Apr 07 2015, 6:01 am
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark M. Jervis Gregory F. Zoeller
Carlisle, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Ryan D. Johanningsmeier
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Mark M. Jervis, April 7, 2015
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Cause No.
87A05-1404-PC-171
v. Appeal from the Warrick Superior
Court.
State of Indiana, The Honorable Robert R. Aylsworth,
Judge.
Appellee-Respondent.
Cause No. 87D02-9707-PC-59
Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Petitioner, Mark Jervis (Jervis), appeals the post-conviction court’s
denial of his petition for post-conviction relief.
[2] We affirm.
ISSUE
[3] Jervis raises two issues on appeal which we consolidate and restate as the
following single issue: Whether Jervis was denied effective assistance of trial
and appellate counsel.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] We adopt the recitation of facts as set forth in Jervis’s direct appeal as follows:
On August 14, 1993, Terri Boyer went on a drinking spree with her
husband, her brother and the brother’s girlfriend. The four began in
the early afternoon in Hatfield, their home town, and took the
brother’s truck to visit several bars, the last in Newburgh. In
Newburgh, Boyer and her husband got into an argument that resulted
in Boyer leaving the truck. The other three drove back to Hatfield,
leaving an intoxicated Boyer to fend for herself. Just before 10 p.m.
Boyer found her way to Frenchie’s, a tavern in Newburgh, where she
asked several patrons to give her a ride back to Hatfield. All refused.
At some point, defendant Jervis entered the bar, met Boyer, and
offered to take her to Hatfield. The two had no prior acquaintance.
Jervis and Boyer were seen leaving the bar together some time around
midnight, but no one actually saw them drive away in Jervis’s car.
Witness Terry Timberlake testified that he saw a car resembling
Jervis’s station wagon pull into the Newburgh Cinema parking lot
around 11:30 p.m. Timberlake stated that two people, one male and
one female, appeared to be in the car, but he could not positively
identify them as Jervis and Boyer. Approximately thirty minutes later,
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Timberlake saw the station wagon leave the Cinema parking lot and
park in an adjacent lot of a daycare center where it remained for about
ten minutes. It then returned to the Cinema parking lot, and finally
drove away. Jervis returned to Frenchie’s alone around 12:30 to 1:30
a.m. the same night, telling those present that he was unable to take
Boyer to Hatfield because his car had broken down. Jervis went home
a half hour later. At approximately 12:30 p.m. the next day, the owner
of Newburgh Cinema found Boyer’s body on a grass strip next to the
Cinema parking lot. Boyer was nude below her waist and her bra and
shirt were pushed up to her shoulders. An autopsy concluded that
Boyer had been strangled and had died around midnight.
On September 5, 1993, Jervis was charged [] with Boyer’s murder.
The State’s case against Jervis was largely circumstantial and included
the following evidence: (1) an envelope, pencil and pen Boyer had
been carrying in her purse were found in Jervis’s trash can outside his
apartment; (2) Boyer’s driver’s license and her daughter’s library card
were found in Jervis’s car; and (3) DNA evidence established a strong
likelihood that a blood stain on Jervis’s shirt and a pubic hair found on
his pants were Boyer’s. Several witnesses also testified as to Jervis’s
whereabouts on the night in question. The jury was unable to reach a
verdict in Jervis’s first trial in 1994. The State retried Jervis in 1995
and a second jury convicted him.
[5] Jervis v. State, 679 N.E.2d 875, 876-77 (Ind. 1997). Jervis filed a direct appeal
challenging his conviction. In that appeal, Jervis raised several issues relating
to the admission of several pieces of evidence and jury misconduct. On May
12, 1997, our supreme court affirmed Jervis’s conviction. Id. On March 18,
2003, Jervis filed his pro se petition for post-conviction relief and subsequently
amended it on September 14, 2012. On October 1, 2013, the post-conviction
court conducted Jervis’s post-conviction hearing. Subsequently, both parties
filed their proposed findings and conclusion of law, and on March 24, 2014, the
post-conviction court denied Jervis’s petition.
