13‐3289
IBEW Local Union v. Royal Bank of Scotland
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term 2013
(Argued: June 19, 2014 Decided: April 15, 2015)
Docket No. 13‐3289
IBEW LOCAL UNION NO. 58 PENSION
TRUST FUND AND ANNUITY FUND,
Lead Plaintiff‐Appellant,
LIGHTHOUSE FINANCIAL GROUP,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS
SIMILARLY SITUATED,
Plaintiff,
ETHAN GOLD,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS
SIMILARLY SITUATED,
Movant‐Consolidated Plaintiff,
v.
THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND GROUP, PLC,
SIR THOMAS FULTON MCKILLOP, JOHN CAMERON,
Defendants‐Appellees,
SIR FREDERICK ANDERSON GOODWIN,
Defendant‐Consolidated Defendant‐Appellee,
THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND PLC, SIR, LAWRENCE K. FISH, GORDON
F. PELL, GUY R. WHITTAKER, COLIN A.M. BUCHAN, JAMES CURRIE, SIR
STEPHEN A. ROBSON, ROBERT A. SCOTT, PETER D. SUTHERLAND,
ARCHIBALD HUNTER, CHARLES J. KOCH, JOSEPH P. MACHALE, MERRILL
LYNCH, PIERCE, FENNER & SMITH CORPORATED, GREENWICH CAPITAL
MARKETS, LLC, WACHOVIA CAPITAL MARKETS, INC., WACHOVIA
CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC, MORGAN STANLEY & CO. INCORPORATED, UBS
SECURITIES LLC, RBC CAPITAL MARKETS CORPORATION, BANC OF
AMERICA SECURITIES LLC, FREDERICK A. GOODWIN, SIR THOMAS
MCKILLOP, JANIS KONG, MARK FISHER, JAMES MCGILL CURRIE,
WILLIAM M. FRIEDRICH,
Defendants,
SIR THOMAS FULTON WILSON MCKILLOP, JOHN ALISTAIR NIGEL
CAMERON,
Consolidated Defendants.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Before:
WINTER, LEVAL, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) dismissing securities fraud
claims and denying motions for reconsideration, to alter or amend the
judgment, and for leave to file a second amended complaint.
AFFIRMED.
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Judge Leval concurs in part and dissents in part in a separate
opinion.
JOSEPH D. DALEY (Theodore J. Pintar, Jason A. Forge,
Darryl J. Alvarado, Samuel H. Rudman, on the brief),
Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP, San Diego,
California, and Melville, New York, for Plaintiffs‐
Appellants.
SETH P. WAXMAN (Matthew Guarnieri, David S. Lesser,
Andrea J. Robinson, Nolan J. Mitchell, on the brief),
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP,
Washington, DC, New York, New York, and Boston,
Massachusetts, for Defendants‐Appellees.
CHIN, Circuit Judge:
In this putative securities class action, investors who purchased or
acquired American Depository Shares (ʺADSsʺ) of The Royal Bank of Scotland
Group, PLC (ʺRBSʺ) allege that RBS and several of its top executives made false
and misleading statements that inflated the ADSsʹ prices. They brought this
action below under, inter alia, sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 (the ʺExchange Actʺ), 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78t(a), and Rule 10b‐5, 17
C.F.R. § 240.10b‐5.
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The district court (Daniels, J.) granted defendantsʹ motion to dismiss
and denied plaintiffsʹ motions for reconsideration, to alter or amend the
judgment, and for leave to amend. Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A. The Facts
The facts alleged in the proposed Second Consolidated Amended
Complaint (ʺSCACʺ) are assumed to be true. They may be summarized as
follows:
Between 2001 and 2006, RBS ‐‐ one of the worldʹs largest financial
institutions ‐‐ experienced rapid growth by repackaging residential subprime
mortgages and leveraged loans into residential mortgage backed securities
(ʺRMBSʺ), collateralized debt obligations (ʺCDOsʺ), and collateralized loan
obligations (ʺCLOsʺ). The housing market bubble burst in 2006 as housing sales
decreased, inventories increased, mortgage delinquencies soared, and subprime
assets lost much of their value. In part, the market collapsed because of the rise
of ʺless creditworthy borrowers, more highly leveraged loans, and more risky
mortgage structures,ʺ which ultimately caused massive defaults. App. at 1179.
