Case: 14-10381 Document: 00513014364 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/21/2015
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 14-10381 United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, April 21, 2015
Lyle W. Cayce
Plaintiff - Appellee Clerk
v.
VINCENT BAZEMORE,
Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:12-CR-319-1
Before JOLLY, WIENER, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:*
Vincent Bazemore (“Bazemore”) was convicted by a jury of four counts of
mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 for his participation in a scheme to
obtain commissions by inducing insurance companies to issue life insurance
policies to unqualified applicants. The district court imposed a 24-level
enhancement based on the intended loss of the scheme under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1
and sentenced Bazemore to 292 months in prison. The district court also
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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ordered Bazemore to pay $4,014,627.13 in restitution. Bazemore appeals his
conviction, sentence, and restitution order. For the reasons that follow, we
AFFIRM Bazemore’s conviction but VACATE his sentence and restitution
order and REMAND for resentencing.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Bazemore’s scheme involved tricking insurance companies into issuing
stranger-owned (or originated) life insurance (“STOLI”) policies to unqualified
applicants. In general, a life insurance policy will pay out a death benefit to
the insured’s beneficiaries when the insured dies, so long as the insured makes
the required premium payments. Wealthy individuals may take out large life
insurance policies for estate planning purposes. The proceeds of these policies
are not taxed when they are transferred to the insured’s heirs, and a wealthy
senior can spend his assets on premium payments on the policy, which will,
upon his death, pay out tax free to his beneficiaries.
A STOLI policy is a life insurance policy held by a third party that has
no insurable interest in the insured. The insurers that issued policies to
Bazemore’s applicants would, without exception, deny life insurance policies to
applicants that intended from the outset to transfer the policy to a third party.
To prevent the issuance of STOLI policies, the insurers’ applications
specifically asked whether the applicant intended to transfer the policy to a
third-party investor. The application further required applicants to state their
net worth and whether the premiums would be financed by a third party, which
would also indicate whether the policy was intended for an investor.
Bazemore, in his role as an insurance agent, convinced senior citizens of
modest means, many of them relatives or family friends, to apply for multi-
million dollar life insurance policies meant for high net-worth individuals.
Bazemore promised these applicants that they would not have to pay anything
out of pocket for the insurance, and after two years—when the contestability
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period lapsed—he would sell the policy and pay them a lump sum. After
securing a recruit, Bazemore would grossly inflate their net worth and income
on the policy application and falsely claim that the applicant did not intend to
transfer the policy to a third party. Bazemore did not, however, misrepresent
the age or health status of an applicant. If a policy was issued, Bazemore would
take out a loan to pay the premiums for the first two years, at which point he
planned to sell the policy to an investor and use part of the proceeds to pay
back the loan. As the agent responsible for the sale, he would receive a
commission on each issued policy roughly equivalent to the cost of the first
year’s premium payment.
Bazemore was charged and convicted of four counts of mail fraud, each
relating to a STOLI policy for which he received a commission payment. The
district court calculated a guidelines range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment
based on an offense level of 39 and a criminal history category of II. The offense
level was largely the product of a 24-point enhancement for the scheme’s
intended loss to the insurers, which the district calculated to be $81 million,
the sum of the death benefits for all of the policies issued to Bazemore’s
applicants. The district court sentenced Bazemore to a 292-month term of
imprisonment, 240 months for each count, to run partially concurrently and
partially consecutively. The court also ordered Bazemore to pay $4,014,627.13
in restitution for the commissions paid to him by the insurers and for some of
the notes issued by banks to finance the premiums.
Bazemore timely appealed his conviction, sentence, and restitution
order.
