FILED
APRIL 9, 2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31616-5-111
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
JESUS TORRES, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. - Jesus Torres appeals his conviction for possession ofa
stolen vehicle and first degree driving with a suspended license. He contends that the
State failed to prove an essential element of possession of a stolen vehicle, specifically,
that he knew the mini-motorcycle was stolen. He also contends that the written procedure
for peremptory challenges violated his right to a public trial and that there was no
evidence to support the restitution award. He finally contends that there was no evidence
to support the restitution award. We reject Mr. Torres's first two contentions, hold that he
waived the third, and affirm.
No. 31616-5-III
State v. Torres
FACTS
On October 2,2012, Michael Horton and his coworker, Ricardo Campos, Jr., were
working in a commercial building in Kennewick when Mr. Campos saw a man driving a
mini-motorcycle that resembled one taken from Mr. Horton's home on September 12,
2012. The driver saw Mr. Horton and Mr. Campos watching him and drove away from
their location. Mr. Horton followed the driver and called police.
Benton County Police Officer Christopher Littrell investigated and stopped Mr.
Torres on the mini-motorcycle. Mr. Torres told police that it belonged to a friend who
had built it from the ground up.
Mr. Torres's friend, Jeremy Hendricks, testified that acquaintances named Dustin
and Brittany left the bike with him for repairs about two weeks before Mr. Torres's arrest.
Mr. Hendricks did not know the last names of the couple. Mr. Hendricks testified that he
was an uncertified mechanic and that he was asked to fix the throttle cable. He said that
he sometimes builds devices from spare parts, but had never built a motorcycle of this
type. When he received the mini-motorcycle, it was assembled.
Mr. Hendricks testified that neither he nor Mr. Torres knew the bike was stolen.
Mr. Hendricks said he was keeping the bike until the couple could pay for the repairs.
Both men took the bike for a test drive.
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State v. Torres
Although Mr. Hendricks knew that Mr. Torres was arrested in October, Mr.
Hendricks did not speak with police about the mini-motorcycle until approached by
Officer Littrell in January. Officer Littrell testified that Mr. Hendricks told him the bike
was dropped offby someone named Nick. Mr. Hendricks said he could not provide a
telephone number or street address for the person who gave him the mini-motorcycle.
Mr. Horton, the owner of the mini-motorcycle, testified that he recognized the bike
from the tear in the seat, oil smudges, vice grips where the shifter was broken, and residue
from the electrical tape on the gas tank. Mr. Horton said he paid $200 for the bike, which
was below market value. The court admitted Mr. Horton's photographs of the mini-
motorcycle he lost and police photographs of the mini-motorcycle Mr. Torres was found
riding. The defense agreed that the bike was stolen and Mr. Torres was riding it, but
argued that there was no evidence that he knew it was stolen.
During jury selection, the exercise of peremptory challenges occurred on paper.
The trial court instructed counsel on the process for writing down the challenges. After
each side questioned the potential jurors, the court instructed the attorneys to exercise
their peremptory challenges. The court then concluded, "All right. That concludes
peremptory challenges. I'll check with the clerk to verity my notes are correct." Report
of Proceedings (RP) (Feb. 4, 20l3-Jury Voir Dire) at 68.
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State v. Torres
A brief discussion was held off the record. Then, the trial court individually
excused the challenged jurors, identitying each challenged juror by name and number. A
jury roster filed with the court the following day listed the peremptory challenges
exercised by each side. Additionally, a different list described the outcome for each juror,
including a "CD" designation for those excused on challenges by the defense and "CP"
for those excused by the State. Clerk's Papers at 45-46. The trial minutes listed the
peremptory challenges, but did not reveal which side challenged which juror.
The jury found Mr. Torres guilty of both possession of a stolen vehicle and first
degree driving with a suspended license. The court sentenced Mr. Torres to 29 months
for possession of the stolen vehicle conviction and 8 months on the driving with a
suspended license conviction, to be served concurrently. The court also ordered Mr.
Torres to pay legal financial obligations, including $503.35 in restitution. Mr. Torres did
not object to restitution.
Mr. Torres timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
A. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence that Mr. Torres knew that the mini-
motorcycle was stolen
When sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, appellate courts review the record
to determine whether the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable person to find every
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No. 31616-5-II1
State v. Torres
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616
P.2d 628 (1980) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L.
Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). "A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and
all inferences that reasonably can be drawn therefrom." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,
201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
Sufficient means more than a mere scintilla of evidence; there must be that
quantum of evidence necessary to establish circumstances from which the jury could
reasonably infer the fact to be proved. State v. Fateley, 18 Wn. App. 99, 102,566 P.2d
959 (1977). Circumstantial evidence is considered as reliable as direct evidence. State v.
Myers, 133 Wn.2d 26,38,941 P.2d 1102 (1997).
