Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-13-00596-CR
Mario Josue QUINTERO,
Appellant
v.
The
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 38th Judicial District Court, Medina County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11-07-10748-CR
The Honorable Camile G. Dubose, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: April 15, 2015
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
Mario Josue Quintero was charged with the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child
against two victims occurring from August 1, 2010 to September 9, 2012. The jury found Quintero
guilty as charged in the indictment, and the trial court sentenced Quintero to fifty years’
imprisonment. On appeal, Quintero contends that the trial court erred in: allowing two witnesses
to testify as outcry witnesses; in determining that the child complainants were competent to testify;
and by giving the jury instructions which allowed the jury to find him guilty without requiring it
04-13-00596-CR
to find that two or more acts of sexual abuse were committed thirty days or more apart. We affirm,
but modify the judgment of the trial court to correct a clerical error.
CHARGE ERROR
In his first issue, Quintero contends that the trial court erred in giving the jury instructions
that allowed the jury to find him guilty without requiring a finding that two or more acts of sexual
abuse were committed 30 days or more apart. When reviewing alleged charge error, we must first
determine whether error existed in the charge. Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). When, as here, the appellant did not object to the alleged error, we will reverse only if the
error is “‘so egregious and created such harm’” that the defendant did not receive a fair and
impartial trial. Id. at 26 (quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)).
We consider (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues and
the weight of probative evidence, (3) the parties’ arguments, and (4) any other relevant information
found in the record as a whole. Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
A person commits the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child if (1) during a period
that is 30 or more days in duration, the person commits two or more acts of sexual abuse; 1 and (2)
at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, the actor is 17 years of age or
older and the victim is a child younger than 14 years of age. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b)
(West Supp. 2014). Although the exact dates of the abuse need not be proven, the offense of
continuous sexual abuse of a child does require proof that the last act of sexual abuse occur on at
least the 29th day after the day of the first act. See id. § 21.02(d) (“The jury must agree
unanimously that the defendant, during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed
two or more acts of sexual abuse.”); Williams v. State, 305 S.W.3d 886, 890-91 (Tex. App.—
1
The acts of sexual abuse do not have to be committed against the same victim.
-2-
04-13-00596-CR
Texarkana 2010, no pet.) (requiring State to prove two acts of sexual abuse “committed over a
span of thirty or more days”).
Here, the jury charge provided, in pertinent part:
A person commits the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child if during a
period that is 30 or more days in duration, the person commits two or more acts of
sexual abuse, regardless of whether the acts of sexual abuse are committed against
one or more victims; and at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual
abuse, the actor is 17 years of age or older and the victim is a child younger than
14 years of age.
....
In order to find the defendant guilty of the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of
a Child, you are not required to agree unanimously on which specific acts of sexual
abuse were committed by the Defendant or the exact date when those acts were
committed. However, in order to find the Defendant guilty of the offense of
Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child, you must agree unanimously that the
Defendant, during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or
more acts of sexual abuse.
....
Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you believe from the evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant, MARIO JOSUE QUINTERO, on or
about [the] 1st [d]ay of August, 2010 through the 9th day of September 2012 in
Medina County, Texas, during a period that was 30 days or more in duration,
committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against [D.B.], [A.V.,] and [D.V.] said
acts of sexual abuse having been violations of one or more of the following penal
laws . . . then you will find the Defendant guilty of the offense of Continuous Sexual
Abuse of a Child as charged in the indictment.
Quintero asserts that the application paragraph lowered the State’s burden of proof because it
allowed the jury to find him guilty so long as two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred between
August 1, 2010 and September 9, 2012, regardless of whether the acts occurred at least 30 days
apart. In support, Quintero relies on Smith v. State, 340 S.W.3d 41, 50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2011, no pet.), in which the jury was instructed that it could find the defendant guilty of
continuous sexual abuse of a child if two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred “on or about the
1st day of December, 2007, through the 1st day of September, 2008, which said time period being
-3-
04-13-00596-CR
a period that was 30 days or more in duration.” (Emphasis added). The Smith court held that the
instruction was erroneous because it allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty regardless of
whether the acts occurred at least 30 days apart. Id. at 50-51.