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RBS, along with many of its peers, deteriorated as the housing and credit
markets crumbled.
RBSʹs financial downfall was compounded by the timing of its
acquisition of ABN AMRO, a Dutch bank also heavily invested in credit markets,
in October 2007. Plaintiffs acquired RBS ADSs on the open market between
October 17, 2007 and January 20, 2009 (the ʺClass Periodʺ), including ADSs
acquired pursuant to the ABN AMRO acquisition.
Prior to and during the Class Period, RBS provided an optimistic
outlook as discussed further below. On April 22, 2008, RBS announced a Rights
Issue to issue additional shares and raise capital. Notwithstanding its attempts
to raise capital and salvage its business, RBS could not survive the marketʹs
crash. The U.K. government provided an initial $40 billion bailout and took a
94% ownership stake in RBS. The price of the ADSs dropped substantially
during the Class Period.
Plaintiffs contend that defendants made fraudulent statements to
investors in three respects: (1) RBSʹs exposure to subprime assets, (2) the success
(or lack thereof) of RBSʹs acquisition of ABN AMRO, and (3) RBSʹs Rights Issue
announcement to raise capital.
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1. Exposure Statements
Plaintiffs claim that RBS misrepresented its exposure to subprime
assets on three occasions. First, during an August 3, 2007 conference call, John
Cameron, Chief Executive of Corporate Banking and Financial Markets and a
director of RBS, was asked about RBSʹs exposure to leveraged lending and
CDOs. He responded that RBSʹs ʺexposure to these sorts of marketsʺ had been
ʺcut back a lot since the year end of ʹ06.ʺ App. at 1346. Cameron added that
ʺ[w]e have hedges in all sorts of places against the various portfoliosʺ and
ʺ[w]eʹve taken no credit losses anywhere in the portfolio.ʺ App. at 1346. During
the call, Frederick Anderson Goodwin, RBSʹs CEO and a director of RBS, and Sir
Thomas Fulton McKillop, Chairman of the Board of RBS, also represented that
RBS had not been affected by the crash of the subprime mortgage market.
Plaintiffs allege that these statements were false because RBS had increased its
CDO holdings in 2007, RBSʹs CDO exposure was not hedged, and RBS incurred
at least $425 million in losses.
Second, four months later, in its December 6 press release, RBS
represented that its total U.S. subprime exposure amounted to $10.3 billion.
Plaintiffs contend that this misrepresented RBSʹs true exposure of $17.1 billion,
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and also allege that RBS failed to disclose an additional $14.4 billion in insured
risk. Plaintiffs contend that RBS misrepresented the amount of CDOs and
subprime assets held by RBS.
Third, on February 28, 2008, RBS purported to disclose its full
ʺCredit Market Exposuresʺ as of December 31, 2007. The amount was not limited
to U.S. subprime exposures, and also included exposures from the ABN AMRO
acquisition. Plaintiffs claim that one year later, RBS ʺcorrectedʺ the figures in
Appendix II to its year‐end 2008 financial results, revealing that RBS had over
$66 billion more credit‐market assets on its balance sheet than it had previously
stated.
2. ABN AMRO Statements
The statements related to the ABN AMRO acquisition arise from the
same December 6, 2007 press release and February 28, 2008 conference call. The
2007 press release contained the following statement from Goodwin: ʺThe
integration of ABN AMRO is off to a promising start . . . . The acquisition of
ABN [AMRO] has rarely seemed more attractive and relevant than it does at this
point.ʺ App. at 1375. In the 2008 conference call, Goodwin made the following
statements: ʺthe positive view we have of the ABN [AMBRO] businesses has
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been confirmedʺ; ʺ[u]nderlying performance of retained ABN AMRO businesses
[is] in line with expectationsʺ; ʺ[t]here are a lot of areas where [the ABN AMRO
acquisition] just goes ching, ching, ching, ching, chingʺ; ʺ[w]e are happy we
bought what we thought we bought.ʺ App. at 1378. An RBS manager also stated
that the ABN businesses were ʺkind of in line with where we thought they would
be and probably is slightly ahead of the equivalent number last year.ʺ Id.
