Sinclair Oil Corporation v. Allianz Underwriters Insurance Company

NOTICE
2015 IL App (5th) 140069
Decision filed 04/07/15. The
text of this decision may be NO. 5-14-0069
changed or corrected prior to
the filing of a Petition for
Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE
the same.

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

SINCLAIR OIL CORPORATION, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 08-MR-602
)
ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE )
COMPANY, f/k/a Allianz Underwriters, Inc., ) Honorable
) Donald M. Flack,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Chapman and Schwarm concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 The defendant, Allianz Underwriters Insurance Company, formerly known as

Allianz Underwriters, Inc. (Allianz), appeals, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule

304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), the January 8, 2013, order of the circuit court of Madison

County which granted a partial summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff, Sinclair Oil

Corporation (Sinclair). In said order, the circuit court made a determination that Allianz

breached its duty to defend Sinclair with respect to multiple underlying lawsuits and

claims arising out of alleged environmental contamination of soil and groundwater in

Hartford, as well as cleanup activities and alleged exposure to benzene-containing
1
products as a result of such alleged contamination (the underlying lawsuits). We restate

the issues necessary to resolve this appeal as follows: (1) whether an umbrella insurance

policy issued by Allianz contained a "drop down" provision that required Allianz to

defend Sinclair upon exhaustion of an underlying primary policy issued by the Home

Indemnity Company (the Home policy); (2) whether the underlying policy contained

aggregate limits of $500,000 for bodily injury and property damage; and (3) whether the

information Sinclair provided to Allianz regarding payments under the Home policy and

the nature of the claims set forth in the underlying lawsuits was sufficient to trigger

Allianz's "drop down" duty to defend as a matter of law. For the following reasons, we

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with

this opinion.

¶2 FACTS

¶3 1. Undisputed Factual Background

¶4 A review of the record on appeal reveals the following facts, which are not in

dispute. Sinclair owned and operated an oil pipeline near Hartford between 1979 and

1990. During 1981 and 1982, there are four instances on record where the pipeline

leaked or spilled. Sinclair ceased operation of the pipeline in 1984, but some petroleum

remained dormant in the pipeline. When Sinclair evacuated the pipeline in 1990, Sinclair

discovered that more petroleum had leaked from the pipeline during its dormant stage. 1

1
The parties agree that Sinclair's five discrete polluting events contributed to, at

most, a tiny fraction of the contamination in the Hartford area when compared to the

2
¶5 Contamination in and around Hartford prompted multiple lawsuits filed in

Madison County, beginning in 2003, which named Sinclair along with several other

entities associated with pipelines and refineries in the area as defendants (the underlying

lawsuits). The underlying lawsuits include claims for property damage 2 and personal

injury, 3 as well as regulatory matters relating to administrative orders issued by the

United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Illinois Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) for remediation of the contamination.

¶6 The Allianz insurance policy at issue in this case is a commercial general liability

umbrella policy with policy number AUL 5100556 (the Allianz policy), which was

effective from July 31, 1981, to July 31, 1982. According to the schedule of underlying

insurance appended to the Allianz policy, the primary commercial general liability policy

contributions of other entities that owned and operated the large oil refineries around

Sinclair's pipeline.
2
Sparks v. Premcor, No. 03-L-1053 (Sparks); Abert v. Alberta Energy, No. 04-L-

354 (Abert); Bedwell v. Premcor, No. 04-L-342 (Bedwell); Village of Hartford v.

Premcor, No. 08-L-637 (Village of Hartford); Hopkins v. Premcor, No. 03-L-1053; and

State of Illinois v. Premcor, No. 03-CH-459 (third-party complaint for contribution).
3
Wright v. Apex Oil, No. 05-L-1210; Vostry v. Apex Oil, No. 07-L-1;

Brzostowski v. Atlantic Richfield, No. 07-L-340; Schulte v. Apex Oil, No. 07-L-629;

Jones v. A&E, No. 07-L-323; Smith v. Sinclair, No. 08-L-681; Peters v. Amoco, No. 09-

L-56 (Peters); and Johns v. Amoco, No. 09-L-136.

3
underlying the Allianz policy was issued by Home and was effective July 31, 1981, to

July 31, 1984. It is the interplay between the Allianz policy, the Home policy, and the

underlying lawsuits that is at issue on appeal.

¶7 2. The Pleadings

¶8 Sinclair initially filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment against Allianz in the

circuit court of Madison County in 2008. However, the operative complaint for purposes

of this appeal is the third amended complaint, filed September 20, 2011. The third

amended complaint sets forth the details of each of the underlying lawsuits. With regard

to the regulatory matters, the complaint alleges that Sinclair entered into an agreement,

dated April 2004, to share the costs of remediating the contamination in and around

Hartford with the other entities that had operated in the area. According to the complaint,

between November 2005 and December 2006, Sinclair made payments pursuant to the

agreement "in excess of $3,696,000." In addition, the complaint alleges that, as of the

date of the complaint, Sinclair has "paid over $3 million" defending itself in the

underlying actions.

¶9 The complaint requests, inter alia, a declaratory judgment that Allianz has a duty

to defend Sinclair with respect to the underlying actions, and that Allianz breached that

duty by failing to defend Sinclair under a reservation of rights or seek a declaratory

judgment with regard to coverage. Further, the complaint seeks a declaration by the

circuit court that, because Allianz breached its duty to defend Sinclair with respect to the

underlying actions, Allianz is estopped from asserting any defenses to coverage, and, as

such, is required to indemnify Sinclair for all sums that Sinclair has or will become
4
legally obligated to pay as a result of the underlying actions. Alternatively, the complaint

seeks a declaration that Allianz is legally obligated to indemnify Sinclair irrespective of

its duty to defend.

