Affirmed and Opinion Filed April 17, 2015
Court of Appeals
S In The
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-13-00546-CR
No. 05-13-00547-CR
EDGAR ALBERTO ROMO, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court
Collin County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Nos. 199-82866-2012 and 199-81976-2011
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Fillmore and Schenck1 and Chief Justice Thomas, Retired2
Opinion by Chief Justice Thomas, Retired
A jury found Edgar Alberto Romo guilty of murder and aggravated assault against a
household member. The trial court assessed his punishment at life in prison for both offenses.
On appeal, Romo challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s verdict as well
as a number of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. Because the issues in this appeal involve the
application of well-settled principles of law, we issue this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 47.4. We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
1
Justice David Schenck succeeds Justice Michael O’Neill, a member of the original panel. Justice Schenck has reviewed the briefs and
record in this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.1(a).
2
The Honorable Linda Thomas, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas—Dallas, Retired, sitting by
assignment.
Background
Ismael Torres owned a house in Plano, Texas; he lived in that house with his girlfriend,
Leticia Romo. At different times, various members of Ismael’s and Leticia’s families lived with
them in the home. (For clarity, we will refer to the various family members by their first names.)
On June 17, 2011, Ismael’s daughter, Gabriela, and her boyfriend, Luis, lived there; Leticia’s
son, Alex, lived there too. Leticia’s older son, appellant Romo, had lived with these individuals
until a few months earlier, when he moved out of the house and into a motel.
Ismael, who had been employed for years building fences, had helped Romo obtain a job
building fences as well. On the morning of June 17, Romo injured his finger at work and left
early. He stopped to get lunch for himself and his brother and brought it to the Plano house. The
brothers ate and planned to play basketball later in the day; Romo showered, changed clothes,
and—according to Alex’s testimony—left the house.
Ismael returned home from work later in the afternoon. After resting, he and Gabriela sat
together in the living room listening to music. Gabriela testified that she could hear the brothers
talking and watching television in Alex’s bedroom. She testified that Romo walked into the
living room, pointed a gun at her, and said he was going to kill them. Then he shot her and
turned and shot Ismael.
Alex was frightened when he heard the shots, but after several minutes he came into the
room, and Gabriela asked him for help. He testified he first tried to call 911 from her phone in
the living room, and then from his own phone. Finally, the 911 operator called him back.
Emergency personnel and police officers were sent to the house shortly before six o’clock.
When they arrived at the house, Alex was waiting for them outside. One officer testified Alex
told him his brother had “done this.” A second officer testified Alex later indicated to her that he
was afraid Romo might have done it. At trial, Alex denied making either of those statements.
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In the house, police found Gabriela was conscious and asking for help, but Ismael was
already dead. One officer asked Gabriela who had shot her, and she named Romo by both first
and last names. A second officer who spoke Spanish arrived and spoke to Gabriela; she repeated
to him that Edgar Romo had shot her. The officer went to the hospital and spoke to Gabriela
again there. Once again, she identified Romo as the person who shot her, and she gave the
police a description of him, his clothing, and the car he was driving.
The police obtained an arrest warrant for Romo, and Sergeant Terence Holway came
upon Romo at approximately eleven o’clock that night. Romo was talking on a pay phone close
to the North Dallas motel where he had been staying. Holway asked Romo if he was Edgar
Romo, and when Romo said yes, Holway arrested him. Romo was brought to the police station,
where he was interviewed by Detective Charles Marks. In connection with the interview, the
State’s gunshot residue expert, Anne Koettel, tested Romo’s hands. She found gunshot residue
on the band-aid on Romo’s injured finger. She also found particles “consistent with” gunshot
residue on his hands.3 Koettel testified she also found gunshot residue on the hands of Ismael,
Gabriela, and Alex.
The State offered evidence that Romo’s cell phone was in the vicinity of the Plano house
shortly after noon. It was in the vicinity of his North Dallas motel from approximately two thirty
until four o’clock. Then, shortly after four thirty, the phone was again in the vicinity of the
Plano house. Only after seven o’clock was the phone located close to his sister Rosa’s Dallas
apartment, where Romo contends he spent most of the afternoon and evening. The State also
offered evidence that Romo’s phone contained a string of text messages indicating his attempt to
purchase 45 caliber ammunition, the size used in the shooting of Ismael and Gabriela.