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[6] Jervis now appeals. Additional information will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
[7] Under the rules of post-conviction relief, the petitioner must establish the
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction
Rule 1, § 5; Strowmatt v. State, 779 N.E.2d 971, 974-75 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). To
succeed on appeal from the denial of relief, the post-conviction petitioner must
show that the evidence is without conflict and leads unerringly and
unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction
court. Id. at 975. The purpose of post-conviction relief is not to provide a
substitute for direct appeal, but to provide a means for raising issues not known
or available to the defendant at the time of the original appeal. Id. If an issue
was available on direct appeal but not litigated, it is waived. Id.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
[8] Jervis contends that he was denied the effective assistance of both trial and
appellate counsel. The standard by which we review claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel is well established. In order to prevail on a claim of this
nature, a defendant must satisfy a two-pronged test, showing that: (1) his
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based
on prevailing professional norms; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Johnson v. State, 832 N.E.2d 985, 996 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Strickland v.
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Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690, 694 (1984) reh’g denied) trans. denied. The two
prongs of the Strickland test are separate and independent inquiries. Id. Thus,
“[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of
sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed.” Timberlake, v. State,
753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697) reh’g
denied; cert. denied, 537 U.S. 839 (2002).
[9] Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics and
we will accord those decisions deference. Id. A strong presumption arises that
counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Id. The Strickland Court
recognized that even the finest, most experienced criminal defense attorneys
may not agree on the ideal strategy or the most effective way to represent a
client. Id. Isolated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of bad
judgment do not necessarily render representation ineffective. Id. Furthermore,
we will not speculate as to what may or may not have been advantageous trial
strategy as counsel should be given deference in choosing a trial strategy which,
at the time and under the circumstances, seems best. Johnson, 832 N.E.2d at
997.
A. Trial Counsel
[10] According to Jervis, his trial counsel was ineffective in three respects: (1)
counsel failed to recommend that he accept the State’s plea deal, (2) counsel
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failed to object to the State’s destruction of evidence, and (3) counsel failed to
move for mistrial due to jury bias. 1 We will address each issue in turn.
1. Plea Negotiations
[11] Jervis first argues that he would have accepted the State’s plea offer limiting his
sentence to forty years had he been offered meaningful consultation. During
Jervis’s post-conviction hearing, counsel stated that when he took the plea offer
to Jervis, he explained the deal and left the decision to Jervis. Jervis argues that
because the decision was left to him; counsel was ineffective and he was
prejudiced within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment.
[12] We first note that the Sixth Amendment is an instrumental right designed to
ensure a fair trial. Thus, “[t]he right to effective assistance of counsel extends to
the consideration of plea offers that lapse or are rejected. That right applies to
1
Jervis makes a fourth claim alleging that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to dismiss
after his first trial. Specifically, Jervis argues that because the State presented evidence that sperm cells were
present in Boyer’s mouth at his first trial, the State’s objection to the admission of Jervis’s evidence that he
had a vasectomy should have supported a successful motion to dismiss the charges against him. Because
Jervis fails to provide us with a cogent argument on this issue, it is waived. Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a).
Moreover, we note that during Jervis’s second trial, counsel asked the court to take judicial notice of the fact
that Jervis underwent a vasectomy in 1990, which it did. Even with the admission of this evidence, the jury
still convicted Jervis of murder.
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all ‘critical’ stages of the criminal proceedings.” Montejo v. Louisiana, 129 U.S.
2079, 2086 (2009).
[13] In advancing his claim, Jervis states that the applicable standard for judging
prejudice in the plea context is explained in Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 61
(1985). In Hill, the United States Supreme Court held that the two-part test
adopted in Strickland for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
applies to guilty-plea challenges based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.
at 57. The language from Hill, standing alone, suggests that prejudice is a
function of the outcome of the plea proceedings, i.e., if the defendant would not
have pleaded guilty but for the attorney’s shortcomings, the prejudice prong of
Strickland is satisfied. Notably, Hill stands for the proposition that a petitioner’s
guilty plea may be invalid if counsel provided incorrect advice pertinent to the
plea. However, we do not find Hill controlling for the simple reason that the
case at bar is not a challenge to a guilty plea. Rather in this instance, we rely on
Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. 1399, 1409 (2012), and Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S.Ct.
1376, 1380 (2012), which both addressed issues of ineffective assistance of
counsel based on improper or insufficient advice leading to the acceptance or
rejection of a plea deal.
[14] In Frye, the Supreme Court held that trial counsel performed deficiently by
failing to inform Frye of a written plea offer before it expired. Id. However, the
Supreme Court reversed the appeals court’s holding that Frye had established
prejudice and remanded because, even though Frye could show he would have
accepted the plea offer, the appeals court failed to require Frye to show “a
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reasonable probability [that] neither the prosecution nor the trial court would
have prevented the offer from being accepted or implemented.” Id. at 1410.
The Frye Court observed that there was “strong reason to doubt the prosecution
and the trial court would have permitted the plea bargain to become final”
because of an intervening event: Frye was arrested for a new offense. Id. at
1411.