¶ 10 Allianz filed a counterclaim for a declaratory judgment that it had no duty to

defend or indemnify Sinclair with regard to the underlying lawsuits, asserting that its

policy contains no such duty. In addition, Allianz asserted several defenses to coverage,

including inadequate notice, failure to make a "definite claim," horizontal exhaustion, and

a pollution exclusion. On October 4, 2011, Sinclair filed a motion for partial summary

judgment, seeking a declaration that Allianz has a duty to defend Sinclair in the

underlying actions and that Allianz breached that duty, resulting in its being estopped

from asserting any defenses to coverage. In reviewing the supporting documentation

appended to the motion for partial summary judgment, we begin by noting that both the

Allianz policy and the Home policy are attached to the motion. 4 We will set forth the

relevant language of each policy in detail below as it becomes necessary to analyze the

issues on appeal.

¶ 11 3. The Wyoming Lawsuits

¶ 12 Our recitation of the facts that can be determined from a review of the remaining

4
Sinclair's copies of the Allianz and Home policies differ slightly from Allianz's

copies of these policies. However, the provisions that must be interpreted in order to

resolve this appeal are identical in each party's copy, and there is no dispute as to the

wording of these provisions.

5
attachments to Sinclair's motion will be presented in order to place those facts in a

chronological perspective, rather than as they were presented to the circuit court. The

affidavit of David Stice, a corporate attorney for Sinclair since 1991, with the exception

of three years beginning in July of 1999, was presented to provide proof that Allianz was

aware that the Home policy had been exhausted by prior settlements Home paid on behalf

of Sinclair for the same policy that is at issue in the case at bar. In the affidavit, Mr. Stice

avers that there were several lawsuits filed against Sinclair and others in the 1990s

concerning "claims of bodily injury and/or property damage allegedly resulting from

prior operations at Sinclair's Wyoming refinery (the Wyoming lawsuits)." 5 According to

Stice's affidavit, one of the Wyoming lawsuits 6 alleged both personal injury and property

damage from exposure to materials from Sinclair's Wyoming refinery, while the other

Wyoming lawsuits alleged property damage only. Through correspondence and phone

calls, Allianz was kept apprised of developments in the Wyoming lawsuits and was

invited to participate in settlement discussions, but declined. Stice's affidavit sets forth

the details of Sinclair's settlement of each of the Wyoming lawsuits 7 and states that legal

5
Albertson v. Dow Chemical Co. (Albertson); People of the State of Wyoming v.

Little America Refining Co. (People of Wyoming); KN Energy, Inc. v. Sinclair Oil Corp.

(KN Energy); and United States v. Sinclair Oil Corp. (U.S. v. Sinclair).
6
Albertson, supra.
7
According to Stice, Sinclair settled Albertson for $5.25 million and settled KN

Energy for $1 million, plus certain benefits valued at $1.25 million. Sinclair settled

6
defense costs and fees for the Wyoming lawsuits exceeded $5 million.

¶ 13 The record contains intermittent correspondence between Sinclair and Allianz

regarding the Wyoming lawsuits. In letters from Allianz to Sinclair dated March 28,

1991, August 13, 1991, and August 29, 1991, Allianz admitted that the Wyoming

lawsuits implicated three Allianz policies, including the Allianz policy at issue in this

case, effective July 31, 1981, to July 31, 1982. In these letters, Allianz states its position

with regard to the Wyoming lawsuits, that the Allianz policy at issue is an excess policy,

requiring exhaustion of all underlying policy limits, and that, in any case, the Allianz

policy at issue contains a pollution exclusion. On March 23, 1992, Allianz sent Sinclair a

letter opting not to participate in a declaratory judgment action Sinclair was preparing to

commence against other insurance companies that had issued commercial liability

policies to Sinclair that were potentially implicated by the Wyoming lawsuits.

¶ 14 On April 17, 1996, Sinclair sent a letter to Allianz enclosing "a copy of page 3 of

the Settlement Agreement" between Home and Sinclair resolving coverage of the

Wyoming lawsuits, "confirm[ing] that Home paid $3.5 million in total to Sinclair and the

allocation by policy of the $3.5 million." According to the enclosed excerpt from that

settlement agreement, Home and Sinclair agreed to allocate $500,000 of the settlement to

the underlying Home policy at issue for the 1981-1982 policy period. All of the

$500,000 was allocated to claims for property damage. The settlement agreement

People of Wyoming and U.S. v. Sinclair by agreeing to perform corrective action near the

Wyoming refinery and spent approximately $6 million performing said corrective action.

7
specifically shows that none of the $500,000 was allocated to claims for bodily injury.

¶ 15 The record contains a copy of the full settlement agreement entered into by Home

and Sinclair in order to resolve coverage disputes over the Wyoming lawsuits. However,

there is no indication as to whether or when the full settlement agreement was provided

to Allianz. The "Settlement Agreement" states that Sinclair "owns and operates" a

refinery in or near Evansville, Wyoming, and that disagreements have arisen between

Sinclair and Home as to the application, if any, of the Home policy to insurance claims

"arising out of alleged pollution or contamination at and emanating from the Refinery."

The "Settlement Agreement" states that "demands have been made on Sinclair by ***

government regulatory agencies *** as well as individuals and non-governmental entities

*** in connection with alleged contamination of soil, groundwater and air at and

emanating from the Refinery." However, the "Settlement Agreement" does not delineate

whether all of the claims were for property damage or if any of them were for bodily

injury.

¶ 16 In a largely redacted letter dated August 9, 1996, from Sinclair to Allianz, counsel

for Sinclair states as follows:

"[W]e have provided you with specific evidence from the Settlement Agreement

between Home and Sinclair demonstrating that the property damage limits were

paid by Home for the 7/31/81-82 policy year. Accordingly, exhaustion of the

Home policy underlying Allianz has occurred. You indicate that you need

additional information concerning 'the nature of the claims that have been paid,

and how settlement sums have been allocated to the various policy years…' We
8
 do not understand what additional information you are requesting because the

information you are requesting has already been provided to you. We are glad to

entertain a more specific request. For example, during a meeting on January 5,

1996, in which your representatives *** were present, the nature of the claims and

how settlement sums have been allocated to various policy years were discussed in

specific detail. After the meeting, [your representatives] requested additional

information from Sinclair which was provided to them in a letter dated January 11,

1996. Relevant portions of the Settlement Agreement between the primary carrier,

Home Insurance Company and Sinclair Oil we [sic] provided in the January 11,

1996[,] letter and the April 17, 1996[,] letter also references the actions being

settled and how the payments by Home are being allocated.