3
Koettel explained that a particle containing antimony, barium, and lead is considered characteristic of gunshot residue. A particle
containing only two of those elements is considered “consistent with” gunshot residue.
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Sufficiency of the Evidence
In issue three, Romo contends the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for
murder and aggravated assault. A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or
knowingly causes the death of an individual or intends to cause serious bodily injury and
commits an act clearly dangerous to human life, which causes the death of an individual. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02 (West 2011). A person commits the aggravated assault charged in
this case if he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to a person living (or
who has lived) in the same household, while using or exhibiting a deadly weapon. Id.
§§ 22.01(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014), 22.02(a)(2) (West 2011). Romo specifically challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence that it was he who shot and killed Ismael and who shot and injured
Gabriela.4
We review this challenge by examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979). The jury exclusively determines the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be
given their testimony. Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Our duty is
to ensure that the evidence presented supports the jury’s verdict and that the State has presented a
legally sufficient case of the offense charged. Montgomery v. State, 369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012). Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the
guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Hooper v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We use the same sufficiency standard of
review for both circumstantial and direct evidence cases. Id.
4
The parties concede the same person shot both Ismael and Gabriela.
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The State relies first and foremost on Gabriela’s identification of Romo as the person
who shot her. The evidence indicates she consistently identified Romo as the shooter both at the
house and at the hospital. Gabriela’s trial testimony was consistent with her earlier statements:
she identified Romo as the shooter; she described him standing and pointing the gun at her; she
stated she did not have time to say anything to him; she just turned and looked right at him, and
he fired. When asked if she was sure it was Romo, she answered “Yes. I saw him.”
Romo challenges Gabriela’s identification based upon her condition after the shooting.
He challenges her ability to think clearly given the trauma she experienced. The significance of
her injuries was reported by her treating physician in the emergency room, Doctor James Frame.
Romo also points to a different identification reported by Frame, who testified he recalled
Gabriela naming “Bernadette” or “Bernabrene” as the shooter. Frame also remembered Gabriela
describing a fight in her “apartment” involving “a love triangle.” The record established that
Gabriela’s estranged husband was named Bernabe. But Frame’s records did not include any of
this identification, and he acknowledged he was testifying from his memory. In fact, the records
from which Frame testified at trial contained only the name “Jane Doe,” and the date of birth in
those records did not match Gabriela’s.
The State also offered circumstantial evidence of Romo’s identity as the shooter. Cell
phone records indicated his phone was near the Plano house close to the time of the shooting and
that he had agreed to purchase ammunition matching that used in the shooting. Romo argues
there is no evidence he was using the phone at either of those points in time. The State also
offered evidence that gunshot residue was found on the band-aid on Romo’s finger. Romo
points to testimony indicating residue can be transferred by contact in such places as a police car
or police station. He stresses that Alex’s hands contained more residue than his own.
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The jury considered all this evidence. It heard both Frame’s and Gabriela’s testimony
and determined the weight to give their identifications. Likewise, the jury heard the
circumstantial evidence of identity and decided the weight to give it. See Wise, 364 S.W.3d at
903 (jury exclusively determines weight to be given witnesses’ testimony). We conclude a
rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Romo was the person who
committed the murder and the aggravated assault in this case. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.
We overrule Romo’s third issue.
Evidentiary Issues
Romo’s remaining issues challenge trial court rulings admitting, excluding or publishing
evidence. We review such rulings for an abuse of discretion. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d
571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If the trial judge erred in determining the admissibility of
evidence offered by the State, this error must have been preserved by a specific, timely objection
and a ruling on that objection. Martinez v. State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
“In fact, almost all error—even constitutional error—may be forfeited if [Romo] failed to
object.” Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
In his first two issues, Romo argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting
statements made by Romo after he was arrested, but before police advised him of his rights
under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 38.22 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure. The statements at issue were made to the arresting officer, Sergeant
Holway, who had come upon Romo while the latter was talking on a pay phone. After arresting
Romo, Holway discovered Romo was carrying a cell phone. Curious, the sergeant asked Romo
about his use of the pay phone. Romo replied that “he was talking to his dad in Mexico, trying to
get home.” Romo argues the State stressed his statement at trial to establish his consciousness of
guilt by implying Romo was intending to flee Texas.
