J-A05003-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
DANIELLE ZARENKIEWICZ, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
INDIVIDUALLY AND P/N/G OF J.D., A PENNSYLVANIA
MINOR
Appellant
v.
LARRY LEFKOWITZ, ESQUIRE, D/B/A
LAW OFFICES OF LARRY H. LEFKOWITZ
Appellee No. 1947 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered May 20, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): September Term, 2013, No. 1387
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and ALLEN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.: FILED APRIL 09, 2015
Appellant, Danielle Zarenkiewicz, individually and p/n/g of J.D., a
minor, appeals from the order entered in the Philadelphia County Court of
Common Pleas, which sustained the preliminary objections of Appellee, Larry
Lefkowitz, Esquire, d/b/a Law Offices of Larry H. Lefkowitz, and transferred
the underlying legal malpractice action from Philadelphia County to Bucks
County, on the basis of improper venue. We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
Appellant, a resident of Bucks County, retained Appellee, an attorney who
lives and maintains a law office in Bucks County, to represent Appellant in a
child custody action in the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas. Appellee
J-A05003-15
performed all work pertaining to Appellant’s case out of Appellee’s Bucks
County office. Following custody hearings in March 2012, Appellant lost
primary physical custody of her child. Appellant subsequently filed an action
against Appellee in Philadelphia County on September 12, 2013, in which
Appellant alleged legal malpractice, breach of contract, and breach of
fiduciary duty. On December 9, 2013, Appellee filed preliminary objections,
which alleged venue was improper in Philadelphia County. On December 30,
2013, Appellant responded by filing an amended complaint. Appellee again
filed preliminary objections on January 22, 2014, alleging venue was
improper in Philadelphia County. On February 12, 2014, Appellant filed a
response in opposition to Appellee’s preliminary objections, to which
Appellee replied on February 28, 2014. After a hearing on May 12, 2014,
the court sustained Appellee’s preliminary objections and transferred the
action to Bucks County pursuant to an order, which was entered on the
docket on May 20, 2014. On June 4, 2014, Appellant timely filed a notice of
appeal. The court did not order a concise statement of errors complained of
on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Appellant raises the following issue for our review:
DID THE TRIAL COURT COMMIT AN ERROR OF LAW IN
SUSTAINING THE PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS AS TO
VENUE?
(Appellant’s Brief at 8).
Appellant argues venue is proper in Philadelphia County for individual
-2-
J-A05003-15
Appellee and his unincorporated law firm. Specifically, Appellant asserts
Philadelphia County is a proper venue for individual Appellee because he
may be served in Philadelphia County. Appellant contends service would be
proper in Philadelphia County because Appellee maintains an office in
Northeast Philadelphia where he receives mail and performs approximately
twenty-five (25) percent of his overall client meetings. Appellant also claims
venue is proper in Philadelphia County for Appellee and his unincorporated
law firm because he regularly conducts business in Philadelphia County by
appearing before the Philadelphia County Family Court. Appellant maintains
the court erred when it sustained Appellee’s preliminary objection on the
basis of improper venue, and transferred the case to Bucks County.
Appellant concludes this Court should reverse the trial court’s order. We
disagree.
The proper method of challenging improper venue in a civil action is by
way of preliminary objection. Searles v. Estrada, 856 A.2d 85, 88
(Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 582 Pa. 701, 871 A.2d 192 (2005)
(internal citation omitted). The trial court “is vested with discretion in
determining whether to grant a preliminary objection to transfer venue, and
we shall not overturn a decision to grant or deny absent an abuse of
discretion.” Id. “An abuse of discretion occurs when there was an error of
law or the judgment was manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality,
prejudice, bias or ill will.” Scarlett v. Mason, 89 A.3d 1290, 1292
-3-
J-A05003-15
(Pa.Super. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
“The presumption in favor of a plaintiff’s choice of forum has no
application to the question of whether venue is proper in the plaintiff’s
chosen forum; venue either is or is not proper.” Id. “[A] trial court’s
determination depends on the facts and circumstances of each case and will
not be disturbed if the trial court’s decision is reasonable in light of those
facts.” Searles, supra at 88. “[The] court is to look at the case by taking a
snapshot of it at the time it is initiated: if it is proper at that time, it remains
proper throughout the litigation.” Wilson v. Levine, 963 A.2d 479, 485
(Pa.Super. 2008) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1006(a) governs venue for
actions against individuals as follows:
Rule 1006. Venue. Change of Venue
(a) Except as otherwise provided by subdivisions (a.1),
(b) and (c) of this rule, an action against an individual may
be brought in and only in a county in which
(1) the individual may be served or in which the cause of
action arose or where a transaction or occurrence took
place out of which the cause of action arose or in any other
county authorized by law…[.]
Pa.R.C.P. 1006(a)(1). Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 402(a) explains
where service against an individual is proper:
Rule 402. Manner of Service. Acceptance of Service
(a) Original process may be served
(1) by handing a copy to the defendant; or
-4-
J-A05003-15
(2) by handing a copy
* * *
(iii) at any office or usual place of business of
the defendant to his agent or to the person for
the time being in charge thereof.
Pa.R.C.P. 402(a).
Rule 402(a)(2)(iii) requires “the defendant [to] have more proprietary
responsibility and control over the business than that possessed by the
average employee.” Williams v. Office of Public Defender of Lehigh
County, 586 A.2d 924, 925 (Pa.Super. 1990), appeal denied, 531 Pa. 661,
613 A.2d 1210 (1992).1 Courts look to the totality of the circumstances
when determining whether a defendant possesses sufficient proprietary
interest or control over a place for service to be proper. Id.