With respect to damages, we have also previously provided you with a full

breakdown. At this point, we do not understand what additional information you

require. If you can be more specific, please let me know. In the January 5,

1996[,] meeting and in subsequent letters we communicated to Allianz

representatives the following dollar/damages information with extensive backup:

Defense costs………………………$3,656,100

Litigation Liability…………………$10,449,000

Future and past cleanup costs……...$14,761,272"

Footnotes in the letter contain further breakdown of Sinclair's projected liability in the

Wyoming lawsuits. According to the footnotes, Sinclair paid $5,250,000 "as settlement

9
in the toxic tort case of Albertson." The other figures are noted to be projections of

defense, settlement, and remediation costs in the remaining Wyoming lawsuits.

¶ 17 Other than the statements contained in the above-mentioned letters, the record

contains no affidavit or other evidence indicating what information was provided to

Allianz or any other specific details of the Wyoming lawsuits. In addition, the record

contains no evidence showing a breakdown of payments made by Sinclair with respect to

bodily injury versus property damage claims stemming from the Wyoming lawsuits. In a

partially redacted letter dated October 29, 1996, from Allianz to Sinclair, counsel for

Allianz stated, "Allianz does not necessarily agree with your analysis that the limits

underlying the Allianz policy for the 1981-1982 term have been exhausted. We also do

not necessarily agree with Home's position that their defense obligation has been relieved

by their settlement."

¶ 18 4. The Underlying Lawsuits

¶ 19 We next set forth the evidence presented in Sinclair's motion for partial summary

judgment which references the nature and status of the claims arising from the underlying

lawsuits that were instituted as a result of the Hartford contamination. First, Sinclair

attached the affidavit of its attorney, Joseph G. Nassif, who averred that Sinclair has

provided "many updates" to Allianz regarding negotiations with other responsible parties

and the EPA and "requested that Allianz pay the costs of Sinclair's participation." Mr.

Nassif also attested to Sinclair's legal fees of "over 3 million" in the underlying lawsuits

and provided an evidentiary foundation for numerous letters and emails between the

parties that were also attached to the motion. Finally, Mr. Nassif's affidavit directed the
10
circuit court to a website that collaborated the fact that the underlying primary carrier,

Home, was liquidated in 2003 and is insolvent. An order of liquidation for Home dated

June 11, 2003, is also contained in the record.

¶ 20 A review of the correspondence attached to the motion for partial summary

judgment reveals that much of the communications contained therein are redacted.

However, what follows are details that can be gleaned from these communications. On

December 2, 2005, Sinclair sent a letter to AON Natural Resources Risk Services (AON)

which provided information in relation to its pipeline leaks in Hartford. According to the

letter, the EPA ordered many of the other entities affiliated with the contamination to take

emergency response actions which commenced "as early as the Fall of 2003." Sinclair

was added as a participant in the cleanup as of November 18, 2005. At the time of the

letter, it appears there were two property damage lawsuits on file naming Sinclair as a

defendant, one which was styled as a class action and one that was filed by a group of

individuals, but not in class action form. However, from the letter itself, one is not able

to discern to which specific lawsuits the letter is referring.

¶ 21 On January 11, 2006, AON, on behalf of Sinclair, sent out a "Notice of

Loss/Claim" to approximately 30 insurance companies, including Home and Allianz,

listing five of the underlying lawsuits 8 and stating that "these claims give rise to coverage

under one or more of the insurance policies on the attached list" and purporting to be

8
Sparks, Bedwell, Abert, Village of Hartford, and EPA lawsuits; see footnote 2 for

full names and case numbers.

11
"notice in accordance with the notice terms of each policy." The letter states that a

compact disc is enclosed containing copies of the complaints in Sparks, Bedwell, and

Abert, as well as the EPA administrative order and a document explaining the status of

the litigation in Village of Hartford. According to the letter, a review of these documents

shows that Sinclair has been named as a defendant in lawsuits by owners of property in

Hartford who allege Sinclair contributed to cause a toxic plume which allegedly consists

of an estimated four million gallons of petroleum and/or petroleum byproducts which lie

beneath their property, and that said plume has caused property damage and bodily injury

to persons living in Hartford.

¶ 22 The remaining correspondence between the parties that is contained in the record

took place between 2008 and 2010, between the time this action for declaratory judgment

and the motion for partial summary judgment were filed. On November 12, 2008,

Sinclair stated in a letter to Allianz that "[b]ased on the potential monetary exposure

facing Sinclair and the money expended thus far, Allianz *** should step in and provide

Sinclair the coverage afforded under the excess polic[y] identified in the enclosed

complaint." On March 17, 2009, Sinclair stated in a letter that Allianz's umbrella

coverage is triggered because the underlying Home policy was exhausted through

payment of the policy limits, and enclosed a copy of the "Settlement Agreement"

between Home and Sinclair in the Wyoming lawsuits. The letter states, "To date, no

carrier has paid any amounts to or on behalf of Sinclair in connection with the underlying

actions."

¶ 23 A March 25, 2009, letter from Sinclair to Allianz attaches the complaint in the
12
Peters case and states that the complaint concerns the plaintiff's alleged workplace

exposure to benzene. The letter states, "On behalf of Sinclair, we request defense and

indemnification in the Peters case." A May 13, 2009, largely redacted email from

Sinclair states, "We will provide what we believe to be consistent with our client's

demand for coverage." On June 10, 2009, Sinclair provided Allianz with a report on

settlement discussions with the Village of Hartford "[i]n our continuing effort to keep

your clients informed of, and seek their participation in, settlement discussions with the

underlying claimants."

¶ 24 On November 11, 2009, Sinclair states, "We continue to request Allianz' *** full

participation in defense and indemnification in the Wright case and, therefore, ask that

you advise us as soon as possible of your client's position towards potential settlement."

On May 7, 2010, Sinclair stated in a letter to Allianz, "It is particularly egregious that

Allianz continues to refuse to pay Sinclair's defense costs, despite the fact that Sinclair

has provided Allianz with clear evidence demonstrating that all coverage underlying the

policy has been exhausted." (Emphasis in original.) On August 18, 2010, Sinclair asked,

"[G]iven all the information we have provided to Allianz about the underlying actions as

well as documents establishing Allianz' insurance obligations, what is Allianz' basis for

not defending?"