Plaintiffs contend that these statements misrepresented the immediate and
substantial loss suffered by ABN AMRO, and thereby suffered by RBS.
3. Rights Issue Statements
Finally, the statements related to the Rights Issue arise from the
February 28, 2008 conference call where Goodwin stated that ʺ[t]here are no
plans for any inorganic capital raisings or anything of the sort.ʺ App. at 1370‐71.
On April 22, 2008, RBS announced a £12 billion Rights Issue. McKillop stated
that the Rights Issue was ʺpurely the Board of RBS decisionʺ and ʺwe were not
asked to raise capital by anyone so we have to be very, very clear about that.ʺ
App. at 1372. Goodwin echoed McKillop, stating, ʺI completely agree with that.ʺ
Id. ʺ[T]he [Financial Services Authority (the ʺFSAʺ)] are happy to see us raising
capital and encourage us in our plans to do so, but they didnʹt request us to do
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it.ʺ Id. Plaintiffs contend that these statements are false because Hector Sants,
the CEO of the FSA, the U.K.ʹs regulatory authority, later testified to the U.K.
Parliament that he had a conversation with RBS on April 9, 2008, and told RBS
that it was ʺspecifically required . . . to have a rights issue,ʺ and that the FSA
ʺrequired them to raise as much capital as possible.ʺ Id.
B. The Proceedings Below
On January 19, 2011, plaintiffs commenced this action asserting
claims for securities law violations. On November 1, 2011, they submitted a
Consolidated Amended Complaint (ʺCACʺ). Plaintiffs asserted claims for
violations of the Securities Act of 1933, and violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a)
of the Exchange Act. On January 13, 2012, defendants moved to dismiss the CAC
for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and
under the forum non conveniens doctrine. On September 28, 2012, the district
court granted defendantsʹ motion to dismiss. Judgment was entered on October
2, 2012.
On October 12, 2012, plaintiffs moved for reconsideration. They also
moved to alter or amend the judgment. The district court concluded that, in
substance, the motions were for leave to amend the CAC, and so analyzed the
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motions under that standard. The district court concluded that the SCAC,1
attached to plaintiffsʹ reply brief in support of its motion to alter or amend the
judgment, failed to state a claim, and denied leave to amend as futile.
Accordingly, on August 6, 2013, the district court denied plaintiffsʹ motions.
This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law
We review the district courtʹs grant of a motion to dismiss de novo.
ECA & Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chi. v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d
187, 196 (2d Cir. 2009). ʺTo survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must plead
enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Any complaint
alleging securities fraud must satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of
the [Private Securities Litigation Reform Act] and Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) by stating
with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.ʺ Id. (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).
We review the district courtʹs denial of leave to amend de novo where
ʺthe denial was based on an interpretation of law, such as futility.ʺ Panther
1The SCAC disavowed all Securities Act claims, and narrowed the
Exchange Act claims to focus on the three categories of misstatements identified above.
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Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commcʹns, Inc., 681 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2012). Proposed
amendments are futile if they ʺwould fail to cure prior deficiencies or to state a
claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.ʺ Id. Thus, the
standard for denying leave to amend based on futility is the same as the standard
for granting a motion to dismiss.
To establish a § 10(b) claim, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the defendant
made a material misrepresentation or omission; (2) with scienter; (3) in
connection with the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance; (5) economic loss;
and (6) loss causation. Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific‐Atlanta, Inc., 552
U.S. 148, 157 (2008).
A statement or omission is material if ʺthere is a substantial
likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it important in deciding
how to act.ʺ ECA, 553 F.3d at 197 (alterations and internal quotation marks
omitted). ʺIn other words, . . . for the misstatement to be material, there must be
a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been
viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the ʹtotal mixʹ
of information made available.ʺ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). On a
motion to dismiss, a complaint may not be properly dismissed unless the
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misstatements are ʺso obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that
reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance.ʺ Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiffsʹ complaint relies heavily on a report issued by the FSA (the
ʺFSA Reportʺ) and on testimony given in a parliamentary inquiry on RBSʹs
collapse for its factual allegations regarding misleading statements by RBS made
with scienter. Both the FSA Report and the testimony are cited in the SCAC, and
their contents as public documents are not subject to reasonable dispute. See Fed.