DISCUSSION
I. Conviction
To support a mail fraud conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, a jury must
find: (1) a scheme to defraud a victim of money or property; (2) use of the mails
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to execute that scheme; and (3) the specific intent to defraud. 1 United States
v. Lucas, 516 F.3d 316, 339 (5th Cir. 2008); United States v. Ratcliff, 488 F.3d
639, 644 (5th Cir. 2007). To satisfy the “intent to defraud” element, the
government “must prove that the defendant contemplated or intended some
harm to the property rights of the victim.” United States v. Leonard, 61 F.3d
1181, 1187 (5th Cir. 1995). “The government does not need to prove that the
harm actually came about, however.” United States v. Loney, 959 F.2d 1332,
1337 (5th Cir. 1992). “The [g]overnment must also prove that the scheme to
defraud involved a materially false statement.” United States v. Harms, 442
F.3d 367, 372 (5th Cir. 2006). “A statement is material if it has a natural
tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision of the decision-
making body to which it was addressed.” Id.
Bazemore challenges his conviction on three grounds: (1) the commission
payments were not “money or property” within the meaning of the mail fraud
statute; (2) the McCarran-Ferguson Act prohibits federal prosecutions under
the mail fraud statute for fraudulent procurements of life insurance policies;
and (3) the prosecution in closing argument urged conviction on grounds
prohibited by the jury instruction.
A. Commission Payments
Bazemore first argues that his conviction should be overturned because
there was insufficient evidence from which the jury could have found that he
intended to deprive the insurers of money or property. Tracking the
indictment, the district court instructed the jury that, to find a scheme to
defraud, the government must prove that Bazemore “intended to obtain
substantial commissions by inducing life insurance companies to issue policies”
1 The government did not charge Bazemore with “honest services” fraud under 18
U.S.C. § 1346.
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to unqualified applicants. The district court stated that “[i]t is not sufficient
for the [g]overnment to show that [ ] Bazemore created a scheme to obtain
money at the expense of some person or party different than the insurance
companies named in the indictment nor is it sufficient for the [g]overnment to
show that [ ] Bazemore’s conduct harmed these insurance companies in some
way other than losing money by paying commissions to him.” 2 Bazemore
argues on appeal that the object of a scheme to defraud must be property the
victim would have lawfully possessed but for the defendant’s actions. He
reasons that, because the commission payments were the only loss the jury
could consider, and the insurers always received premiums exceeding the cost
of the commissions before they paid them, they were not deprived of any money
or property.
Although Bazemore presents his challenge as one to the sufficiency of
the evidence, it is really a claim that, as a matter of law, money a victim
possesses only because of a fraudulent scheme does not constitute money or
property for purposes of the mail fraud statute. We review this legal question
de novo. See Loney, 959 F.2d at 1334.
Bazemore’s but-for deprivation argument fails. As an initial matter,
Bazemore’s theory is premised on his assumption that a commission is paid
entirely out of the “profits” of the first premium payment. But a commission
is not paid in exchange for the first premium; it is not an isolated transaction
in which the insurers simply give back some of the money Bazemore has given
to them. The commission is paid to the agent in exchange for the sale of the
policy and it is the liquidated value of a portion of that policy. In this sense
2The district court’s instruction was flawed insofar as it suggested that the jury must
find that the insurance companies were “harmed” by “losing money by paying commissions”
to Bazemore. The mail fraud statute requires only intent to harm, not actual harm. Thus,
while this portion of the instruction may be error, it is error that inured to Bazemore’s benefit.
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the commission is no different than the death benefits the insurer ultimately
pays out; they are both costs that factor into the value of the product—the fact
that the commission is paid up-front is immaterial. The commission payments
were clearly money that legally belonged to the insurers.
Bazemore’s argument that a scheme to defraud must involve money or
property the victim would have possessed in the absence of the scheme also
fails as a legal proposition. Following this logic, the mail fraud statute would
not extend to a fraudulent scheme to induce a seller to sell a product at a
discounted but still profitable price because the seller would not have made
any profit at all but for the fraud. But “[s]uch a scheme, where the accused
intends to gain money or property at the expense of the victim of the scheme,
is clearly within the purview of § 1341.” United States v. Stewart, 872 F.2d
957, 960 (10th Cir. 1989); see United States v. Ali, 620 F.3d 1062, 1068 (9th
Cir. 2010) (holding that Microsoft’s “lost revenue when [its] products were sold
at a discount as a result of [ ] fraud” was money or property under the mail
fraud statute); Stewart, 872 F.2d at 960 (holding that a scheme “to deprive [ ]
manufacturers of money which they should have received on sales of
pharmaceuticals” by tricking the manufacturers into selling drugs at reduced
prices was a “scheme relating to property rights”). Accordingly, Bazemore’s
contention that a mail fraud scheme does not deprive a victim of money or
property so long as the victim earns some profit from the scheme is
unpersuasive.