¶ 25 5. Proceedings and Orders of the Circuit Court

¶ 26 After full briefing by the parties, oral argument on Sinclair's motion for partial

summary judgment was held in the circuit court, the Honorable Barbara J. Crowder

presiding, on July 31, 2012. During argument, counsel for Sinclair represented to Judge
13
Crowder that both the property damage and bodily injury aggregate limits of the Home

policy were exhausted by virtue of the Wyoming lawsuits. According to Sinclair's

counsel, the property damage limits were paid by Home and the bodily injury limits were

paid by Sinclair. Counsel for Allianz indicated that Sinclair sought coverage for the

underlying lawsuits from Home up to the point of its insolvency in 2003. Judge Crowder

took the motion under advisement, and on January 8, 2013, entered a detailed order that,

inter alia, partially granted Sinclair's motion for summary judgment, as further detailed

below.

¶ 27 First, Judge Crowder found that Allianz had a duty to defend Sinclair in the

underlying actions pursuant to a "drop down" provision in its policy once the Home

policy limits were exhausted so long as the claims bring the underlying actions within the

coverage of the policy, and that the "claims listed" by Sinclair were for bodily injury and

property and fall within the definition of "occurrence" found in the Home policy. Judge

Crowder defined the second issue as "whether Sinclair established that the underlying

Home [p]olicy was exhausted, or at least that it advised Allianz that Sinclair thought the

Home policy was exhausted." Judge Crowder then found that the aggregate limits of the

Home policy were $500,000 for each type of liability, reasoning that "these limits are

clearly stated on the Schedule of Coverage and on the Certificate of Insurance for the

Home policy."

¶ 28 With regard to exhaustion, Judge Crowder determined that the payment by Home

pursuant to the settlement of the Wyoming lawsuits exhausted the property damage limits

of the underlying Home policy. Judge Crowder then recognized Sinclair's claim during
14
oral argument that it made payments in settlement of the Wyoming lawsuits that

exhausted the bodily injury limits of the policy. According to Judge Crowder, "[e]ven if

there was a question concerning the exhaustion of the bodily injury limits, Sinclair's

alerting Allianz to the possibility of exhaustion advised Allianz of the need to take action

or to be prepared to fulfill its duty for claims covering the 1981-82 policy period."

¶ 29 As to the duty to defend, Judge Crowder found that when Sinclair first provided

Allianz notice of the underlying lawsuits in January 2006, Allianz was required to offer a

defense, make a reservation of rights, or file a declaratory judgment. Because it took

none of these actions, Judge Crowder determined that, "[a]t a minimum," Allianz is liable

to pay Sinclair's defense costs and reasonable attorney fees in the underlying actions after

the date Sinclair provided notice in January 2006. Judge Crowder declined to grant a

request for fees incurred prior to that date "at this time." Finally, although Judge

Crowder found that Allianz "inexorably" breached its duty to defend, she stated that she

was not convinced that the law requires Allianz to be estopped from raising coverage

defenses, and reserved ruling on that issue pending further briefing by the parties. 9

Judge Crowder ordered Allianz to pay Sinclair's past legal fees and defense costs for all

of the underlying actions incurred after January 11, 2006, and to reimburse Sinclair's

9
It is important to note that this court declines to deliver an advisory opinion as to

this issue, as it was reserved by the circuit court, and therefore not within the scope of our

review. See People v. Dunmore, 2013 IL App (1st) 121170, ¶ 12 (appellate court will not

render an advisory opinion (citing People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 269 (2005))).

15
ongoing legal fees and defense costs on a timely basis for those underlying actions that

have not yet been resolved.

¶ 30 On February 8, 2013, Allianz filed a motion to reconsider the circuit court's order.

The circuit court, the Honorable Donald Flack presiding, entered an order on July 19,

2013, denying the motion to reconsider. On January 24, 2014, the parties filed a joint

motion for a finding, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010),

that there is no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal of the January 8,

2013, order granting, in part, Sinclair's motion for a partial summary judgment. The

parties also requested a stay of the proceedings pending the outcome of the appeal. Judge

Flack granted that motion on January 24, 2014, and Allianz filed a timely notice of

appeal on February 18, 2014.

¶ 31 ANALYSIS

¶ 32 1. Standard of Review

¶ 33 Because this is an appeal from an order granting, in part, a motion for partial

summary judgment, our standard of review is de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v.

Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). A circuit court should only

grant a motion for summary judgment when there are no genuine issues of material fact

and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Summary judgment

is a drastic remedy and should only be granted when the movant's right to the judgment is

clear and free from doubt. Id. Summary judgment is not appropriate in situations where

a reasonable person could draw different inferences from the facts contained within the

record. Id. With these standards for our review in mind, we move to the first issue
16
presented by this appeal.

¶ 34 2. Allianz Policy Language Regarding "Drop Down"

¶ 35 The first issue on appeal is whether the Allianz umbrella policy contained a "drop

down" provision which requires it to defend Sinclair in the event the underlying Home

policy is exhausted. 10 Before turning to the policy language at issue, it is important to

note the basic principles we use in interpreting an insurance policy. First, in construing

an insurance policy, it is the job of this court to ascertain the intent of the parties.

Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108. In order to determine the meaning of the

language of the policy and the intent of the parties, we must read the insurance policy as a

whole, while giving consideration to the type of risk involved, the subject matter that is

insured, and the purposes of the insurance contract. Id. If the language of the policy is

unambiguous, we must give the language its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. It is only if

the words in the policy are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation that we

will find the language to be ambiguous and construe them in favor of the insured. Id. at

108-09.

¶ 36 The provisions of the Allianz umbrella policy that must be construed in order to

determine whether Allianz had a "drop down" duty to defend Sinclair upon exhaustion of

the limits of the underlying Home policy are as follows. The Allianz umbrella policy,

under the heading "Insuring Agreements," section I, entitled "Coverage," states that "[t]he

10
Allianz conceded this issue at oral argument. However, because the issue was

fully briefed, we will set forth our analysis for the sake of clarity.

