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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Dependency of No. 72241-7-1
E.M.R.L., dob 07/14/05,
DIVISION ONE
A minor child.
CORINNA LOZANO,
Appellant,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND
HEALTH SERVICES,
Respondent. FILED: April 20, 2015
Schindler, J. — Corinna Lozano appeals from the order terminating her parental
rights to E.M.R.L. Because the record does not establish the trial court considered the
mandatory statutory factors applicable to incarcerated parents, the Washington State
Department of Social and Health Services (Department) did not meet its burden of
proving the statutory termination elements by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence.
We reverse the termination order and remand for further proceedings.
No. 72241-7-1/2
FACTS
Corinna Lozano is the mother of E.M.R.L., born on July 14, 2005. Until early
2013, E.M.R.L. lived with his mother. The father had virtually no contact with E.M.R.L.
Following an undercover investigation of suspected drug dealing, on January 29,
2013, police arrested Lozano at her Mount Vernon apartment. Police placed E.M.R.L.
in protective custody.
On January 31, the Department filed a dependency petition. The petition alleged
that during the undercover investigation, Lozano repeatedly sold drugs to a confidential
informant at her apartment while E.M.R.L. stayed outside alone in the parking lot.
Officers executing the search warrant found heroin in kitchen cupboards accessible to
E.M.R.L. E.M.R.L. told a Department Child Protective Services social worker that his
mother smoked a pipe "with grass weeds and the white powder."
In early February, the court placed E.M.R.L. with his paternal grandparents. On
March 26, Lozano agreed to the entry of a dependency and disposition order. The
disposition order required Lozano to obtain a substance abuse evaluation and follow
any recommended treatment, submit to random urinalysis testing, and participate in
parenting instruction and mental health services.
E.M.R.L. visited Lozano in jail on at least two occasions. Lozano was released
from jail in April to participate in the drug court program. To satisfy the requirements for
drug court, Lozano obtained a substance abuse evaluation and then entered chemical
dependency and mental health treatment at Skagit Recovery Center. Lozano also
agreed to submit to random urinalysis.
No. 72241-7-1/3
Department Child Welfare Services Social Worker Kim Baker observed that
Lozano had "a lot of contact" with E.M.R.L. at the grandparents' home when she was
first released from jail to participate in the drug court program. But Baker felt that
Lozano did not use all available opportunities to visit or call E.M.R.L. and did not attend
his soccer practices or games.
Lozano did not successfully complete the drug court program. In August, Lozano
pleaded guilty to four counts of delivery of heroin and methamphetamine. Before
entering the plea, Lozano visited E.M.R.L. and explained that she was going to prison.
The court sentenced Lozano to 36 months confinement and 12 months of community
custody. Lozano's earliest release date was March 2015.
Lozano was incarcerated at the Mission Creek Corrections Center for Women in
Belfair. Lozano retained liberal privileges to contact E.M.R.L. by telephone or letter. At
Lozano's request, the Department supplied postage for her letters. Lozano wrote to
E.M.R.L. once or twice a week. Although the Department's plan contemplated that
E.M.R.L. would visit Lozano, no visits occurred.
Lozano also asked the Department to provide credit for a telephone card so she
could call E.M.R.L. The Department was unable to provide such support but E.M.R.L.'s
grandparents repeatedly offered to provide funds for Lozano's telephone card. Lozano
called E.M.R.L. only once or twice a month while she was at Mission Creek.
Lozano entered the therapeutic program at Mission Creek in November 2013.
Based on her evaluation, Lozano required a high level of inpatient treatment for
chemical dependency. The therapeutic program encompassed five phases of
treatment. Lozano's progress during phase 3 was interrupted for a clinical intervention
No. 72241-7-1/4
following an incident of intimidation, a serious offense for the program. The intervention
was reopened when Lozano exhibited additional behavior issues. During the
intervention, Lozano utilized the mental health services available to her.
Chemical dependency counselor Kevin Barry reported that Lozano successfully
addressed the issues that prompted the intervention and had "redirected her behavior to
more positive and more motivational behaviors." At the time of the termination trial in
June 2014, Lozano had completed three phases of the therapeutic program and was in
full compliance. Barry also noted that the results of the regular urinalysis tests raised no
concerns.
Barry estimated that Lozano needed a minimum of seven weeks to complete
each of the two remaining phases. Barry felt that upon release, Lozano would also
have to participate in an intensive outpatient treatment program to stabilize her behavior
upon returning to the community.
Michael Jones, Lozano's prison classification counselor at the time of the
termination trial, noted that Lozano was referred to a Partners in Parenting class in
November 2013. But Lozano was not eligible to participate in the class until closer to
her release date, during phase 4 or 5 of the treatment program. During those phases,
Lozano would also be participating in moral reconation therapy, self-awareness and
self-esteem classes, and various training programs. Lozano had also applied for
community service crew jobs and was waiting to attend a beyond-trauma class.
Lozano received only two minor infractions at Mission Creek for failing to attend a
scheduled appointment and not following rules. Jones believed that Lozano was taking
"full advantage" of all of the services available to her in prison.