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Romo concedes that his counsel raised no objection at trial to the State’s use of his words
against him. He concedes as well that settled Texas law requires such an objection in order to
complain on appeal about the admissibility of statements within the framework of Miranda.5 See
Ex parte Bagley, 509 S.W.2d 332, 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). Nevertheless, Romo urges this
Court to reconsider this rule and to hold that self-incrimination protections rise to the level of
fundamental rights, which may be raised for the first time on appeal. As an intermediate court,
this Court is not free to disregard the decisions of the Court of Criminal Appeals. We decline
Romo’s invitation to do so. We conclude Romo did not preserve error on his first and second
issues; we overrule them.
In his fourth issue, Romo contends the trial court erroneously admitted irrelevant
character evidence concerning his prior arrests. He argues the evidence encouraged the jury to
find him guilty because he was a bad person rather than on competent evidence of the offense
charged. The complained-of testimony was elicited during the following exchange between
Romo’s counsel and Sergeant Holway:
Defense Counsel: You were asked to search for Edgar Romo. Correct?
Holway: Correct.
Defense Counsel: What description were you given to look for to try to find
him?
Holway: He gave us a physical description plus photographs from
previous, um, arrests.
Romo may not complain of testimony that he elicited on cross-examination. Ingham v. State,
679 S.W.2d 503, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Once the witness volunteered the testimony
concerning previous arrests, defense counsel could have objected to it as nonresponsive. No
5
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
–7–
objection was lodged in the trial court, so we have no ruling to review. We overrule Romo’s
fourth issue.
In his fifth issue, Romo argues the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State
to publish evidence containing audio of him invoking his right to counsel. After he was arrested,
Romo agreed to give a statement to police; the interview was recorded. In the course of the
interview, the officer discussed Romo’s undergoing a test for gun-shot residue and, Romo
contends, he asked for counsel at that time. Again, Romo concedes that his counsel failed to
object to the publication of the recording at trial, but he contends the publication was
fundamental error. We disagree. Allowing a jury to hear that the defendant invoked his right to
counsel is not fundamental error. See Reyes v. State, 267 S.W.3d 268, 273 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2008, pet. ref’d); Cacy v. State, 901 S.W.2d 691, 699 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, pet.
ref’d). Romo has preserved nothing for our review in this issue. Rezac v. State, 782 S.W.2d
869, 871 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We overrule his fifth issue.
In his sixth issue, Romo contends the trial court abused its discretion by admitting
evidence of Ismael’s alleged good character for peacefulness. Evidence of the character of a
victim is ordinarily not admissible to show action in conformity with that character. An
exception exists for “evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the alleged victim offered by
the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the alleged victim was the first
aggressor.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(a)(2). However, as Romo points out, his theory of the case was
not that Ismael had attacked him first. Instead, Romo’s defense was that someone else fired the
shots that killed Ismael and injured Gabriela. The exchange of which Romo complains took
place between the prosecutor and the lead detective on the case, Detective Charles Marks:
Prosecutor: Detective, are you aware of any – did you run down other suspects,
other possible leads in this case, during your investigation?
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Marks: Traditionally, we explore any possibility or any lead that’s made
available to us. An example would be other like offenses
occurring in the Metroplex, and there was not. So no leads were
accepted from that. No one ever offered any other possible
suspect. We were only told that Mr. Torres had no enemies, was
not confrontational, and did not live a lifestyle that would
encourage something like this to happen to him. So no other leads
were really available.
In context, we question whether Marks’s response was really a declaration of Ismael’s character
for peacefulness or merely one of a number of circumstances that failed to provide the police
with leads on other suspects. Nevertheless, we need not make that determination because Romo
did not lodge an objection to Marks’s response. He has forfeited any complaint on this issue.
See Fuller, 253 S.W.3d at 232. We overrule issue six.