17
Company hereby agrees, subject to the limitations, terms and conditions hereinafter

mentioned, to indemnify the Insured for all sums which the Insured shall be obligated to

pay by the reason of the liability *** for damages on account of: A. Personal Injuries; B.

Property Damage; C. Advertising Liability." In section II, entitled "Limits of

Liability−Retained Limit," the Allianz policy provides as follows:

"In the event of *** exhaustion of the aggregate limits of liability

applicable to the underlying insurance (listed in the Schedule of Underlying

Insurance hereof) by reasons of losses paid thereunder, this policy shall, subject to

the terms and conditions of the underlying insurance,

***

(b) in the event of exhaustion continue in force as underlying

insurance."

¶ 37 In addition, an amendatory endorsement to the policy, entitled "ASSISTANCE

AND COOPERATION," states:

"EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INSURING AGREEMENT II WITH RESPECT TO

THE EXHAUSTION OF THE AGGREGATE LIMITS OF UNDERLYING

POLICIES LISTED IN THE SCHEDULE OF UNDERLYING INSURANCE, THE

COMPANY WILL NOT BE CALLED UPON TO ASSUME THE

SETTLEMENT OR DEFENSE OF ANY CLAIM ***." (Emphasis added.)

¶ 38 Allianz argues that because the "Coverage" provision only contains a promise to

indemnify Sinclair, no duty to defend Sinclair exists in any instance. We agree with the

circuit court that this position is untenable. We must look at the terms of the policy as a
18
whole, and the plain language of the above-quoted policy provision states that if the

primary insurance in the underlying schedule is exhausted by reasons of payment of

losses, the Allianz policy will, "subject to the terms and conditions of the underlying

insurance, *** continue in force as underlying insurance." The parties do not dispute that

the Home policy was the only comprehensive general liability insurance in the schedule

attached to the Allianz policy, and they do not dispute that the terms of the Home policy

contained a duty to defend. Accordingly, the circuit court was correct in its

determination that there is a drop down provision in the Allianz policy which required

Allianz to defend Sinclair in the event of exhaustion of the aggregate limits of the Home

policy.

¶ 39 3. Aggregate Limits of Underlying Home Policy

¶ 40 Having determined that the Allianz policy required Allianz to defend Sinclair with

respect to the underlying lawsuits in the event of exhaustion of the aggregate limits of the

Home policy, we must determine what the aggregate limits of the Home policy were.

The parties disagree as to the meaning of the policy schedule and terms defining

aggregate limits. While the circuit court agreed with Sinclair's position that the aggregate

limit for all claims was $500,000, Allianz argues that the Home policy contains aggregate

limits for bodily injury and property damage resulting from certain types of occurrences,

and that the underlying lawsuits do not fall into the category of claims that contain

aggregate limits. For a determination of this issue, we examine the underlying Home

policy.

¶ 41 In examining the underlying Home policy, we must first set forth a description of
19
the page of the policy entitled "SCHEDULE." A preamble paragraph to a chart

purporting to show "Coverages" and "Limits of Liability" for "Each occurrence" and

"Aggregate," as well as "Description of Hazards," states that "[t]he insurance afforded is

only with respect to such of the following Coverages as are indicated by specific

premium charge or charges. The limit of the company's liability against each such

coverage shall be as stated herein, subject to all the terms of this policy having reference

thereto." (Emphasis added.) The chart provides that, with respect to "Coverage A-

Bodily Injury Liability," the "Limits of Liability" for "each occurrence" is "$500,000,"

and for "aggregate" is "$500,000." With respect to "Coverage B- Property Damage

Liability," the chart also provides that the "Limits of Liability" for "each occurrence" is

"$500,000," and "aggregate" is "$500,000." The "Description of Hazards" showing a

premium paid include "Premises-Operations" and "Innkeepers." However, the schedule

notes that "Independent Contractors" and "Completed Operations-Products" are included

in the premium.

¶ 42 Having set forth in detail the information contained within the "Schedule," we

move to the terms of the policy that have "reference thereto." These terms are set forth in

the policy as follows, with our emphasis added as to language that is critical to our

analysis of the issue of the aggregate limits:

"III. LIMITS OF LIABILITY

Regardless of the number of (1) insureds under this policy, (2) persons or

organizations who sustain bodily injury or property damage, or (3) claims made or

20
suits brought on account of bodily injury or property damage, the company's

liability is limited as follows:

Coverage A- The total liability of the company for all damages, including

damages for care and loss of services, because of bodily injury sustained by one or

more persons as a result of any one occurrence shall not exceed the limits of

liability stated in the schedule as applicable to 'each occurrence.'

Subject to the above provision respecting 'each occurrence,' the total

liability of the company for all damages because of (1) all bodily injury included

within the completed operations hazard and (2) all bodily injury included within

the products hazard shall not exceed the limit of bodily injury liability stated in the

schedule as 'aggregate.'

Coverage B- The total liability of the company for all damages because of

all property damage sustained by one or more persons or organizations as the

result of any one occurrence shall not exceed the limit of property damage liability

stated in the schedule as applicable to 'each occurrence.'

Subject to the above provision respecting 'each occurrence,' the total

liability of the company for all damages because of all property damage to which

this coverage applies and described in any of the numbered subparagraphs below

shall not exceed the limit of property damage liability stated in the schedule as

'aggregate.'

(1) all property damage arising out of premises or operations rated on a

remuneration basis or contractor's equipment rated on a receipts basis,
21
 including property damage for which liability is assumed under any incidental

contract relating to such premises or operations, but excluding property

damage included in subparagraph (2) below;

(2) all property damage arising out of and occurring in the course of

operations performed for the named insured by independent contractors and

general supervision thereof by the named insured, including any such property

damage for which liability is assumed under the incidental contract relating to

such operations, but this subparagraph (2) does not include property damage

arising out of maintenance or repairs at premises owned by or rented to the

named insured or structural alterations at such premises which do not involve

changing the size of or moving buildings or other structures;

(3) all property damage included within the products hazard and all

property damage included within the completed operations hazard.