No. 72241-7-1/5
On February 18, 2014, the Department filed a petition to terminate Lozano's
parental rights. E.M.R.L.'s father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights. Trial
occurred on June 25, 2014. E.M.R.L. was almost nine-years-old at the time of the
termination trial in June 2014.
Social Worker Baker testified that despite participation in various prison services,
Lozano had not corrected her parental deficiencies. Baker characterized Lozano's
progress in the therapeutic program as slow and inconsistent.
At the time of the termination trial, Lozano's earliest possible release date was
more than eight months away. Baker believed that even if Lozano completed all prison
services by the time of her release, she would then have to find safe and stable housing
and employment and participate in intensive outpatient services. And even if Lozano's
progress continued without problems, the earliest E.M.R.L. could return home was the
end of 2015. Baker concluded that the "near future" for E.M.R.L. was about one month
and that Lozano could not remedy her parental deficiencies within that period.
Marianne Yamashita, E.M.R.L.'s guardian ad litem, testified that E.M.R.L. had
been doing very well in his current placement with the grandparents. Yamashita stated
Lozano had never asked that E.M.R.L.'s placement be changed and the grandparents
were meeting all of E.M.R.L.'s needs, including his medical concerns. Yamashita
agreed with Baker that Lozano would need up to a year of stability before she would be
ready to parent E.M.R.L. In Yamashita's opinion, the "foreseeable future" for E.M.R.L.
was no more than three months.
Lozano testified telephonically from Mission Creek. Lozano denied the
allegations that she was not properly supervising E.M.R.L. before the dependency.
No. 72241-7-1/6
Lozano acknowledged she had struggled with the requirements of the drug court
program but maintained she was making progress in the treatment program at the
prison. Lozano claimed that she now recognized the seriousness of her addiction and
was learning how to address her behaviors and how to participate in the community.
Upon release, Lozano planned to get a job, continue treatment, and find a stable
residence so that she can parent E.M.R.L. Lozano insisted she would not "associate
with anybody who is not sober" and would set boundaries to prevent any regression into
addiction.
The trial court terminated Lozano's parental rights. The court found that Lozano
was currently unfit to parent E.M.R.L. The court noted that because Lozano's earliest
release date was March 2015, her progress in prison programs at the time of release
was uncertain. The court found, in pertinent part:
[E]ven if everything went swimmingly [Lozano] would still have to have a
significant length of time of stability in the community before the child
could be returned to her. A child of this age, nine years old, is not able to
contemplate that kind of future.
ANALYSIS
To terminate parental rights, the State must prove by clear, cogent, and
convincing evidence the six termination elements set forth in RCW 13.34.180(1 )(a)
through (f). RCW 13.34.190(1 )(a)(i). Evidence is clear, cogent, and convincing if it
establishes the fact in issue as "highly probable." In re Welfare of Seqo, 82 Wn.2d 736,
739, 513 P.2d 831 (1973).1 Ifthe State satisfies its burden under RCW 13.34.180(1), it
must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that termination is in the best interests
of the child. In re Dependency of K.N.J.. 171 Wn.2d 568, 577, 257 P.3d 522 (2011).
Internal quotation marks and citation omitted.
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No. 72241-7-1/7
Lozano contends that the termination order must be reversed because the trial
court failed to consider the recent statutory amendments pertaining to incarcerated
parents. Lozano argues that the Department therefore failed to meet its burden under
RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) of proving that continuation of her relationship with E.M.R.L.
clearly diminished his prospects for early integration into a stable and permanent home.
We agree with Lozano.
Prior to July 2013, former RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) (2009) required the State to
prove that "continuation of the parent and child relationship clearly diminishes the child's
prospects for early integration into a stable and permanent home." Effective July 28,
2013, the legislature amended RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) to add three specific factors that
the trial court must consider before terminating the parental rights of an incarcerated
parent:
If the parent is incarcerated, the court shall consider [(1)] whether a parent
maintains a meaningful role in his or her child's life based on factors
identified in RCW 13.34.145(5)(b); [(2)] whether the department or
supervising agency made reasonable efforts as defined in this chapter;
and [(3)] whether particular barriers existed as described in RCW
13.34.145(5)(b) including, but not limited to, delays or barriers
experienced in keeping the agency apprised of his or her location and in
accessing visitation or other meaningful contact with the child.
Laws of 2013, ch. 173, § 4: see In re Dependency of A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. 776, 786,
332 P.3d 500 (2014).
Under RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f), the court "shall" consider whether the parent
maintains a meaningful role in the child's life and whether particular barriers exist based
on the six factors identified in RCW 13.34.145(5)(b):
(i) The parent's expressions or acts of manifesting concern for the
child, such as letters, telephone calls, visits, and other forms of
communication with the child;
No. 72241-7-1/8
(ii) The parent's efforts to communicate and work with the
department or supervising agency or other individuals for the purpose of
complying with the service plan and repairing, maintaining, or building the
parent-child relationship;
(iii) A positive response by the parent to the reasonable efforts of
the department or the supervising agency;
(iv) Information provided by individuals or agencies in a reasonable
position to assist the court in making this assessment, including but not
limited to the parent's attorney, correctional and mental health personnel,
or other individuals providing services to the parent;
(v) Limitations in the parent's access to family support programs,
therapeutic services, and visiting opportunities, restrictions to telephone
and mail services, inability to participate in foster care planning meetings,
and difficulty accessing lawyers and participating meaningfully in court
proceedings; and
(vi) Whether the continued involvement of the parent in the child's
life is in the child's best interest.