The insurers paid Bazemore millions of dollars in commissions for value
they did not receive: insureds that met their qualifications. Those commission
payments were unquestionably money or property under the mail fraud
statute.
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B. McCarran-Ferguson Act
Bazemore next contends that the district court erred by refusing to
dismiss his indictment because his federal prosecution is reverse preempted by
Texas insurance law under the McCarran-Ferguson Act. “We review the
sufficiency of an indictment de novo, taking the indictment’s allegations as
true.” Ratcliff, 488 F.3d at 643.
The McCarran-Ferguson Act provides that “[n]o Act of Congress shall be
construed to invalidate, impair, or supersede any law enacted by any State for
the purpose of regulating the business of insurance, . . . unless such Act
specifically relates to the business of insurance.” 15 U.S.C. § 1012(b). “[A]
state law reverse preempts federal law only if: (1) the federal statute does not
specifically relate to the business of insurance; (2) the state law was enacted
for the purpose of regulating the business of insurance; and (3) the federal
statute operates to invalidate, impair, or super[s]ede the state law.” Am.
Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Inman, 436 F.3d 490, 493 (5th Cir. 2006) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “When federal law does not directly conflict with
state regulation, and when application of the federal law would not frustrate
any declared state policy or interfere with a State’s administrative regime, the
McCarran-Ferguson Act does not preclude its application.” Humana Inc. v.
Forsyth, 525 U.S. 299, 310 (1999).
Bazemore makes two related claims as to why the use of the federal mail
fraud statute to prosecute misrepresentations in life insurance applications
would “invalidate, impair, or supersede” Texas insurance law. First, he
contends that the definition of materiality in the mail fraud statute is broader
than the definition of a material misrepresentation that would permit an
insurer to void a life insurance policy within the contestability period. See Tex.
Ins. Code Ann. § 705.051 (providing that a misrepresentation only defeats
recovery under a policy if it “affects the risks assumed” by the insurer). Second,
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he alleges that the five-year limitations period to bring a mail fraud
prosecution would displace the two-year state incontestability period because
it would permit the insurer to recover any payout of the policy through
restitution.
Bazemore’s arguments fail. With regard to the first, it is immaterial that
a criminal prosecution for fraud could be commenced even if the policy
procured by the fraud could not be defeated by the insurer. The federal
prosecution would have no effect on the operation of the state law. As to
Bazemore’s concern that an insurer could effectively rescind a policy beyond
the contestability period through court-ordered restitution, it has nothing at
all to do with a conviction for fraud, but rather a possible consequence of the
conviction. Moreover, Bazemore overlooks that the state statutes he claims
are impaired by his federal prosecution protect policyholders and their
beneficiaries, of which he is neither. See Humana, 525 U.S. at 310 (“[W]hen
application of the federal law would not frustrate any declared state policy or
interfere with a State’s administrative regime, the McCarran-Ferguson Act
does not preclude its application.” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, there is no
plausible argument that Bazemore’s prosecution under the mail fraud statute
violates the McCarran-Ferguson Act.
C. Closing Statement
Bazemore’s final challenge to his conviction is premised on remarks
made by the prosecution at closing argument. The district court instructed the
jury that it could not convict Bazemore unless it found that he created a scheme
to obtain commission payments from the insurers and that no other victim or
theory of deprivation would suffice. Bazemore claims that three remarks in
the prosecution’s closing suggested conviction on impermissible grounds: (1)
certain insurers were harmed because they paid commissions but canceled the
STOLI policies and refunded premiums; (2) Bazemore’s misrepresentations
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induced one of the insurers to issue an $8 million policy; and (3) one of the
applicants incurred attorneys’ fees as a result of his fraud. Because Bazemore
did not object to the prosecutor’s comments at trial, we review his claim for
plain error. See United States v. Aguilar, 645 F.3d 319, 323 (5th Cir. 2011).
