prescribed in NYISO’s tariff,10 the question whether
10
FERC claims that the only way for Utility Petitioners to raise their cost‐causation
argument would be in a proceeding challenging NYISO’s tariff under § 206 of the FPA,
59
Utility Petitioners would have persuaded FERC to consider its arguments is
irrelevant to whether those arguments were properly raised in the Zone proceeding.
Had Utility Petitioners raised their arguments in the Demand Curve proceeding,
and had FERC in fact refused to hear them, Utility Petitioners might well be on
stronger ground in claiming prejudice from FERC’s “slic[ing] and dic[ing].” TC
Ravenswood, 705 F.3d at 478. But because NYISO and FERC both made it clear well
before the Demand Curve proceeding was initiated that challenges to the LCR
calculation should be brought in that proceeding, Utility Petitioners’ failure to
present any such challenges to FERC in the first instance bars them from raising
those challenges before this Court. See 16 U.S.C. § 825l(b).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that FERC adequately justified its
decision to authorize NYISO to create the Lower Hudson Valley Zone as well as its
decision not to phase in the new zone and its demand curve, notwithstanding New
York’s transmission upgrade initiatives. FERC was not obligated, in the orders
16 U.S.C. § 824e. See, e.g., FirstEnergy Serv. Co. v. FERC, 758 F.3d 346, 348‐49 (D.C. Cir. 2014)
(“Section 206 empowers FERC to make a determination on existing rates and to modify
them if they are found to be ‘unjust, unreasonable, unduly discriminatory or preferential.’
An investigation under section 206 may arise upon complaint or on FERC’s own initiative.”
(citation omitted) (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 824e(a))).
60
under review, to require NYISO to implement a process for eliminating the new
zone. And Utility Petitioners raised their cost‐causation argument in the wrong
proceeding. Accordingly, the petitions for review are DENIED.
61