The charge before us, however, did not define the time period at issue as a period of 30
days or more in duration as occurred in Smith. Here, the application paragraph tracked the statutory
language of section 21.02(b), and instructed the jury that it could find Quintero guilty if he
committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against D.B., A.V., and D.V. during a period that was
30 days or more in duration. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b); see also Martinez v. State,
924 S.W.2d 693, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (jury charge tracking language of statute is proper
because “[f]ollowing the law as it is set out by the Texas Legislature will not be deemed error on
the part of a trial judge”). This Court recently analyzed a similarly-worded jury charge and held
that it was not analogous to that in Smith. Knowles v. State, No. 04-12-00180-CR, 2013 WL
1149063, at *4-5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 20, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated
for publication). Because the jury charge at issue tracked the applicable statutory language and
accurately set out the law applicable to the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child, we
conclude the trial court did not err in instructing the jury. See id. at *5. Quintero’s first issue is
therefore overruled.
OUTCRY WITNESSES
In his second and third issues, Quintero contends that the trial court erred in allowing Carlos
Barragan and Maria Villarreal to testify as outcry witnesses. Certain hearsay statements are
admissible in the prosecution of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child. TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 1 (West Supp. 2014); see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§§ 21.02(b), (c)(4); 22.021 (West Supp. 2014). The admissible “outcry” statements are those (1)
“that describe the alleged offense” and (2) were made by the child against whom the offense was
-4-
04-13-00596-CR
allegedly committed and (3) were made to the first person, eighteen years of age or older, other
than the defendant, to whom the child made a statement about the offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 38.072 § 2(a)(1), (2), (3) (West Supp. 2014).
A proper outcry witness is the first adult to whom the complainant makes a statement that
“in some discernible manner describes the alleged offense.” Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91
(Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The statement “must be more than words which give a general allusion
that something in the area of child abuse was going on.” Id.; Reed v. State, 974 S.W.2d 838, 841
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d) (statement must be more than “a general allegation of
sexual abuse”). Moreover, the child victim’s statement to the outcry witness must describe the
alleged offense, not just any offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 2(a)(1)(A).
We review the trial court’s determination that an outcry statement is admissible under
article 38.072 for abuse of discretion. Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 92; Knowles, 2013 WL 1149063, at
*1-2. “[A] trial court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of such evidence. The
exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed unless a clear abuse of discretion is established by
the record.” Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 92. A trial court abuses its discretion if no reasonable view
of the record could support the trial court's ruling. Riley v. State, 378 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012) (reviewing motion for new trial for ineffective assistance of counsel). Under this
deferential standard of review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
ruling and will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Id. Further, we must uphold
the trial court’s ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
Maria Villarreal is the mother of A.V. She testified that sometime in 2011, A.V. told her
that Quintero touched his penis. Villarreal was not sure what month it was when A.V. outcried,
but stated that it was probably May or June as they were coming back from Corpus Christi. The
defense objected to Villarreal’s designation as the outcry witness on the basis that she did not know
-5-
04-13-00596-CR
when the outcry occurred. The court overruled the objection and found Villarreal qualified under
article 38.072.
Carlos Barragan is the father of D.B. Barragan testified that D.B. told him that Quintero
showed him pornography while his mother was in the shower. D.B. also said that Quintero wanted
to perform oral sex on him, and that Quintero asked D.B. to perform oral sex on him. Barragan
testified that D.B. told him those acts occurred. On cross-examination, Barragan could not recall
when the outcry occurred. The defense objected to Barragan’s designation as the outcry witness
because he could not recall details of the outcry. The trial court overruled the objection, and found
Barragan qualified to testify under article 38.072.
On appeal, Quintero argues that Villarreal and Barragan were not proper outcry witnesses
because their statements do not describe acts that were alleged to have been committed by Quintero
and give no indication of the continuing nature and duration of the acts. He argues that their
statements constituted nothing more than words giving a “general allusion that something in the
area of child abuse occurred.” The State responds that Quintero’s complaints on appeal do not
comport with the objections made at trial. We agree. At trial, Quintero objected on the basis that
both witnesses did not know exactly when the outcry occurred, yet on appeal, his complaint is that
the outcry witnesses failed to specifically describe the acts alleged in the indictment against him.