A person is guilty of possession of a stolen vehicle if he or she possesses a stolen
motor vehicle. RCW 9A.56.068(1). Knowledge that the property is stolen is an essential
element of possession of stolen property. RCW 9A.56.140. Merely being in possession
of the stolen property is insufficient to support a conviction for the offense, but
possession coupled with slight corroborative evidence is sufficient to prove guilty
knowledge. State v. Couet, 71 Wn.2d 773, 775, 430 P.2d 974 (1967). Corroborative
evidence may include flight or the absence of a plausible explanation for legitimate
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No. 31616-5-111
State v. Torres
posseSSIOn. State v. Womble, 93 Wn. App. 599, 604, 969 P.2d 1097 (1999). Here,
sufficient evidence supports Mr. Torres's conviction for possession of a stolen vehicle.
First, Mr. Hendricks gave inconsistent statements about who gave him the mini-
motorcycle, and he could not give the owner's identifying information to the police.
While this does not establish that Mr. Torres knew about the mini-motorcycle's origins,
the jury was entitled to draw an inference that Mr. Hendricks's possession was unlawful
and that Mr. Hendricks's friend, Mr. Torres, also knew that the possession was unlawful.
Second, the State produced evidence of flight through Mr. Horton. Mr. Horton
testified about seeing Mr. Torres on the mini-motorcycle: "That's when he seen that we
were watching him and he tried to ride away." RP (Feb. 5,2013) at 70. Mr. Torres
argues that driving away is what one does while riding. However, it is for the jury, not
the reviewing court, to decide what inferences to draw from the witness's testimony. We
conclude that sufficient evidence exists for a reasonable trier of fact to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that Mr. Torres knew the mini-motorcycle was stolen.
B. Whether the trial court violated Mr. Torres's right to a public trial by conducting
written peremptory challenges
Mr. Torres contends that his convictions should be reversed because the trial court
violated his right to a public trial by conducting peremptory challenges in writing.
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No. 31616-5-III
State v. Torres
Whether the right to a public trial has been violated is a question of law that we review de
novo. State v. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 70, 292 P.3d 715 (2012).
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of
the Washington Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a public trial. In
addition, the Washington Constitution promise~ that "[j]ustice in all cases shall be
administered openly, and without unnecessary delay." CONST. art I, § 10.
The right to a public trial extends to voir dire of prospective jurors. State v. Wise,
176 Wn.2d 1,11,288 P.3d 1113 (2012). However, not every interaction between the
court, counsel, and defendant will implicate the public trial right or constitute a closure.
Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 71. To determine whether public trial rights attach, courts apply
the "experience and logic" test adopted in Sublett. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 72-73. The
experience prong asks if historically, the place and process were open to the public. Id. at
73 (quoting Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 8, 106 S. Ct. 2735, 92 L.
Ed. 2d 1 (1986)). The logic prong asks ifpublic access plays a significant positive role in
the functioning of the particular process in question. Id. (quoting Press, 478 U.S. at 8).
Both questions must be answered in the affirmative for public trial rights to attach.
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No. 31616-5-III
State v. Torres
Id. And, once public trial rights attach, the trial court must openly consider the five Bone
Club 1 factors before closing the proceeding to the public. Sublett, 176 Wn.2d at 73.
Directly contrary to Mr. Torres's argument, this court held in State v. Love, 176
Wn. App. 911, 920, 309 P.3d 1209 (2013), review granted, 181 Wn.2d 1029,340 P.3d
228 (2015) that the exercise of peremptory challenges in a side bar conference does not
violate the public trial right. Applying the experience and logic test from Sublett, this
court found no evidence that peremptory challenges were historically made in public. Id.
at 918. The court also found that the public interests were satisfied by recording the
challenges in the written public record. Id.918-19.
The holding in Love has been adopted by separate divisions of this court. Division
Two of this court, addressing facts identical to the ones presented here, determined that a
defendant's public right to trial was not violated when counsel conducted written
peremptory challenges. State v. Webb, 183 Wn. App. 242,247,333 P.3d 470 (2014),
review denied, 182 Wn.2d 1005,342 P.3d 327 (2015).
We adhere to the rulings in Love and Webb. The trial court's exercise of written
peremptory challenges in an open courtroom did not violate Mr. Torres's right to a public
I State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wn.2d 254,906 P.2d 325 (1995).
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No. 31616-5-III
State v. Torres
trial. The public's open access to voir dire proceedings and the timely record made of the
peremptory challenges protected the public's right and the open administration ofjustice.
C. Whether Mr. Torres's restitution order must be reversed
The restitution order requires Mr. Torres to pay Mr. Horton $503.35. Mr. Torres
argues that the restitution order should be vacated because the State failed to present any
evidence of the amount of loss. At trial, the owner testified that the mini-motorcycle was
returned to him damaged. However, there was no evidence of the cost of repair. The
only testimony touching on value was the owner's testimony that he had purchased the
used mini-motorcycle for $200. The State argues that Mr. Torres is precluded from
raising this issue on appeal because he failed to preserve it by objecting below.