Bazemore’s objections to the first two comments fail at the outset
because they do not contravene the jury instructions. Bazemore was charged
with deceiving insurers into issuing expensive life insurance policies so that he
could obtain commissions on those policies and the jury was instructed that
they must find such a scheme existed. These remarks relate directly to the
charged and instructed scheme. In any case, Bazemore must show, inter alia,
that “the prosecutor’s remarks cast serious doubt on the correctness of the
jury’s verdict.” United States v. Gracia, 522 F.3d 597, 603 (5th Cir. 2008)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Bazemore argues that the government
could not have secured his conviction without the supposedly improper closing
remarks because the evidence at trial showed that the commissions were not
money or property under the mail fraud statute, so the jury must have relied
on one of the allegedly impermissible theories of deprivation suggested in the
government’s closing. As explained, Bazemore’s contention that the
commissions were not money or property because they were paid after receipt
of the first premium is meritless. Because that claim fails, so too does this one.
Bazemore concedes that his misrepresentations induced the insurers to issue
policies to unqualified insureds and pay him commissions on those policies.
Any improper comment by the prosecution would not cast doubt on the verdict.
II. Sentencing
Bazemore also challenges the 24-level enhancement the district court
applied based on an intended loss of $81 million, the combined value of the
death benefits of the policies the insurers issued to Bazemore’s applicants. The
district court calculated a criminal history category of II and a total offense
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level of 39 based on: (1) a base offense level of 7 for the mail fraud convictions;
(2) a 24-level increase for an intended loss of $81 million; (3) a 2-level
enhancement for use of sophisticated means; (4) a 4-level enhancement for
Bazemore’s role as an organizer of the fraud; and (5) a 2-level enhancement for
abusing a position of private trust. The resulting guidelines range was 292 to
365 months, and the district court sentenced Bazemore to 292 months’
imprisonment.
“A district court’s sentencing decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion.”
United States v. Harris, 597 F.3d 242, 250 (5th Cir. 2010). “However, the
district court’s interpretation or application of the Sentencing Guidelines is
reviewed de novo, and its factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” Id.
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The district court’s method
of calculating loss is an application of the guidelines that we review de novo.
United States v. Klein, 543 F.3d 206, 214 (5th Cir. 2008). The amount derived
from the calculation is a factual finding reviewed for clear error. Id.
The district court erred in using the face value of the insurance policies
to calculate the intended loss of Bazemore’s scheme. Under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1,
the offense level assigned to a fraud conviction depends upon the amount of
loss inflicted on the victim or intended by the defendant. The loss figure used
to determine the enhancement is “the greater of actual or intended loss.”
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 app. n. 3(A). “‘Actual loss’ means the reasonably foreseeable
pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.” Id. § 2B1.1 app. n. 3(A)(i).
“‘Intended loss’ . . . means the pecuniary harm that was intended to result from
the offense.” Id. § 2B1.1 app. n. 3(A)(ii). The government must “prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had the subjective intent to
cause the loss that is used to calculate his offense level.” United States v.
Sanders, 343 F.3d 511, 527 (5th Cir. 2003). Subjective intent, however, may
be inferred from a defendant’s recklessness. Harris, 597 F.3d at 255.
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The government argues that the intended loss of the scheme is the total