R. Evid. 201(b)(2). We may, therefore, consider them in determining the merits
and context of the allegations of the SCAC that are based on them. See Kramer v.
Time Warner, Inc., 937 F.2d 767 (2d Cir. 1991).
B. Application
We discuss each of the three sets of allegedly fraudulent statements
in turn.
1. Exposure Statements
a. August 3, 2007 Statements
The August 3, 2007 statements regarding RBSʹs exposure were made
prior to the start of the Class Period and cannot be the basis of liability unless
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there was a duty to update or correct them. See Lattanzio v. Deloitte & Touche LLP,
476 F.3d 147, 154 (2d Cir. 2007). Because the statements referred only to past
events or conditions and did not imply anything about future circumstances,
there was no duty to update. See Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124,
1129 (2d Cir. 1994). And because the FSA Report shows that the statements were
not untrue, there was no duty to correct them. See In re Time Warner Inc. Sec.
Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 267 (2d Cir. 1993).
The FSA Report supports the truthfulness of Cameronʹs statements
that RBS had ʺcut back a lotʺ on some of its risky exposures. It notes that, in
2007, RBS ʺhalted its new origination of structured creditʺ and ʺceased all
originationʺ of leveraged finance in July and August of that year. App. at 1275.
Similarly, Cameronʹs statement that RBS had taken no ʺcredit lossesʺ on its
portfolio is consistent with the FSA Reportʹs statement that RBS took markdowns
of at least $240 million on certain CDOs in response to ʺmarket developments.ʺ
App. at 1287. The SCAC omits the context of Cameronʹs statement, which
referred to market, as opposed to credit, losses.
Accordingly, we affirm the district courtʹs holding with respect to
the August 2007 statements.
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b. December 6, 2007 Statements
Plaintiffs contend that RBSʹs December 6, 2007 press release failed to
disclose $6.8 billion in subprime exposures and $14.1 billion in exposure to
monoline insurers. As this Court has already recognized, the SEC has provided
internal guidance with respect to determinations of materiality. ECA, 553 F.3d at
197. The SECʹs Staff Accounting Bulletin (ʺSABʺ) No. 99 provides that a
misstatement related to less than 5% of a financial statement carries the
preliminary assumption of immateriality. See 64 Fed. Reg. 45150, 45151 (Aug. 19,
1999). This ʺrule of thumb,ʺ however, is not conclusive. Courts must also
consider qualitative factors, which can turn a quantitatively immaterial statement
into a material misstatement. See id. at 45152. Such qualitative factors include,
among others: whether the misstatement ʺarises from an item capable of precise
measurementʺ; ʺmasks a change in earnings or other trendsʺ; ʺchanges a loss into
income or vice versaʺ; ʺconcerns a segment or other portion of the . . . business
that has been identified as playing a significant role in the registrantʹs operations
or profitabilityʺ; ʺinvolves concealment of an unlawful transactionʺ; and whether
ʺa known misstatement may result in a significant positive or negative market
reaction.ʺ Id.
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Plaintiffs allege that RBS understated its exposure in its December
2007 press release. The allegedly undisclosed $6.8 billion constitutes less than 4%
of RBSʹs total asset backed securities exposure, and less than 1% of its total assets.
SAB No. 99 suggests that this low percentage of assets ʺmay provide the basis for
a preliminary assumption that . . . a deviation of less than [5% on] the
registrantʹs financial statement[] is unlikely to be material.ʺ See 64 Fed. Reg.
45150, 45151; see, e.g., Hutchison v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Inc., 647 F.3d 479, 485 (2d
Cir. 2011) (stating that materiality turns on whether there is ʺa substantial
likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the
reasonable investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information
made availableʺ (internal quotation marks omitted)); In re UBS AG Sec. Litig., No.