Where a defendant fails to object to the amount of restitution at the trial court, this
is deemed a waiver of the issue and prevents its review on appeal. State v. Branch, 129
Wn.2d 635,651,919 P.2d 1228 (1996) (citing State v. Harrington, 56 Wn. App. 176,
181, 782 P.2d 1101 (1989) (failure to object to amount of restitution order at trial
precluded review on appeal).
Defendant attempts to circumvent the above rule by citing RAP 2.5(a)(2), which
provides, "a party may raise the following claimed error[ ] for the first time in the
appellate court: ... (2) failure to establish facts upon which relief can be granted."
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No.3l6l6-5-III
State v. Torres
InState v. Moen, 129 Wn.2d 535,537-38,919 P.2d 69 (1996), the defendant failed
to object to a restitution order that the sentencing court entered after the statutory time for
entering such orders expired. The Moen court discussed whether to permit the defendant
to raise the issue on appeal, despite not having objected below. The Moen court noted
that the purpose of requiring an objection at the trial level was to give the sentencing
court the opportunity to correct its error. Because an objection would not have given the
sentencing court the opportunity to correct its error, i.e., the order still would have been
entered late, the Moen court held that it was proper to review the restitution order despite
the lack of objection below. Id. at 547. Here, unlike Moen, had Mr. Torres raised a
timely objection, the trial court could have corrected its error either by inquiring into the
factual basis for the restitution amount or by scheduling a restitution hearing. We
distinguish State v. Moen, follow State v. Branch, and hold that Mr. Torres's failure to
object below precludes our review of the restitution order.
MR. TORRES'S REQUEST TO EXPAND HIS ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
This appeal was submitted for decision without oral argument on October 24,
2014. On March 11,2015, Mr. Torres filed a motion to file supplemental brief with
supplemental assignment of error, and he also filed a supplemental brief. Mr. Torres's
motion is motivated by Division Two's recent decision in State v. Satterthwaite,
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No. 31616-5-II1
State v. Torres
No. 45732-6-II (Wash. Ct. App. March 10,2015). There, Division Two held that the
information charging possession of a stolen motor vehicle was constitutionally deficient
because it failed to include an element of the offense found in RCW 9A.56.140(l), i.e.,
"withhold or appropriate."
Mr. Torres did not raise this issue at the trial court level nor did he raise this issue
at the appellate court level through an original assignment of error. He suggests that this
court must provide one of two means of effective relief. Either we must permit him to
file a supplemental brief so he can raise this issue, or else we must allow him to argue
ineffective assistance of counsel for his counsel's failure to timely raise it.
We decline to provide either means of relief. First, there is no rule of appellate
procedure that allows an appellant to broaden his assignments of error months after
briefing is complete. Rather, the rule requires assignments of error to be made in the
opening brief. RAP 10.3(a)(4). Second, Mr. Torres does not cite any authority for his
argument that his counsel's failure to anticipate a new rule of law constitutes ineffective
assistance of counsel. The new rule is not obvious. Although we decline to agree or
disagree with the new rule, we recognize the tension with, and the effort Division Two
made to distinguish, State v. Johnson, 180 Wn.2d 295, 325 P.3d 135 (2014).
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No. 31616-5-111
State v. Torres
We decline to request additional briefing on this issue because Mr. Torres has
failed to make a colorable argument that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in
this instance. His motion to file a supplemental brief for the purpose of making a new
assignment of error is denied.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS
In his statement of additional grounds for review, Mr. Torres contends that his
counsel was ineffective. He maintains that his attorney failed to introduce jailhouse
telephone calls from the person who let Mr. Torres borrow the mini-motorcycle, telling
Mr. Torres that he did not know that the mini-motorcycle was stolen.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must prove both,
"(1) defense counsel's representation was deficient, i.e., it fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness based on consideration of all the circumstances; and
(2) defense counsel's deficient representation prejudiced the defendant, i.e., there is a
reasonable probability that, except for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different." State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,334-35,
899 P.2d 1251 (1995).
While the prosecutor referenced jailhouse telephone calls between Mr. Torres and
Mr. Hendricks, the record does indicate that Mr. Hendricks said that he did not know the
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No.31616-5-III
State v. Torres
motorcycle was stolen. Even if Mr. Torres could show that the telephone calls contained
the alleged information, Mr. Torres's attorney would not be deficient for failing to
introduce the calls. Mr. Hendricks's admission during the telephone conversation was
duplicative of his testimony presented at trial. According to Mr. Torres, the telephone
calls established that Mr. Hendricks did not know the mini-motorcycle was stolen.
However, Mr. Hendricks personally testified to this same fact at trial. Counsel's
performance was not deficient. Mr. Torres fails to establish ineffective assistance of
counsel.
We affirm.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
WE CONCUR:
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