amount of the death benefits obtainable under the policies—$81 million—
because that was “the dollar amount placed at risk” by Bazemore’s fraud. See
United States v. Oates, 122 F.3d 222, 225 (5th Cir. 1997). As this court has
explained, however, determining intended loss by the maximum value of a
financial product is proper only “under certain factual circumstances.” Harris,
597 F.3d at 252; see id. at 251-56 (discussing instances in which intended loss
was calculated as the dollar amount placed at risk by a scheme). The
government argues that fraudulently-obtained life insurance policies fall
within this ambit because such policies are analogous to fraudulently-obtained
loans, for which we have found that the intended loss is the full amount of the
loan when the defendant is “consciously indifferent or reckless” as to whether
the fraudulently obtained funds can be repaid. See United States v. Morrow,
177 F.3d 272, 301 (5th Cir. 1999).
We reject the government’s analogy. There is an obvious difference in
the financial risk presented by a fraudulently-procured loan and the STOLI
policies at issue here. The proceeds of a loan are extended to the borrower up-
front, and thus the risk of non-payment exposes the lender to a loss of the total
amount of the loan. But a life insurance policy lapses in the event of non-
payment, in which case the insurer is entitled to retain the premiums paid
until that point and has no obligation to pay out death benefits when the
insured dies. Thus, whereas the risk to a lender is non-payment on the loan,
the primary risk to an issuer of a fraudulently-induced life insurance policy is
that an insured will die more quickly than anticipated by the actuarial model,
forcing the insurer to pay death benefits before receiving the expected amount
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of premiums. 3 Because the insurers would not be responsible for paying the
death benefits unless compensatory premium payments continued to be made
until the death of the insured, it is inappropriate to use the face value of the
loans as the intended loss. 4
The correct way to calculate the intended loss, if any, of Bazemore’s
scheme presents a more difficult question. At a minimum, the intended loss
figure must account for the premium payments Bazemore intended the
policyholder to make to keep the policy in place until the insured died and
death benefits could be paid. This is the formula the Eighth Circuit approved
in United States v. Jenkins. See id., 578 F.3d 745, 749-50 (8th Cir. 2009)
(holding that the intended loss to insurers of a scheme to fraudulently obtain
insurance policies was the face value of the death benefits of the policies minus
an estimate of the premiums the schemers intended to pay). In that case,
however, the defendants misrepresented the age and health condition of many
of the applicants, and it was actually “likely that they would die soon after the
fraudulently-obtained policies were issued.” Id. at 750.
The government’s own argument reveals the infirmity of that approach
to the STOLI policies at issue here. The government reasons that the intended
loss should be the full face value of the policies because the “the insured would
have had to have lived for 20 to 30 additional years” for the yearly premiums
to catch up with the value of the death benefits. The flaw in this logic, of
course, is that the insurers issued the policies under the belief that the
3 There may be other, more immediate financial consequences to insurers due to
premium payments being made by institutional investors instead of individual policyholders,
but the government has not identified any.
4 It is immaterial that a third-party investor would take over the premium payments
after the contestability period terminated and Bazemore sold the policy. The current
policyholder would still have to make the requisite premium payments to prevent the policy
from lapsing.
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applicants’ representations were truthful—that is the very point of this
prosecution. Put another way, the death benefits and premium costs were
calculated based on the qualifications of the applicants the insurers thought
they were getting. So, even if the applicants were as wealthy as they
represented themselves to be, they would still have had to live to be
centenarians for the insurers to make a profit under such a crude financial
analysis. Accordingly, simply subtracting the intended premium payments
from the death benefits would create a false positive: a legitimate policy would
show an intended loss because the premiums paid over the course of the
insured’s expected lifetime would not reach the face value of the policy.
To apply the intended loss enhancement, the government has the burden
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Bazemore intended pecuniary
harm to result from his scheme. See Sanders, 343 F.3d at 527; U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1
app. n. 3(A)(ii). This requires the government to establish that the STOLI
policies imposed a financial risk to the insurers beyond the risk they believed
they were receiving in issuing life insurance to Bazemore’s applicants. To be
sure, the government proved that the insurers paid Bazemore commissions for
value they were promised but did not receive in the form of qualified insureds—
namely, insureds who met the insurers’ net worth requirement and who did
not intend to transfer their policies to third-party investors. While this is
sufficient to satisfy the mail fraud statute, it is not sufficient to prove that
Bazemore intended pecuniary harm to result from the offense. 5
5 A misrepresentation is material under the mail fraud statute if it “has a natural
tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision of the decision-making body
to which it was addressed.” Lucas, 516 F.3d at 339 (internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 22 n.5 (quoting the Restatement (Second) of Torts §
538, for the proposition that a statement is material if “a reasonable man would attach
importance to its existence or nonexistence in determining his choice of action” or “the maker
of the representation knows or has reason to know that its recipient regards or is likely to
regard the matter as important in determining his choice of action, although a reasonable
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The government concedes that Bazemore did not misrepresent the age
or health status of his applicants. Therefore, to prove intended loss, it must
prove that his misrepresentations as to the applicants’ financial status and
third-party financing arrangements posed a risk of financial harm to the
insurers that would not have existed if the information provided in the
insurance applications were true. The government has not attempted to make
this showing, let alone quantify any purported economic harm. We accordingly
VACATE Bazemore’s sentence. On remand, an intended loss enhancement
cannot be applied unless the government proves by a preponderance of the
evidence that the STOLI policies posed a risk of financial loss to the insurers
that the same policies issued to qualified insureds—the applicants the insurers
thought they were getting—did not.