Such aggregate limit shall apply separately to the property damage described in

subparagraphs (1), (2) and (3) above, and under subparagraphs (1) and (2),

separately with respect to each project away from premises owned by or rented to

the named insured.

Coverages A and B- For the purpose of determining the limit of the

company's liability, all bodily injury and property damage arising out of

continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general conditions shall

be considered as arising out of one occurrence." (Emphasis added.)

22
¶ 43 Our reading of the above-quoted language from the Home policy leads us to

conclude that in order to determine how a "per occurrence" limit is identified, as well as

which claims have an "aggregate" limit as stated in the schedule, one must turn to the

explanation of those terms which is contained within the policy itself. The schedule itself

contains this caveat, directing the reader to "the terms of the policy which make reference

thereto." Turning to the terms of the policy, it is clear that the language making reference

to the schedule is intended to set forth the circumstances under which the "per

occurrence" limit applies and the circumstances under which the "aggregate" limit

applies. It is also clear that while the "per occurrence" limit is subject to the same

definition for bodily injury and property damage, the language setting forth the

circumstances under which the "aggregate" limit applies contains substantially different

language. From this differing language, we invariably conclude that only certain types of

claims are subject to an aggregate limit under the policy, and that there is a distinction

made between the types of bodily injury claims and the types of property damage claims

that are subject to an aggregate limit. Accordingly, Sinclair is incorrect in its position

that all claims are subject to a $500,000 aggregate limit. However, as outlined in detail

below, and illustrated in the chart that follows, Allianz is also incorrect in its

interpretation of the language governing aggregate limits.

¶ 44 Under the terms of the Home policy which specify the types of claims that have an

aggregate limit, we first turn to the terms explaining the types of claims for bodily injury,

under "Coverage A," that have aggregate limits. The language explaining the limits of

liability for "Coverage A," which is bodily injury, states that liability for bodily injury
23
included within the "completed operations hazard" and "products hazard" is not to exceed

the limits set forth in the schedule as "aggregate." "Completed operations hazard" and

"products hazard" have meanings that are specified in the definitions section of the

policy. In contrast, the language explaining the limits of liability for "Coverage B,"

which is property damage, states that "all damages because of all property damage to

which this coverage applies and described in any of the numbered subparagraphs below

shall not exceed the limit of property damage liability stated in the schedule as

'aggregate,' " and that the aggregate limit "shall apply separately to the property damage

described in subparagraphs (1), (2) and (3) above, and under subparagraphs (1) and (2),

separately with respect to each project away from premises owned by or rented to the

named insured."

¶ 45 From a comparison of the provisions governing "aggregate" limits with respect to

bodily injury and property damage, we conclude that the only claims for bodily injury

that are subject to an "aggregate" limit are claims arising under the "completed operations

hazard" and "products hazard," as defined in the policy. All other claims for bodily

injury are subject to the "per occurrence" limit. In contrast, all property damage claims

are subject to an "aggregate" limit, with some types of property damage claims having a

separate "aggregate" limit, as enumerated in the subparagraphs. As such, in order to

determine which "aggregate" limit applies to a particular claim for property damage, one

must determine the type of occurrence from which the claim for property damages arises.

¶ 46 Based on the foregoing, potential aggregate limits for property damage under the

Home policy can be broken down as follows: (1) property damage arising out of premises
24
or operations rated on a remuneration basis or contractor's equipment rated on a receipts

basis, with a separate aggregate limit for such damage with respect to each project taking

place away from the insured's premises; (2) property damage occurring in the course of

operations performed by independent contractors, subject to some specified limitations,

with a separate aggregate limit for such damage with respect to each project taking place

away from the insured's premises; (3) property damage included within the products

hazard and completed operation hazard; and (4) all other property damage. Accordingly,

the circuit court erred in its determination that the underlying Home policy contained

aggregate limits of $500,000 for all claims. Instead, the only construction of the Home

policy that accounts for all of the policy language and construes the policy as a whole

(see Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 108-09) requires a determination of whether

any particular claim is subject to an aggregate limit according to the analysis set forth

above, and as summarized in the following table:

Bodily Bodily Injury arising Bodily Injury arising All other Bodily
Injury: from "Completed from "Products Hazard" Injury claims
Operations Hazard" $500,000 Aggregate subject to "Per
$500,000 Aggregate Limit Occurrence"
Limit Limit Only
Property "Property damage "Property damage Property Damage All other
Damage: arising out of occurring in the course of arising from Property
premises or operations performed by "Completed Damage
operations rated on a independent contractors" Operations $500,000
remuneration basis or subject to limitations Hazard" and Aggregate
contractor's specified in subparagraph "Products Limit
equipment rated on a (2) of section III "Limits Hazard"
receipts basis" of Liability" $500,000
$500,000 Aggregate $500,000 Aggregate Aggregate Limit
Limit with a separate Limit with a separate
$500,000 Aggregate $500,000 Aggregate
Limit for each project Limit for each project
taking place away taking place away from
25
 from insured's insured's premises
premises

¶ 47 4. Duty to Defend of Umbrella Carrier Under "Drop Down"

¶ 48 Having made the foregoing analysis of the aggregate limits under the Home

policy, we must decide whether the information Sinclair provided to Allianz regarding

payments under the Home policy, as well as the nature of the claims set forth in the

underlying lawsuits, was sufficient to trigger an excess carrier's "drop down" duty to

defend as a matter of law. In Illinois, the duty to defend is much broader than the duty to

indemnify. Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 125. Our courts have held that in

order to determine whether an insurer's duty to defend has arisen, the court must compare

the allegations of the underlying complaint to the policy language. Id. If the court

determines, after construing the allegations of the complaint liberally in favor of the

insured, that the allegations fall within, or potentially within, the policy's coverage, the

insurer has a duty to defend the insured against the underlying complaint. Id. As such,

this court has stated as follows:

"When a complaint against an insured alleges facts that bring the action within or

potentially within the scope of insurance policy coverage, the insurer taking the

position that the complaint is not covered by the policy must defend the suit under

a reservation of rights or seek a declaratory judgment that there is no coverage."