The objection made at trial must comport with the error complained of on appeal. See Wilson v.
State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 (error must be
preserved by making complaint to trial court stating specific grounds for complaint). Because
Quintero’s objections at trial did not comport with his complaints on appeal, he has not preserved
his second and third issues for our review. Accordingly, we overrule Quintero’s second and third
issues.
-6-
04-13-00596-CR
COMPETENCY OF CHILD COMPLAINANTS
In his last three issues, Quintero argues that the trial court erred in determining that the
child complainants, A.V., D.B., and D.V., were competent to testify. A trial court’s determination
of whether a child witness is competent to testify will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse
of discretion. Broussard v. State, 910 S.W.2d 952, 960 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); De Los Santos v.
State, 219 S.W.3d 71, 80 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.). We review the child’s entire
testimony, including his or her responses to qualification questions, to determine whether the trial
court’s ruling on competency constituted an abuse of discretion. De Los Santos, 219 S.W.3d at
80-81. A trial court does not abuse its discretion if its ruling was within the zone of reasonable
disagreement. See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on
reh’g).
A child is competent to testify unless it appears to the court that the child does not possess
sufficient intellect to relate the transactions with respect to which the child is interrogated. TEX.
R. EVID. 601(a)(2); Broussard, 910 S.W.2d at 960; De Los Santos, 219 S.W.3d at 80-81. When a
party challenges the competency of a child witness, the trial court will consider whether the child
witness possesses (1) the ability to intelligently observe the events in question at the time of the
occurrence, (2) the capacity to recollect the events, and (3) the capacity to narrate the events. See
Hogan v. State, 440 S.W.3d 211, 213-14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). The
third element involves the ability to understand the moral responsibility to tell the truth, to
understand the questions posed, and to frame intelligent answers. See id. at 214. Confusing and
inconsistent responses from a child are not reasons to determine he or she is incompetent to testify;
rather, they speak to the credibility of the testimony. In re A.W., 147 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.). The trial court’s role is to make the initial determination of
competency, not to assess the credibility or weight to be given the testimony. Id.
-7-
04-13-00596-CR
The trial court conducted a competency hearing outside the presence of the jury to
determine whether each child was competent to testify on behalf of the State. A.V. was eleven
years old at the time of trial. He demonstrated that he knew the difference between the truth and
a lie, and promised to only tell the truth. D.B. was ten years old at the time of trial. He, too,
explained the difference between the truth and a lie, and promised to only tell the truth. D.V. was
seven years old at the time of trial. She demonstrated an understanding of the difference between
right and wrong and promised to tell the jury what is “real.” Thus, each child demonstrated that
they had the capacity to narrate events, understand the difference between the truth and a lie, and
understand their obligation to tell the truth.
Further, the children’s testimony during trial indicated they each had the ability to
intelligently recall and narrate the events, understand the difference between the truth and a lie,
and understand their moral responsibility to tell the truth. Any inconsistencies in the children’s
testimony about the specific incidents goes to their credibility, not their competency to testify. De
Los Santos, 219 S.W.3d at 81; In re A.W., 147 S.W.3d at 635. Based on their answers to the
qualification questions and their testimony as a whole during the proceedings, we conclude the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the children were competent to testify.
See Upton v. State, 894 S.W.2d 426, 429-31 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, pet. ref’d); Dufrene v.
State, 853 S.W.2d 86, 88 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d) (noting that a child
no longer needs to understand the “obligation of the oath,” but simply the duty to be truthful).
Quintero’s final issues are, therefore, overruled.
-8-
04-13-00596-CR
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing reasons, we overrule all of Quintero’s issues. Because the
judgment erroneously recites that Quintero was convicted under section “22.02” 2 of the Penal
Code, we correct the clerical error and modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect that Quintero
was convicted under section “21.02” of the Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02
(West Supp. 2014). As modified, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Do Not Publish
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02 (West Supp. 2014) (aggravated assault).
-9-