07 Civ. 11225 (RJS), 2012 WL 4471265, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2012) (stating that
undisclosed $100 billion portfolio constituted approximately 5% of overall
portfolio and was not an ʺundue risk concentrationʺ compared to entire UBS
balance sheet). This quantitative assumption is not dispositive, and we thus
consider all relevant qualitative circumstances related to the alleged
misstatements.
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The qualitative factors here do not favor treating the presumptively
immaterial statements as material statements. Plaintiffs do not allege that the
amount of exposure could have been calculated precisely, masks a change in
earnings, changes a loss into income or vice versa, or involves an unlawful
transaction, or that the misstatements resulted in a significant positive market
reaction. And, although RBSʹs asset‐backed securitization group was a driving
factor in its profitability, this factor alone does not tip the scales in favor of
finding the misstatements material.
Even if the qualitative factors weighed more heavily in favor of
plaintiffs, we would still dismiss the misstatements for failure to plead fraud.
The SCAC alleges that the December press release disclosed $10.3 billion in
ʺTotal US sub‐prime exposures.ʺ App. at 1355. Plaintiffs argue that this
disclosure was fraudulent because RBS disclosed $17.1 billion in actual sub‐
prime holdings in its 2008 Annual Report. This $17.1 billion amount is
comprised of Super Senior CDOs, other CDOs, and subprime U.S. RMBS. The
SCAC does not explain how the Court can determine whether the ʺTotal US sub‐
prime exposures,ʺ a subset of global CDOs, is the same subset comprised of
Super Senior CDOs, other CDOs, and subprime U.S. RMBS. Without any factual
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allegations supporting the proposition that the two are the same, plaintiffs fail to
adequately plead fraud. See San Leandro Emergency Med. Grp. Profit Sharing Plan
v. Philip Morris Co., 75 F.3d 801, 813 (2d Cir. 1996) (stating ʺfalse comparison
between the figuresʺ does not adequately plead fraud).
Similarly, plaintiffs fail to explain how the $14.1 billion monoline
insurers constitute subprime exposures or that RBS had an obligation to disclose
them as U.S. subprime exposures ʺnet of hedges.ʺ2 The SCAC also does not
allege that RBS had an obligation to disclose CLOs in its Trading Statement; the
Trading Statementʹs focus was U.S. subprime exposures, including CDOs.
c. February 28, 2008 Statements
Plaintiffs allege that RBS failed to disclose $66 billion in assets in its
2007 Annual Results. Plaintiffs allege that RBS later corrected the 2007 numbers
in Appendix II to its 2008 Annual Report, which issued one year later.3 Our
review of the record reveals that the 2007 Annual Results did not omit assets and
that Appendix II does not correct any misstatement of the 2007 numbers.
(Compare App. at 480 (disclosing 2007 results including £2,581 high grade CDOs,
2 ʺMonoline exposures relate to credit protection purchased on credit assets,
including CDOs.ʺ App. at 559.
3 The SCAC converts £ to $ without providing a conversion rate or any
additional information. For consistency and ease of understanding, we use the £ values
indicated in the record.
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£1,253 mezzanine CDOs, £1,292 sub‐prime trading inventory, £8,698 leveraged
finance, £2,233 Alt‐A, and £1,386 CLOs), and App. at 559 (£2,547 monoline
exposures), with Supp. App. at 40‐41 (disclosing 2007 results including £2,581
high grade CDOs, £1,253 mezzanine CDOs, £1,292 sub‐prime trading inventory,
£2,233 Alt‐A, £1,386 CLOs, and £2,547 monoline exposures), and Supp. App. at 54
(explaining that ʺ[l]everaged finance as disclosed above for [2007 results] has
been aligned with definitions used in 2008 in terms of industry classification and
is additionally £76 million higher than previously publishedʺ)). Thus, with the
exception of leveraged finance, which RBS has explained was adjusted in
accordance with 2008 definitions, Appendix II does not revise or correct the
February 28 disclosure.
2. ABN AMRO Acquisition Statements
Plaintiffs allege that RBS made false statements regarding the ABN
AMRO acquisition in its December 6, 2007 press release and conference call, as
well as during the February 28, 2008 earnings conference call. These statements,
described above and including, for example, ʺ[t]he integration of ABN AMRO is
off to a promising start,ʺ ʺ[our] positive view . . . has been confirmed,ʺ ʺwe are
happy we bought what we thought we bought,ʺ App. at 1375, 1378, were
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misleading according to plaintiffs, because by December 2007, ABN AMRO was
suffering significant losses and the acquisition was ʺan unmitigated disaster for
RBS,ʺ App. at 1378.
