FILED
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION 11
2015 APR - 7 AN 9: 25
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE
OFS.iW N n
DIVISION II BY
PUTY
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 45749 -1 - II
Respondent,
v.
BRYAN PATRICK BEST, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, J. — Bryan Patrick Best appeals his convictions of residential burglary and second
degree possession of stolen property, arguing that the evidence of value was insufficient to support
his possession of stolen property conviction and that the trial court violated his constitutional right
to a public trial by taking peremptory jury challenges at sidebar. We hold that the evidence was
sufficient to prove that Best possessed stolen property that exceeded $ 750 in value and that his
right to a public trial was not violated, and we affirm his convictions.
FACTS
On January 4, 2013, William Dotson returned to his home after work and discovered that
his house, barn, and two outbuildings had been burglarized. Property belonging to him and his
Sakson, throughout the house, the buildings, and the yard. Dotson
wife, Amy was strewn other
called 911, and Deputy Sheriff Richard Ramirez responded. The couple gave him a list of missing
property.
At about 1: 00 a.m. on January 5, Elizabeth Miller was driving home from work when she
saw four or five people pushing a truck in front of her property. She called 911, and Deputy
No. 45749 -1 - II
Ramirez responded. Ramirez found Best, Matthew Smith, and Susie Wren standing beside a
loaded pick -
up truck. When Ramirez looked into the open truck bed, he saw many items that
Dotson and Sakson had listed as missing.
Best told Ramirez that he owned the truck and had run out of gas. Best explained that the
televisions were from a friend and that the rest of the property in the truck was from his deceased
grandfather' s storage unit. Best could not provide a specific location or key for the storage unit.
In response to Ramirez' s call, Dotson and Sakson arrived and recognized much of what
was in the truck as their property. Ramirez then arrested Best, Smith, and Wren and took them to
jail. Best asked to speak to Ramirez at the jail. After waiving his Miranda' rights, Best provided
a written statement explaining what had happened.
Best stated that he had been providing transportation to Smith and Wren in exchange for
drugs. On the morning of January 4, Smith directed Best to the Dotson home and had him park
some distance away. About an hour later, Smith called Best and told him to drive to the house and
park behind the barn. Smith had some property stacked up, and Best helped him load it into the
truck. Best stated that the property from the Dotson home was in his truck, except for two laptop
computers that Smith sold shortly after the burglary.
The State charged Best by amended information with residential burglary and second
degree possession of stolen property. Following the jury voir dire, the attorneys approached the
bench and exercised their peremptory challenges by alternately striking names from the jury list.
The court then announced the jurors selected.
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1062, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 ( 1966).
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No. 45749 -1 - II
At trial, Miller and Deputy Ramirez testified to the facts cited above. Dotson added that
when he looked through his house and adjoining property after the burglary, he discovered that the
missing items included two sets of golf clubs, a Dyson vacuum cleaner, two television sets, two
laptop computers, and some lawn ornaments. The State introduced photographs of the vacuum
cleaner, a golf bag and clubs, two television sets, and the lawn ornaments found in the truck.
Dotson said that he paid $900 for the 10- year -old set of graphite shaft Cleveland clubs, and $400
and $200 -250 for the television sets. The television sets were three or four years old.
Sakson testified that she paid $2, 000 for the stolen Dell laptop in 2008 and $ 1, 400 for the
stolen Hewlett Packard laptop in 2010. She testified that she used one computer in her bedroom
and had another in a back room. She paid $ 399 for her Dyson vacuum cleaner in 2011 and had
been using it for two years. She added that she paid $70 -75 for the recovered lawn ornaments.
Best moved to dismiss the possession of stolen property charge at the end of the State' s
case, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to prove the value of the stolen property. The
court denied his motion but ordered additional briefing on the issue of value if the jury returned a
guilty verdict. The court instructed the jury as follows on the elements of second degree possession
of stolen property:
1) That on or about January 4, 2013, the defendant knowingly possessed stolen
property;
2) That the defendant acted with knowledge that the property had been stolen;
3) That the defendant withheld or appropriated the property to the use of someone
other than the true owner or person entitled thereto;
4) That the stolen property had a value in excess of $750. 00; and
5) That the above acts occurred in the State of Washington.
Suppl. Clerk' s Papers at 18 ( Instruction 5).
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The jury found Best guilty as charged. The trial court then considered the parties' briefing
and argument and concluded that the evidence was sufficient to prove the required value. The trial
court imposed sentences of 12 months for the burglary and 90 days for the possession conviction.
Best appeals both convictions.
ANALYSIS
A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE: POSSESSION OF STOLEN PROPERTY
Best argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the stolen property he possessed
exceeded $ 750 in value. Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, it permits any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P. 2d 1068 ( 1992).
A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State' s evidence and all inferences that reasonably
can be drawn therefrom." Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence
are equally reliable. State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P. 2d 99 ( 1980). We defer to the
trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and the persuasiveness of the
evidence. State v. Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P. 2d 850 ( 1990).