Korte Construction Co. v. American States Insurance, 322 Ill. App. 3d 451, 457

(2001) (citing State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Martin, 186 Ill. 2d 367, 371

(1999)).
26
¶ 49 In addition to the foregoing, this court has held that if an insured tenders to an

insurer the defense of a cause that meets the above-quoted "four corners of the

complaint" rule, and the insurer refuses to participate in the litigation, instead waiting for

the insured to institute litigation against the insurer to determine the insurer's rights and

duties, the insurer is estopped from raising noncoverage as a defense in that litigation. Id.

at 458. However, it is important to note that these rules and standards have been set forth

in cases involving a primary insurer, in which the policy at issue contains a "first dollar"

duty to defend. 11 Accordingly, the test that has been set forth by our courts regarding the

duty to defend assumes that the only prerequisite to the duty to defend is "coverage."

Pursuant to this test, we find that Allianz's arguments related to whether a limitation or

exclusion in its policy applies to bar coverage of the underlying lawsuits, including its

arguments regarding timeliness of notice, horizontal exhaustion, the pollution exclusion,

and whether Sinclair made a "definite claim," are the types of coverage questions of

which, if the "drop down" duty to defend were triggered, Allianz was required to seek a

judicial determination. As such, these arguments are irrelevant to our disposition of this

appeal. However, in a case such as this, where the issue concerns an umbrella carrier,

and the duty to defend under the policy is only triggered by the exhaustion of an

11
Although the policy at issue in Korte had an "other insurance" clause that stated

that " '[t]his insurance is excess over: [a]ny other insurance provided to you on a primary

basis,' " the policy in Korte was not an "umbrella policy," but was a primary policy

containing a first line duty to defend. Korte, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 454.

27
underlying policy pursuant to a "drop down" provision, we find that an additional

threshold standard concerning exhaustion should be required before the umbrella insurer

comes under a legal obligation to defend under a reservation of rights or to file a

declaratory judgment action.

¶ 50 In determining an appropriate threshold standard for triggering an umbrella

carrier's duty, under a "drop down" provision, to defend its insured under a reservation of

rights or to file an action for a declaratory judgment, we seek to balance Illinois public

policy, which places the burden on the insurer to have coverage defenses adjudicated,

with the expectations of the parties to an umbrella insurance contract such as the one at

issue here. In so doing, our focus is on the information that must be provided to the

umbrella carrier concerning the exhaustion of the underlying policy limits. We find our

supreme court's decision in Cincinnati Cos. v. West American Insurance Co., 183 Ill. 2d

317 (1998), to be instructive. In that case, the court was called upon to consider whether

an insurer had a duty to defend its insured without a specific request for a defense. Id. at

323-24. The supreme court held that "where the insured has not knowingly decided

against an insurer's involvement, the insurer's duty to defend is triggered by actual notice

of the underlying suit, regardless of the level of the insured's sophistication." Id. at 329.

The court further defined "actual notice" as "notice sufficient to permit the insurer to

locate and defend the lawsuit" (internal quotation marks omitted), in that "the insurer

must know both that a cause of action has been filed and that the complaint falls within or

potentially within the scope of the coverage of one of its policies." Id. at 329-30.

28
¶ 51 We find that a similar standard is appropriate in order to impose a duty on an

umbrella carrier to defend the insured upon exhaustion of the underlying limits under a

"drop down" provision. Accordingly, we hold that, in order to trigger such a duty to

defend, the umbrella carrier must have "actual notice" of the exhaustion of the aggregate

limits of the underlying insurance policy. We find that "actual notice" is notice sufficient

to allow the insurer to make a preliminary determination that the limits of the underlying

insurance policy have been exhausted as to the specific claim or claims for which the

insured is seeking coverage. The umbrella insurer is entitled to more than an insured's

allegation of exhaustion. At a minimum, the insurer must be in possession of some

evidence of actual payments, made by the underlying insurance company or the insured,

that meet or exceed the specific aggregate limits of the underlying policy that is

applicable to the claim for which the insured is seeking coverage. 12 Once the umbrella

carrier is in possession of such evidence of payments made, the burden is on the insurer

regarding exhaustion. At that point in time, if the complaint comes within the potential

coverage of the excess policy, the umbrella insurer has a duty to defend the insured.

12
It is important to emphasize that payments by the insured that exceed the

underlying policy limits are also to be considered exhaustion. To require the payments to

be made out of the primary insurer's coffers would preclude excess coverage under an

umbrella policy when the primary insurer has become insolvent or has wrongfully

withheld payment. See Emhart Industries, Inc. v. Home Insurance Co., 515 F. Supp. 2d

228, 244 (D.R.I. 2007).

29
Accordingly, if the umbrella carrier wishes to litigate the issue of underlying exhaustion

or assert any other defense to coverage, it must defend the insured under a reservation of

rights or seek a declaratory judgment. See Korte, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 457 (citing Martin,

186 Ill. 2d at 371).

¶ 52 Having determined the appropriate standard to be employed in this case, we turn

to the record to determine whether summary judgment in favor of Sinclair regarding

Allianz's duty to defend is appropriate at this stage of the proceedings. We note at the

outset that because we have found that the underlying Home policy contains aggregate

limits for specific types of claims, and that we must differentiate the types of claims

containing aggregate limits as between bodily injury and property damage, we must

separate our analysis of Allianz's duty to defend accordingly. As such, we will first

determine whether there is evidence in the record to determine, as a matter of law, that

Allianz had some evidence of payments, either by Home or by Sinclair, of the aggregate

limits of the bodily injury coverage of the Home policy so as to trigger Allianz's duty to

defend upon notice of the underlying lawsuits containing claims of bodily injury. 13

Then, we will conduct the same analysis as to the underlying lawsuits containing claims

for property damage.

13
If it is determined that Allianz did have the duty to defend, there must also be

evidence in the record to determine when the duty was triggered and when it received

"actual notice" of each lawsuit in order to determine those defense costs for which

Allianz is liable.