We agree with the district courtʹs determination that these
statements were inactionable puffery. Statements of general corporate optimism,
such as these, do not give rise to securities violations. See Rombach v. Chang, 355
F.3d 164, 174 (2d Cir. 2004) (ʺcompanies must be permitted to operate with a
hopeful outlookʺ); see also ECA, 553 F.3d at 206. Statements of corporate
optimism may be actionable securities violations if ʺthey are worded as
guarantees or are supported by specific statements of fact, or if the speaker does
not genuinely or reasonably believe them.ʺ In re IBM Sec. Litig., 163 F.3d at 107
(citations omitted). The statements here are not worded as guarantees and there
are no allegations that defendants did not reasonably believe them.
3. Rights Issue Statements
It is undisputed that in April 2008, RBS announced that it was
initiating the Rights Issue to raise £12 billion in capital. In explaining this
decision, defendants publicly stated that the FSA was ʺhappy to see [RBS] raising
capital and encourage[d RBS] in [its] plans to do so,ʺ but also represented that
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RBS was ʺnot asked to raise capital by anyone,ʺ including the FSA. App. at 1371‐
72. RBS explained that the decision to raise capital was ʺpurely the Board of
RBS[ʹs] decision.ʺ App. at 1372. Plaintiffs contend that these statements were
false because the CEO of the FSA had in fact stated in testimony to the U.K.
Parliament in 2012 that RBS was ʺspecifically requiredʺ to conduct a Rights Issue
to ʺraise as much capital as possible.ʺ Id.
The timeline of events leading up to RBSʹs allegedly false statement
reveals that plaintiffs fail to plead a basis for a securities fraud claim. As the FSA
reported, RBS had already started preparations for the Rights Issue by April 4,
2008 ‐‐ five days before RBSʹs conversation with the FSAʹs CEO, when the FSA
purportedly ʺspecifically requiredʺ RBS to conduct a Rights Issue.
In its April 22, 2008 release, RBS disclosed that ʺin . . . light of
developments during March including the severe and increasing deterioration in
credit market conditions, the worsening economic outlook and the increased
likelihood that credit markets could remain difficult for some time, the Board has
concluded that it is now appropriate for RBS to accelerate its plans to increase its
capital.ʺ App. at 557. RBS also estimated ʺthe effect on capital of write‐downsʺ
to be ʺ£5.9 billion before taxʺ in 2008, as well as a ʺpossible asset disposal[] which
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could generate £4 billion of capital.ʺ App. at 557, 564. As a result of the ʺsharp
deterioration in market conditions and outlook in credit markets,ʺ RBS stated
that ʺthe Board has determined that it is appropriate to raise £12 billion through
the rights issueʺ and acknowledged that ʺstronger capital ratios were now
required in what had become a very different world for financial institutions.ʺ
App. at 557‐58. And, even in the allegedly fraudulent statements themselves,
RBS acknowledged that ʺit was increasingly evident that all authorities . . . were
recommending to banks that they strengthen their capital base,ʺ and specifically
that the FSA was in ʺclose and continuousʺ contact with RBS and that the FSA
was ʺhappy to see [RBS] raising capital and encourage[d] us in our plans to do
so.ʺ App. at 1372.
In light of the total mix of information available to the reasonable
investor, we conclude that RBSʹs statements regarding the Rights Issue are not a
basis for a securities fraud claim. First, as the FSA reported, RBS had already
started preparations for the Rights Issue by April 4, 2008 ‐‐ five days before the
CEO of the FSA had his conversation with RBS. Hence, preparations for a Rights
Issue were already under way when the FSA spoke to RBS. Second, critical facts
were already known to the investing market: RBS needed an infusion of capital;
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it was taking additional write‐downs; the FSA was closely monitoring RBSʹs
situation and encouraging a Rights Issue; and there was generally a steep
deterioration in market conditions and credit market outlooks.