RCW 13.34.180(5) addresses permanent placement, including guardianship, for
the children of incarcerated parents, and went into effect at the same time as the 2013
changes to RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) and .145(5)(b). Laws of 2013, ch. 173, §§ 3-4.2
In A.M.M., we reversed a parental termination order because the record did not
demonstrate the trial court considered the 2013 amendments to RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f).
In making this determination, we noted that in cases involving incarcerated parents, the
trial court's resolution of the RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) termination factor must be "informed
by evidence presented and conclusions reached regarding the six factors contained in
RCW 13.34.145(5)(b)." A.M.M.. 182 Wn. App. at 787.
Contrary to Lozano's assertion, nothing in A.M.M. or the 2013 amendments
requires the trial court to enter formal findings of fact regarding the consideration of
2 RCW 13.34.180(5) states:
When a parent has been sentenced to a long-term incarceration and has maintained a
meaningful role in the child's life considering the factors provided in RCW
13.34.145(5)(b), and it is in the best interest of the child, the department should consider
a permanent placement that allows the parent to maintain a relationship with his or her
child, such as, but not limited to, a guardianship pursuant to chapter 13.36 RCW.
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No. 72241-7-1/9
RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) or the factors under RCW 13.34.145(5)(b). Rather, A.M.M.
requires only that the record demonstrate the trial court considered the relevant
statutory factors when determining whether the Department satisfied its burden under
RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f):
[The trial court] nowhere referenced the statutory considerations that had
just recently become effective. This omission indicates both that the
Department failed to satisfy its burden of proof as to the termination factor
contained within RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) and that the trial court failed to
apply the law in effect at the time of its ruling.
A.M.M., 182 Wn. App. at 787.3
Here, there is no dispute Lozano was incarcerated at the time of the termination
trial. The record establishes that the court did not address or even refer to the 2013
amendments or the specific statutory factors pertaining to incarcerated parents at any
point during the course of the trial, in its oral decision, or in the written findings of fact
and conclusions of law. Nor did counsel for either side direct any argument to the court
based on the specific statutory amendments.
Nonetheless, the Department contends that it called the trial court's attention to
the 2013 amendments in its memorandum of authorities filed on June 24, 2014, one day
before the trial. The Department has moved for permission to file a supplemental
designation of clerk's papers designating the memorandum. Lozano has moved to
strike the designation because it contained the dependency cause number rather than
the termination cause number.
We accept the Department's representation that it filed a working copy of the
memorandum of authorities with the trial court despite the erroneous cause number.
3 Emphasis added.
No. 72241-7-1/10
See Skagit County Local Civil Rule 7(e)(4). We therefore grant the motion to file the
supplemental designation and deny Lozano's motion to strike.
However, the memorandum contains only a paraphrase of the amended
language in RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) and a cursory argument that Lozano did not maintain
a "meaningful relationship" with E.M.R.L. The memorandum does not specifically
address whether the Department made "reasonable efforts" or whether particular
barriers existed. See RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f). Nor does the memorandum address or
reference the factors enumerated in RCW 13.34.145(5)(b). Further, the Department
relies on pre-amendment decisions and misleadingly suggests the evidence regarding
the quality of the parent-child relationship is sufficient, standing alone, to satisfy "the
State's burden of proof under RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f). Therefore, the fact that the trial
court received a copy of the memorandum does not demonstrate the court considered
all of the statutory factors.
The Department recites at length the evidence that it presented at trial "relating"
to the factors identified in RCW 13.34.145(5)(b) and in the amended provisions of RCW
13.34.180(1 )(f). But in a termination proceeding, evidence that is relevant under RCW
13.34.180(1 )(f) may also be relevant to establish several of the other elements the
Department must prove under RCW 13.34.180(1). The fact that the Department
presented potentially relevant evidence under RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) does not, without
more, establish what considerations informed the court's decision or whether the
Department satisfied its evidentiary burden. Nor do the circumstances here support any
inference that the trial court intended its decision to encompass implicit findings on the
10
No. 72241-7-1/11
2013 statutory amendments. See A.M.M.. 182 Wn. App. at 788-89 (citing In re Welfare
of A.B.. 168 Wn.2d 908, 921,232P.3d 1104(2010)).
Because the record does not demonstrate that the trial court considered all of the
statutory factors under RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f) and .145(5)(b), the Department did not
meet its burden of proof under RCW 13.34.180(1 )(f). SeeA.M.M.. 182Wn. App. at
789-90.
Lozano also contends the Department and the trial court erred by failing to
consider a possible guardianship for E.M.R.L. Because we remand for further
proceedings, we do not address this argument.
The Department's motion to file a supplemental designation of clerk's papers is
granted and Lozano's motion to strike is denied. We reverse the termination order and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Jm££
WE CONCUR:
Yyma
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