In his seventh issue, Romo contends the trial court’s limitation of his expert’s testimony
denied him his right to present a defense. Romo states that his expert, Dr. Ron Fazio, “was
called to suggest that the gunshot residue test results were open to interpretation and ultimately
inconclusive with respect to any perceived link between Romo with the commission of the
crime.” Romo argues Fazio was unable to voice these opinions, but he does not focus his
briefing on particular questions or objections so that we can identify the specifics of his
complaint. Instead, he quotes excerpts from approximately fourteen pages of the record.6
Within those pages, the State objected to Fazio’s testimony nine times: three objections were
sustained, two were overruled, and four directed Romo’s counsel to rephrase his question in
some fashion.
If we focus on the three objections that were sustained, we cannot say that Romo’s
defense was compromised. The State raised all three objections during exchanges between
Romo’s counsel and Fazio concerning the gunshot residue found on the hands of Alex Romo. In
6
Appellant’s quotes begin on page 88 of Volume 6 of the Reporter’s record; the final quote is from page 101 of that volume.
–9–
the first two instances, the State objected to questions asking Fazio (1) whether it was more
likely Alex had fired a firearm or was near a firearm than Edgar, and (2) his interpretation of the
amount of gunshot residue found on Alex’s hands. In both instances, the State contended the
questions fell outside Fazio’s realm of expertise, and the trial court agreed. However, after these
rulings, Romo’s counsel spent more than six pages of the record developing Fazio’s background
and experience more fully. He was then permitted—over objection by the State—to ask whether
Fazio could rule out accidental transfer of gunshot residue particles on Alex’s hands; Fazio
responded that he could neither rule out nor prove accidental transfer. Only when the expert
deviated into a discussion of “characteristic particles” did the trial court sustain the third
objection, which was to non-responsiveness of the answer.
From this point in the examination, Romo proceeded to elicit testimony from Fazio that
the State’s residue findings indicate that Alex was near a firearm or fired one. The trial court
then permitted Fazio to expand on how he interpreted the residue findings. Asked whether
Alex’s test results were consistent with someone holding a gun in two hands, Fazio testified
(again over objection):
I can’t answer that. The – I wasn’t – the nature of gunshot residue testing is not
specific like that. That transfer could be from just being in the presence; it could
be from handling something that was in the presence. Um, the fact that there was
nothing found on the palms could be caused by the fact that it’s around, but it’s
not indicative or consistent or it – it – it is what it is.
Through follow-up questions, Fazio was permitted to testify as to the likelihood that Alex’s
results were caused by picking up a cell phone: “I wouldn’t imagine so. You would expect, if
there’s a transfer from a cell phone to the hands, it would be on the fingers, and possibly the
palm. I don’t see how you get it on the back [of the hand].” Similarly, when asked whether
Alex could have gotten the residue from a doorknob, Fazio stated:
–10–
Again, I -- I -- there are no hard facts with gunshot residue, but I – I’d have a hard
time understanding how particles would get on the back of the hand if you’re
handling something that has gunshot residue on it.
We conclude that after his credentials were sufficiently explained, Fazio testified at some length
as to his interpretation of Alex’s gunshot residue test results. Romo was able to make his point
that the residue tests could support an inference that Alex was the shooter rather than Romo.
These are the only objections identified with sufficient specificity to allow our review.
We conclude Romo was able to offer testimony satisfying his purpose in calling Fazio, i.e.,
establishing that the test results were open to interpretation and that they did not necessarily
point conclusively to Romo as the shooter. Accordingly, Romo was not prevented from
presenting this portion of his defense to the jury.
We overrule the seventh and final issue.
Conclusion
We have decided each of Romo’s issues against him. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court’s judgments.
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
130546F.U05 /Linda Thomas/
LINDA THOMAS
CHIEF JUSTICE, RETIRED
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
EDGAR ALBERTO ROMO, Appellant On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District
Court, Collin County, Texas
No. 05-13-00546-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. 199-82866-2012.
Opinion delivered by Chief Justice Thomas,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Retired. Justices Fillmore and Schenck
participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered April 17, 2015.
–12–
S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
EDGAR ALBERTO ROMO, Appellant On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District
Court, Collin County, Texas
No. 05-13-00547-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. 199-81976-2011.
Opinion delivered by Chief Justice Thomas,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Retired. Justices Fillmore and Schenck
participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered April 17, 2015.
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