Moreover, the background of Santsʹs testimony, as explained in the
FSA Report, shows that RBS was not deemed by the FSA to have violated FSAʹs
minimum capital guidelines. In early April 2008, RBSʹs deteriorating condition
caused the FSA to make ʺa [t]hreshold [c]onditions analysis.ʺ FSA Report, The
Failure of the Royal Bank of Scotland, at 87 (December 2011), available at
http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/rbs.pdf. That analysis concluded that RBS
ʺwas judged still to meet Threshold Condition 4 [the adequate resources
requirement], taking into account that [a minimum requirement] did not appear
to have been breached and the firm now planned to raise significant capital
through a rights issue.ʺ Id. As a result, Sants required ʺa written commitment
from [RBS] that [it] would be pursuing a rights issue.ʺ Id.
In these contexts, a reasonable investor would have deemed the
difference between ʺencouragedʺ and ʺrequiredʺ to be immaterial.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district courtʹs
dismissal of plaintiffsʹ claims as well as its order denying plaintiffsʹ motions for
reconsideration, to alter or amend the judgment, and for leave to file the SCAC.
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1 LEVAL, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
2 While I am in full agreement with most of the majority’s well reasoned opinion, I
3 respectfully believe that RBS’s alleged statements relating to the April 2008 Rights Issue
4 adequately stated a claim for securities fraud. According to the complaint (whose allegations we
5 must accept as true for these purposes), the Financial Services Authority (which sets the
6 standards financial services firms must meet in the United Kingdom),1 advised RBS on April 9,
7 2008, that it was “required . . . to raise as much capital as possible.” About two weeks later, on
8 April 22, 2008, RBS made public statements declaring, “[W]e were not asked to raise capital by
9 anyone,” and the FSA “didn’t request us to [raise capital].” These statements were false, and in
10 my view materially so.
11 The majority argues that RBS’s statements were not false because “RBS had already
12 started preparations [for] the Rights Issue on April 4, 2008 – five days before the CEO of the
13 FSA had his conversation with RBS.” Maj. Op. at 21-22. I believe this misses the point. The fact
14 that RBS had decided to raise capital before being told by the FSA that it had to do so does not
15 change the fact that it was required by the FSA to raise capital. Denial of that fact was false.
16 The majority further argues that even if those denials were false, they were not materially
17 false. RBS’s top officers, while denying that RBS had been required to raise capital,
18 acknowledged that the bank had been “encouraged” by the FSA to raise capital. In light of the
1
The Financial Services Authority (the “FSA”) was, until 2013, the regulatory body in
the United Kingdom responsible for “regulat[ing] most financial services markets, exchanges
and firms” and “set[ting] the standards that [financial services firms] must meet,” and it had the
power to “take action against firms if they fail[ed] to meet the required standards.” What we do:
who we regulate, Financial Services Authority (last updated June 14, 2014),
http://www.fsa.gov.uk/about/what/who.
1
1 openly acknowledged losses RBS had sustained, requiring a write-off of £5.9 billion, the
2 majority posits that a reasonable investor would see no material difference between the
3 acknowledged fact that RBS had been “encouraged” by the FSA to raise capital and a further
4 statement that it had been “required” by the FSA to do so. In my view the difference is
5 substantial. The fact that such a regulatory agency has required a bank to raise capital implies
6 that the regulatory agency finds the bank’s capital reserves to be dangerously low. If the
7 regulatory agency merely “encourages” the bank to raise capital, but does not require it, this
8 implies that while the agency believes it would be prudent for the bank to raise capital, the
9 bank’s present level of capital is not dangerously low. That RBS was required by the FSA to
10 raise capital is a fact a reasonable investor would want to know.
11 According to the majority opinion, a federal securities fraud claim may not properly be
12 dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) because false statements are not materially false unless the
13 misstatements are “so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds
14 could not differ on the question of their importance.” Maj. Op at 12 (quoting ECA & Local 134
15 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chi. v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 197 (2d Cir. 2009)).
16 In my view, the complaint alleging RBS’s false denials that the FSA required RBS to raise
17 capital easily passes that standard.
2