[15] In Lafler, the Supreme Court determined that Lafler had demonstrated that but
for counsel’s deficient performance that led to the plea offer’s rejection, there
was a reasonable probability that he and the trial court would have accepted the
guilty plea. Id. at 1380. As a result of not accepting the plea and being
convicted at trial, the defendant received a sentence that was three and one -half
times greater than he would have received under the plea. Id.
[16] Both Frye and Lafler involve a counsel’s failure to convey a plea offer or
affirmative advice to reject an offer. Nevertheless, Lafler and Frye seemingly
require, as a general proposition, that the defendant show that he would have
accepted the plea and that neither the State nor the trial court would have
thwarted implementation of the defendant’s plea agreement. Based on our
examination of the record, we first note that Jervis fails to establish that he
would have accepted the State’s plea deal. The record shows that Jervis clearly
and expressly, on many occasions, professed his innocence and had no
intention of pleading guilty. From his second trial leading up to his direct
appeal, Jervis advanced an innocence claim. During his post-conviction
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hearing, Jervis maintained his theory of innocence and the following exchange
occurred:
[Court]: . . . Jervis, I believe in your post-conviction relief
pleading that you filed with the court you are asking the
court to grant you a new trial? Or, in the alternative,
you’re asking the court to let you accept the State’s plea
offer that they made apparently in 1995 of 40 years?
[Jervis]: . . . [c]orrect.
[Court]: Okay. And as you sit here today you still
maintain your innocence . . .?
[Jervis]: That’s correct.
[Court]: [] Indiana Law provides that the court cannot
accept a guilty plea from someone unless that person
admits his or her guilt . . .
****
[Court]: So if [] you maintain your position of innocence
it wouldn’t matter if you were willing to plead guilty, I
couldn’t let you. You understand that?
****
[Jervis]: I understand.
[17] (P-C Transcript pp. 76-77). Based on the foregoing dialogue, Jervis fails to
establish that he would have accepted the State’s plea deal. Moreover, it is also
obvious from the transcript excerpt that the trial court would not have accepted
Jervis’s guilty plea over his protestation of innocence. Because Jervis has failed
to show that he would have accepted the plea deal, and the fact that there is
sufficient showing that the trial court would not have accepted Jervis’s guilty
plea, Jervis’s claim of prejudice fails. Having established that Jervis was not
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prejudiced by counsel, we need not inquire into whether counsel’s performance
was adequate. See Thacker v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1281, 1284 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999),
trans. denied.
2. Destruction of Evidence
[18] Next, Jervis argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
the State’s destruction of evidence that was potentially exculpatory. Without
making any specific reference to the record, Jervis baldly asserts that he was
denied access to the oral swabs taken from Boyer’s mouth during his second
trial and that the State destroyed the samples before he could have them
retested. It is Jervis’s ultimate contention that further testing of the oral swabs
would have “uncovered the identity of another possible perpetrator, thereby
exonerating” him. (Appellant’s Br. p. 13).
[19] At the outset of his claim, we find that Jervis has waived this argument by
failing to present a cogent argument on this issue. Ind. Appellate Rule
46(A)(8)(a); Moore v. State, 869 N.E.2d 489, 491-92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
Waiver notwithstanding, we address his claim.
[20] After reviewing the voluminous trial record, we discern that there were two oral
swab taken from Boyer. Out of the two, only one oral swab was subjected to
testing. The record shows that during Jervis’s first trial, the technician who
conducted the forensic analysis of the oral swab testified that when she
examined it, she saw three sperm cells. At Jervis’s second trial, her testimony
changed after reexamining the sample under a powerful microscope and she
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came to a conclusion that no sperm cells were present. The technician also
explained that that the untested oral swab was set aside to allow for testing if
“desired by the defense.” (Tr. p. 2137).
[21] At Jervis’s post-conviction hearing, trial counsel testified that he did not believe
the State destroyed any evidence without first providing access to it. In
addition, the technician testified that the second swab was reserved for Jervis if
he wanted to test it.
3. Failure to Move for Mistrial Due to Jury Misconduct
[22] Jervis also argues that he received ineffective assistance of his trial counsel
because he failed to move for a mistrial due to jury misconduct. On this claim,
the State argues that Jervis’s challenge to jury misconduct is barred by res
judicata because he raised this issue on his direct appeal. We agree.