30
¶ 53 Having carefully considered the record, it is clear that there is insufficient

evidence, at this stage in the proceedings, to determine whether Allianz had possession of

some evidence of payments, either by Sinclair or by Home, of the $500,000 aggregate

limits of the policy for claims of bodily injury. As set forth above, bodily injury claims

only have an aggregate limit if they are included in the "completed operations hazard" or

"products hazard," as those terms are elsewhere defined in the policy. The parties have

not briefed the issue of whether the bodily injury claims arising from the Wyoming

lawsuits fit within these definitions such that they would even have an aggregate limit. In

addition, it is clear that the Home settlement covering the Wyoming lawsuits was

allocated to property damage claims only. Further, although there is evidence that

Sinclair made substantial payments of its own to settle the Wyoming lawsuits, there is no

evidence of which payments were made for claims of bodily injury and whether Allianz

was provided evidence of any such payments. Accordingly, there are genuine issues of

material fact that must be resolved in order to determine whether the Wyoming lawsuits

exhausted bodily injury limits contained within the underlying Home policy.

¶ 54 Assuming that there was proof in the record that payments made for bodily injury

claims arising from the Wyoming lawsuits concerned the "completed operations hazard"

or "products hazard," in order for Allianz to have a duty to defend bodily injury claims

out of the underlying lawsuits in Hartford, the oil spill leaks would have to also have

arisen from the "completed operations hazard" or "products hazard." Otherwise, under

the terms of the Home policy, bodily injury claims are subject only to a "per occurrence"

limit. Again, the parties have not briefed the issue of whether the bodily injury claims
31
arising from the underlying lawsuit fell within these definitions such that they were

subject to an aggregate limit. The only way in which there can be a finding that Allianz

breached its duty to defend Sinclair with regard to the bodily injury claims is if Sinclair

can prove that the bodily injury claims arising from the Wyoming lawsuits and the

underlying lawsuits were subject to an aggregate limit under the Home policy, and that

Allianz had possession of some evidence of payments made by either Sinclair or Home of

$500,000 or more. 14 There is insufficient evidence in the record to make these findings at

this time.

¶ 55 The facts in the record are much different with regard to the claims for property

damage. Under our interpretation of the underlying Home policy, all property damage

claims are subject to the $500,000 aggregate limit. The only caveat is that some property

14
We note that there is evidence in the record that Sinclair has expended over $3

million to defend the underlying lawsuits. Under the standards set forth in this opinion,

Allianz would be required to defend Sinclair once it had possession of some evidence that

Sinclair's payments on bodily injury claims exceeded the $500,000 "per occurrence limit"

of the underlying policy. However, it is unclear from the record as to what part of

Sinclair's payments have been for bodily injury claims, whether said payments exceed

$500,000, and if so, whether Allianz had some evidence of said payments in its

possession prior to filing its counterclaim for a declaratory judgment. If all of these

conditions were met, a breach of the duty to defend would have occurred within a

reasonable time after the information came into Allianz's possession.

32
damage claims have separate aggregate limits, as set forth above. The parties do not

dispute that Home made a $500,000 payment in settlement of its coverage dispute with

Sinclair over the Wyoming lawsuits, and specifically allocated that entire amount to

claims of property damage. The record shows that Sinclair sent Allianz some evidence of

this payment in the form of the settlement agreement in 1996, claiming that the

underlying limits had been exhausted. Allianz does not dispute that it was in possession

of this information. Accordingly, when Allianz received "actual notice" of the

underlying lawsuits, which included claims for property damage, the only question that

needed to be answered in order to ascertain exhaustion was whether the underlying

lawsuits fell within one of the categories of claims listed in the Home policy as having a

separate aggregate limit. Despite having possession of evidence of payments of the

$500,000 aggregate limits for property damage, Allianz did nothing to seek information

from Sinclair that would indicate whether this was the case. Accordingly, we find that

Allianz breached its duty to defend Sinclair with regard to the property damage claims

arising out of the underlying lawsuits. 15 Thus, the circuit court was correct in finding that

15
The circuit court reserved ruling on whether Allianz would be estopped from

asserting policy defenses to coverage by virtue of its breach of the duty to defend. We

decline to set forth an advisory opinion on this issue. See People v. Dunmore, 2013 IL

App (1st) 121170, ¶ 12 (appellate court will not render an advisory opinion (citing People

v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 269 (2005))).

33
Allianz was liable for defense costs from the time it received actual notice of the lawsuits

in 2006, but only those defense costs related to the claims for property damage.

¶ 56 CONCLUSION

¶ 57 In conclusion, and for the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court erred

when it found adequate evidence in the record to prove, as a matter of law, that Allianz

breached its duty to defend Sinclair on any claims for bodily injury arising from the

underlying lawsuits. However, for the reasons stated herein, we affirm the circuit court's

determination that Allianz breached its duty to defend Sinclair with respect to the

property damage claims, and as such, is liable for defense costs Sinclair has incurred

defending the property damage claims from the time it gave Allianz notice of said claims

in 2006. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further

proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, in which the circuit court, inter alia,

determines the amount of attorney fees attributable to the property damage claims in the

underlying actions, and makes a determination, after further development of the record

based on the analysis set forth above, regarding Allianz's duty to defend Sinclair with

regard to the bodily injury claims.

¶ 58 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

34
 2015 IL App (5th) 140069

NO. 5-14-0069

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
_______________________________________________________________________

SINCLAIR OIL CORPORATION, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 08-MR-602
)
ALLIANZ UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE )
COMPANY, f/k/a Allianz Underwriters, Inc., ) Honorable
) Donald M. Flack,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed: April 7, 2015
________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable James R. Moore, J.

Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J., and
Honorable S. Gene Schwarm, J.,
Concur
________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Daniel L. Bradley, DeFranco & Bradley, P.C., 141 Market Place,
for Suite 104, Fairview Heights, IL 62208; Kristi S. Nolley, David M.
Appellant Alt, BatesCarey, LLP, 191 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2400,
Chicago, IL 60606
________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Bernard J. Ysursa, Cook, Ysursa, Bartholomew, Brauer & Shelvin,
for Ltd., 12 West Lincoln Street, Belleville, IL 62220; Joseph G. Nassif,
Appellee Ron Hobbs, Husch Blackwell, LLP, 190 Carondelet Plaza, Suite
600, St. Louis, MO 63105
________________________________________________________________________