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2156, which discusses venue for
actions against unincorporated associations, provides:
Rule 2156. Venue
(a) Except as otherwise provided by Rule 1006(a.1) and
by subsection (b) of this rule, an action against an
association may be brought in and only in a county where
the association regularly conducts business or any
association activity, or in the county where the cause of
____________________________________________
1
In Williams, the interpretation of Rule 402(a)(2)(iii) relied on case law
referencing Pa.R.C.P. 1009(b)(2)(iii), which the legislature repealed on June
20, 1985 (effective January 1, 1986). Nevertheless, Rule 402(a)(2)(iii) is
merely a re-codification of Rule 1009(b)(2)(iii), and the language pertinent
to our discussion is substantively the same. Williams, supra at 925.
-5-
J-A05003-15
action arose or in a county where a transaction or
occurrence took place out of which the cause of action
arose or in the county where the property or a part of the
property which is the subject matter of the action is
located provided that equitable relief is sought with respect
to the property.
Pa.R.C.P. 2156(a).
A court employs a quality/quantity analysis to determine whether an
entity regularly conducts business in a county. Zampana-Barry v.
Donaghue, 921 A.2d 500, 503 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal denied, 596 Pa.
706, 940 A.2d 366 (2007). “A business entity must perform acts in a county
of sufficient quality and quantity before venue in that county will be
established.” Id. “Quality of acts will be found if an entity performs acts in
a county that directly further or are essential to the entity’s business
objective; incidental acts in the county are not sufficient to meet the quality
aspect of the test.” Id. Acts necessary to an entity’s existence are direct,
while acts that aid a main purpose are merely collateral and incidental. Id.
“Quantity of acts means those that are sufficiently continuous so as to be
considered habitual.” Id. at 504.
Instantly, in support of its decision to transfer the case to Bucks
County, the trial court reasoned:
[Appellee] occasionally makes use of rooms at Century 21
Advantage Gold’s real estate offices located at 7104 Castor
Avenue in Philadelphia to meet with clients. At this
location, [Appellee] meets with clients in a conference
room or a vacant agent’s office. At this location,
[Appellee] has no regular office hours or set schedule, has
no dedicated office or phone line, and has no office staff.
-6-
J-A05003-15
For the use of this location [Appellee] pays a nominal
monthly rent of $100. [Appellee] occasionally receives
mail at this location, mostly junk mail. At this location,
[Appellee] meets between two and six clients a month and
spends between two to four hours a month.
[Appellee] estimates that he practices in the Philadelphia
Court of Common Pleas only six times a year, and he does
not appear before the Superior or Supreme Courts of
Pennsylvania, or the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Court. Approximately two percent of [Appellee’s] gross
revenues are derived from business conducted in
Philadelphia County.
* * *
[Appellee] was served in Bucks County. The cause of
action did not arise in Philadelphia. No transactions or
occurrences took place in Philadelphia out of which the
cause of action arose. For these reasons, venue is
improper against the individual [Appellee] in Philadelphia.
If [Appellee’s] law practice is treated as a business
association that is sued, [Appellee] does not regularly
conduct business in Philadelphia. [Appellee’s] occasional
meetings with clients in Philadelphia are not essential to
[Appellee’s] business and thus do not satisfy the quality of
acts portion of the quality/quantity test. [Appellee’s]
occasional meetings in Philadelphia are not continuous and
sufficient enough to be considered general and habitual
and so the [quantity] of acts portion of the quality/quantity
test is not satisfied. Venue is therefore improper against
[Appellee and his unincorporated law firm] in Philadelphia.
Venue is improper in Philadelphia County and the decision
should be affirmed.
(Trial Court Opinion, filed July 17, 2014, at 3-5) (internal footnotes omitted).
We accept the court’s sound reasoning. Moreover, both Appellant and
Appellee are residents of Bucks County, Appellant served Appellee at the law
office Appellee maintains in Bucks County, and the underlying child custody
-7-
J-A05003-15
action took place in the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas. Importantly,
Appellee did all work related to the underlying child custody case from his
law office in Bucks County, and no interaction between Appellee and
Appellant occurred in Philadelphia County until Appellant filed this action
against Appellee. Furthermore, Appellee’s listing of the Northeast
Philadelphia address on his law firm’s website does not constitute “regularly
conducting business” for purposes of the quality/quantity analysis. See
Kubik v. Route 252, Inc., 762 A.2d 1119 (Pa.Super. 2000) (explaining
mere solicitation of business in county does not amount to regularly
conducting business).2 Accordingly, we affirm. See Searles, supra.
Order affirmed.
____________________________________________
2
Additionally, in her post-brief submission Appellant argues that this Court’s
recent decision in Baylson v. Genetics & IVF Institute, ___ A.3d. ___,
2015 PA Super 27 (filed February 9, 2015), holding venue is proper in a
county in which the defendant maintains an office and regularly conducts
business, controls and requires this Court to reverse the transfer order.
Nevertheless, Baylson is distinguishable because the plaintiff in Baylson
established that the defendant corporation maintained an office and
regularly conducted business in the plaintiff’s chosen venue. Here, Appellant
failed to establish either of these requirements for venue to be proper in
Philadelphia County.
-8-
J-A05003-15
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/9/2015
-9-