Finally, the government contends that any error in applying an intended
loss enhancement was harmless because the district court stated that it would
have imposed the same sentence regardless of whether it incorrectly applied
the enhancement. A district court’s error in the guidelines calculation is
harmless if the government “convincingly demonstrates both (1) that the
district court would have imposed the same sentence had it not made the error,
and (2) that it would have done so for the same reasons it gave at the prior
sentencing.” United States v. Richardson, 676 F.3d 491, 511 (5th Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “This is a heavy burden, and one that
requires the proponent to point to evidence in the record that will convince the
appellate court that the district court had a particular sentence in mind and
would have imposed it, notwithstanding the error.” Id. (internal quotation
marks and alteration omitted).
man would not so regard it”). Bazemore concedes that his misrepresentations were material
in that the insurers would not have issued the STOLI policies had the applications been
truthful.
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The government cannot meet this heavy burden. The district court
sentenced Bazemore to the lowest end of the miscalculated guidelines range.
The court stated that the lengthy sentence was necessary because his scheme
was a “massive fraud.” This determination of the scale of the fraud was
necessarily based on the district court’s conclusion that Bazemore intended to
cause an $81 million loss. Because the government did not offer any evidence
of financial loss at all, we remand the case to the district court for resentencing
in light of our holding as to the required showing for an intended loss
enhancement.
III. Restitution
The district court ordered Bazemore to pay $4,014,627.13 pursuant to
the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. “This
court reviews the legality of a restitution order de novo. If the restitution order
is legally permitted, the order is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” United
States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558, 565 (5th Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted).
“The burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate by a preponderance
of the evidence the amount of loss sustained by a victim. The MVRA does not
permit restitution awards to exceed a victim’s loss.” United States v. Beydoun,
469 F.3d 102, 107 (5th Cir. 2006) (internal citation omitted).
The presentence report (“PSR”) recommended restitution in the amount
of $4,558,416.13 and the district court adopted the figure, save for the removal
of commission payments not induced by the scheme to defraud. The PSR
calculated the actual losses to the insurers as the commissions paid to
Bazemore based on its determination that, “[w]hen the fraud was discovered,
the insurance companies revoked the policies and remitted the paid premiums
to the lenders.”
“[T]he district court is entitled to rely upon the information in the PSR
as long as the information bears some indicia of reliability.” United States v.
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Scher, 601 F.3d 408, 413 (5th Cir. 2010). Before sentencing, the government
informed the district court that it could not support some of the loss amounts
specified in the PSR because certain insurers had retained the premiums they
received or had not verified their losses. The government agreed with
Bazemore that paid premiums should be offset against commissions and
argued that the amounts it identified should not be ordered as restitution. The
district court evidently ignored both Bazemore’s and the government’s
objections to the PSR.
On appeal, the government contends that the restitution order should
stand because Bazemore did not carry his “burden of presenting rebuttal
evidence to demonstrate that the information in the PSR is inaccurate or
materially untrue.” Id. It is unclear why the government now advocates for
an award it previously argued was inappropriate. In any case, the defendant’s
burden of rebutting inaccurate information in the PSR is satisfied where the
government elects to do it for him. The actual loss on a rescinded STOLI policy
is the commission the insurer paid to Bazemore less any premium payments
that it retained. Accordingly, we VACATE the order of restitution.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Bazemore’s conviction but
VACATE his sentence and restitution order and REMAND the case for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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