[23] As a general rule, when a reviewing court decides an issue on direct appeal, the
doctrine of res judicata applies, thereby precluding its review in post-conviction
proceedings. Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 258 (Ind. 2000). The
doctrine of res judicata prevents the repetitious litigation of that which is
essentially the same dispute. Sweeney v. State, 704 N.E.2d 86, 94 (Ind. 1998).
And, a petitioner for post-conviction relief cannot escape the effect of claim
preclusion merely by using different language to phrase an issue and define an
alleged error. State v. Holmes, 728 N.E.2d 164, 168 (Ind. 2000). “[W]here an
issue, although differently designated, was previously considered and
determined upon a criminal defendant’s direct appeal, the State may defend
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against defendant’s post-conviction relief petition on grounds of prior
adjudication or res judicata.” Cambridge v. State, 468 N.E.2d 1047, 1049 (Ind.
1984).
[24] Here, we note that this issue of jury misconduct was litigated during Jervis’s
direct appeal. Specifically, on direct appeal Jervis argued that the trial court
erred in dismissing a juror from the case before deliberations. “Near the end of
trial but before deliberations began, the bailiff informed the judge that a juror
had told the bailiff during a lunch break that if the verdict did not turn out a
‘certain way’ the juror ‘heard’ there might be ‘problems’ for the jury.” Jervis,
679 N.E.2d at 881. The trial court questioned the tainted juror who then
expressed concern for his wife’s safety. Id. Over Jervis’s objection, the trial
court replaced the juror with an alternate. Id.
[25] Our supreme court affirmed the trial court’s finding that it acted correctly in
replacing a possibly tainted juror with an alternate. Id. Because Jervis’s claim
of jury misconduct was fully litigated on appeal, his efforts to redesignate and
repackage it as an ineffective of assistance of trial counsel claim is barred by res
judicata.
B. Appellate Counsel
[26] Jervis also contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise
his own incompetence as a trial counsel on direct appeal. Jervis was
represented by the same attorney at trial and on appeal. We first note that it is
unreasonable to believe that appellate counsel would raise the question of his
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own competency on appeal. Askew v. State, 500 N.E.2d 1219, 1220 (Ind.1986),
reh’g denied; Johnson v. State, 674 N.E.2d 180, 184 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), reh’g
denied, trans. denied. We have previously noted the danger in being represented
by the same counsel both at trial and on appeal. Benson v. State, 780 N.E.2d
413, 418 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
[27] Our standard of review for claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
is the same as for trial counsel’s ineffective assistance. Fisher v. State, 810
N.E.2d 674, 676 (Ind. 2004). Indiana law recognizes three basic categories for
claims of appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness: “(1) denial of access to an appeal;
(2) waiver of issues; and (3) failure to present issues well.” Id. at 677 (citing
Biehgler v. State, 690 N.E.2d 188, 193-95 (Ind. 1997), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1021
(1998)). Here, the second category is the only category applicable and will lead
to a finding of deficient performance only when the reviewing court determines
that the omitted issues were significant, obvious, and “clearly stronger than
those presented.” Id. at 194. (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he
decision of what issues to raise is one of the most important strategic decisions
to be made by appellate counsel.” Id. at 193. (internal quotation marks
omitted).
[28] We note that Jervis’s appellate counsel unsuccessfully contested the
admissibility of several pieces of evidence as well as jury misconduct.
Nevertheless, Jervis argues that his appellate counsel should have raised his
own incompetence—specifically his own failure to challenge the State’s
destruction of the evidence, and failure to raise jury misconduct—as grounds
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for ineffective assistance of trial counsel. As discussed above, we determined
that Jervis’s unfounded assertion that the State destroyed the oral swab is
without merit. As for the jury misconduct claim, we have already concluded
that it is barred by res judicata. Here, Jervis has not demonstrated that appellate
counsel’s own failure to challenge the State’s destruction of the evidence and
failure to raise jury misconduct were “clearly stronger” than the issues raised by
his appellate counsel. See Bieghler, 690 N.E.2d at 194.
[29] In light of the foregoing, we find that Jervis has not demonstrated that but for
his appellate counsel’s alleged error, there is a reasonable probability that the
result of the proceeding would have been different. See McCary v. State, 761
N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002). Therefore, we find that Jervis has failed to show
that his appellate counsel’s performance was deficient or that he was prejudiced
as a result of counsel’s performance.
CONCLUSION
[30] Based on the above, we conclude that the post-conviction court properly denied
Jervis’s petition for post-conviction relief.
[31] Affirmed.
[32] Vaidik, C. J. and Baker, J. concur
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