To convict Best of possession of stolen property in the second degree, the State had to
prove that he possessed stolen property that exceeded $ 750 in value but did not exceed $ 5, 000 in
value. RCW 9A.56. 160( 1)( a). As the trial court instructed the jury, " Value means the market
value of the property at the time and in the approximate area of the act." Clerk' s Papers at 19;
RCW 9A.56. 010( 21). Market value is based on an objective standard and is the price that a well -
informed buyer would pay to a well- informed seller. State v. Kleist, 126 Wn.2d 432, 438, 895
P. 2d 398 ( 1995); State v. Ehrhardt, 167 Wn. App. 934, 944, 276 P. 3d 332 ( 2012).
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Best argues that the only evidence of the stolen property' s value was the price paid for the
items. Evidence of price paid is entitled to great weight in determining the value of an item, but
that price cannot be too remote in time. State v. Longshore, 141 Wn.2d 414, 430, 5 P. 3d 1256
2000); State v. Melrose, 2 Wn. App. 824, 831, 470 P. 2d 552 ( 1970). Best contends that the prices
paid for the Dotson property were too remote in time to establish market value.
In Longshore, evidence of the price paid for clams taken from a private beach the evening
before the theft of more clams from the same beach was sufficient to prove the market value of the
stolen clams. 141 Wn.2d at 430. In Melrose, evidence of the price paid for a camera five years
before its theft, combined with consideration of the camera itself, was sufficient to establish market
value. 2 Wn. App. at 830 -32. The jury could consider the camera and allow for changes in
condition that affected its market value. Id. at 831. The Melrose court reasoned that even if the
State had introduced expert testimony about the camera' s market value, the jury could have
rejected that testimony and determined value from the other evidence by " using the judgment of
persons of ordinary experience and knowledge." Id.. at 832; see also State v. Hermann, 138 Wn.
App. 596, 602, 158 P. 3d 96 ( 2007) ( value need not be proven by direct evidence because jury may
draw reasonable inferences from the evidence).
We relied on the trade value of stolen property as well as the jury' s judgment in finding
sufficient evidence of market value in State v. McPhee, 156 Wn. App. 44, 230 P. 3d 284, review
denied, 169 Wn.2d 1028 ( 2010). In McPhee, the owner of stolen binoculars and tusks testified
that he traded two salmon charter license permits, each worth $750, for the binoculars, and the
court admitted both the binoculars and tusks into evidence. 156 Wn. App. at 65 -66. The trade
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value was essentially the price paid for the binoculars. We cited no testimony about the timing
of the trade.
Here, the State introduced evidence of the price that the owners paid for the stolen items,
mostly within the past two to five years. The total retail price for these items exceeded $ 5, 000. In
addition, the jury saw photographs of the golf clubs, vacuum cleaner, television sets, and lawn
ornaments, and it could infer their current value from those photographs. Under McPhee and
Melrose, there was sufficient evidence that the stolen property exceeded $ 750 in value.
Best maintains, however, that our decision in Ehrhardt shows that this evidence of value
was insufficient. The victim in Ehrhardt testified about the value of two rotary hammers and two
nail guns stolen from his garage. 167 Wn. App. at 938. He testified that the hammers belonged
to his employer, cost about $ 450, and were about three years old. Id. at 938. He added that the
nail guns also belonged to his employer, cost around $ 230 each, and were about three years old.
Id. at 938. He identified these items from photographs the State admitted into evidence. Id. at
938. We held that testimony from a non -owner about the tools' original cost, and photographs
showing them from one angle, was insufficient to establish market value. Id.. at 947. We reasoned
that the jury could not infer from the photographs whether the tools worked or what effect their
condition had on their value. Id. at 947.
We found the facts in Ehrhardt analogous to those in State v. Morley, 119 Wn. App. 939,
83 P. 3d 1023 ( 2004). 167 Wn. App. at 945 -46. At issue in Morley was the market value of a used
rental generator that had been purchased for a substantial discount from its $ 2, 000 price. 119 Wn.
App. at 944. The generator' s retail value was not evidence of fair market value where the generator
was obtained at less than retail price and was not offered for sale before its theft. Morley, 119 Wn.
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App. at 943. In both Morley and Ehrhardt, the State presented no direct evidence and insufficient
circumstantial evidence of the condition or depreciation of the stolen property from which the jury
could infer market value. Ehrhardt, 167 Wn. App. at 946.
The facts in Ehrhardt and Morley are distinguishable from those presented here. Dotson
and his wife testified about the prices they paid for the stolen property, which together exceeded
5, 000. Although the golf clubs were 10 years old, most of the remaining property was 2 to 5
years old. In addition, much of the property came from inside the home and was being used. The
jury could infer from the testimony and photographs that the current market value of this property
exceeded $ 750. We find the evidence sufficient to support Best' s conviction of second degree
possession of stolen property.
B. PUBLIC TRIAL VIOLATION
Best also argues that the trial court violated his right to a public trial when it conducted
peremptory jury challenges at a sidebar conference. The Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and article 1, section 22 of the Washington State Constitution guarantee a defendant
the right to a public trial. State v. Dunn, 180 Wn. App. 570, 574, 321 P. 3d 1283 ( 2014), review
denied, 181 Wn.2d 1030 ( 2015). In addressing an alleged violation of the public trial right, the
threshold determination is whether the proceeding at issue implicates that right. Dunn, 180 Wn.
App. at 574.
The Supreme Court recently held that sidebars do not implicate the public trial right. State
v. Smith, 181 Wn.2d 508, 511, 334 P. 3d 1049 ( 2014). The decision in Smith confirms our holding
in Dunn that allowing attorneys to exercise peremptory challenges during a sidebar does not violate
a defendant' s public trial right. 180 Wn. App. at 574. We need not address this issue further.
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We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06.040,
it is so ordered.
Lee, J.
We concur:
J7
Bjorgen, A. C. J.
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