FILED
APRIL 28, 2015
I n the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31829-0-111
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
THOMASA. CURTIS, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. - Thomas Curtis appeals his conviction for unlawful
possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine. He contends that the trial court
erred in refusing to instruct the jury on his proposed defense of unwitting possession. We
agree. Because we cannot conclude that the error was harmless, we reverse.
FACTS
On October 5,2012, Wenatchee Police Officer Gregory Renggli arrested Thomas
Curtis pursuant to an arrest warrant and a no contact order violation. During a search
incident to arrest, the officer found two pipes in Mr. Curtis's right front pants pocket. Mr.
Curtis told the officer that he had recently used the pipes to smoke marijuana. Officer
Renggli continued to search Mr. Curtis and found a glass pipe with white residue in Mr.
No. 3 I 829-0-III
State v. Curtis
Curtis's left front pants pocket. According to Officer Renggli, Mr. Curtis told him he had
recently used that pipe to smoke methamphetamine.
In the holding cell at the jail, Officer Renggli noticed that Mr. Curtis's right hand
was clasped when the officer tried to remove the right handcuff. The officer looked down
and did not see anything on the floor. As the officer took off the left handcuff, Mr. Curtis
dropped something and told Officer Renggli there were baggies on the floor. Officer
Renggli observed small baggies with what he believed contained methamphetamine. A
corrections officer later testified that he saw Mr. Curtis drop something plastic on the
floor of the holding cell. He alerted Officer Renggli who picked up the three baggies
from the floor. The Washington State Crime Laboratory confirmed that the residue in the
pipe and the powder in one of the baggies was methamphetamine.
The State charged Mr. Curtis with one count of possession of a controlled
substance (methamphetamine) and use of drug paraphernalia.
At trial, Mr. Curtis testified that on the day of his arrest he had gone to a shopping
mall and run into a friend, Margaret Horn. According to Mr. Curtis, Ms. Horn asked him
to hold the pipe that contained the methamphetamine residue, but did not tell him that it
contained methamphetamine. When asked why he took the pipe, he answered, "I don't
know. Ijust, I always tried being a friend with her and it just, you know help her out."
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Report of Proceedings (RP) at 228. Mr. Curtis denied knowing anything about the
baggies that were found on the floor of the jail or their contents. Mr. Curtis also denied
telling Officer Renggli that he had smoked methamphetamine in the pipe with the white
residue.
During cross-examination, the prosecutor questioned Mr. Curtis as follows:
[PROSECUTOR]: Now the nature of this pipe. This isn't a tobacco
pipe. Would you agree with that?
CURTIS: Uh, yeah. But I ...
[PROSECUTOR]: This is what you normally smoke tobacco with?
CURTIS: No.
[PROSECUTOR]: In fact, you had marijuana pipes that are
somewhat similar in nature. Would you agree with that?
CURTIS: Yeah.
[PROSECUTOR]: Ok. But this ... you would recognize this [as] a
drug pipe. Would you not?
CURTIS: You know, a little pipe for marijuana residue. The opium
type stuff.
[PROSECUTOR]: Ok. So this is an illegal pipe. Whether it be
marijuana. Whether it be methamphetamine. Heroin, whatever. Would
you agree with that?
CURTIS : Yeah.
[PROSECUTOR]: Ok. So for a person that you have ... not
supposed to have contact withJIJ Ok? Hands you an illegal pipe. Can you
tell the jury why you would accept that from her?
CURTIS: Ijust did... I don't know. I thought I was doing her a
favor and it didn't tum out that way.
1A restraining order prohibited Mr. Curtis from having contact with Ms. Hom.
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State v. Curtis
[PROSECUTOR]: So what did you think was in this?
CURTIS: I didn't think. I just ... I've never smoked meth myself.
So I had no clue.
[PROSECUTOR]: You've seen meth before.
CURTIS: I've seen a white powder in a baggy.
[PROSECUTOR]: And this doesn't look like marijuana residue.
It's white. Right?
CURTIS: Yeah.
RP at 235-36 (some alterations in original).
At the close of trial, the trial court refused to give an unwitting possession
instruction, explaining:
Testimony from Mr. Curtis was that he knew it was a pipe. Knew it was a
pipe used to ingest an illegal substance. He thought it was marijuana as
opposed to methamphetamine.... I think he probably, under the law has
that duty. So I'm not going to give the instruction.
RP at 247.
Defense counsel objected, arguing:
I think the case law is clear that it is not only whether or not you have the
item in your possession, but know the nature of the substance. And I think
that's especially important in Washington law. Because, I believe, it's a
sentencing issue .... You know clearly, having illegal possession of
marijuana would be a misdemeanor. Whereas, this is a class "C" felony.
RP at 248.
During deliberations, the jury asked whether the pipe residue could be considered a
controlled substance. The judge informed the jury that pipe residue could be considered a
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State v. Curtis
controlled substance if it contained methamphetamine. The jury found Mr. Curtis guilty
of possession of an unlawful substance, methamphetamine.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Curtis testified that he did not know that the substance in the pipe was
methamphetamine. He argues that the trial court erred by preventing him from raising his
defense when it refused to instruct the jury on unwitting possession.
To convict Mr. Curtis of the offense of possession of a controlled substance,
methamphetamine, the State was required to prove the nature of the substance and
possession by the defendant. RCW 69.50.401; RCW 69.50.4013(1); State v. Staley, 123
Wn.2d 794, 798,872 P.2d 502 (1994). "Once the State establishes prima facie evidence
of possession, the defendant may, nevertheless, affirmatively assert that his possession of
the drug was 'unwitting.'" Staley, 123 Wn.2d at 799.
We review de novo a trial court's refusal to grant a jury instruction based on a
ruling of law; however, where the refusal to grant an instruction is based on a matter of
fact, our review is only for an abuse of discretion. State v. Walker, 136 Wn.2d 767, 771
72, 966 P.2d 883 (1998).
As a general rule, a trial court must instruct on a party's theory of the case if the
proposed instruction accurately states the law and evidence supports it; the failure to do
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No. 31829-0-III
State v. Curtis
so is reversible error. State v. Otis, 151 Wn. App. 572, 578, 213 P.3d 613 (2009). "A
defendant raising an affirmative defense must offer sufficient admissible evidence to
justify giving an instruction on the defense." Id. "In evaluating whether the evidence is
sufficient to support a jury instruction on an affirmative defense, the court must interpret
it most strongly in favor of the defendant and must not weigh the proof or judge the
witnesses' credibility, which are exclusive functions of the jury." State v. May, 100 Wn.
App. 478, 482, 997 P.2d 956 (2000).
"'Unwitting possession is ajudicially created affirmative defense that may excuse
the defendant's behavior, notwithstanding the defendant's violation of the letter of the
statute.'" State v. Buford, 93 Wn. App. 149, 151-52,967 P.2d 548 (1998) (quoting State
v. Balzer, 91 Wn. App. 44, 67, 954 P.2d 931 (1998)). The defense serves to ameliorate
the harshness of the strict liability crime of possession of a controlled substance. State v.
Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d 528, 533, 98 P.3d 1190 (2004) (quoting State v. Cleppe, 96 Wn.2d
373,381,635 P.2d 435 (1981)). A criminal defendant is not entitled to an unwitting
possession instruction unless the evidence presented at trial is sufficient to permit a
reasonable juror to find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant
unwittingly possessed the contraband. Buford, 93 Wn. App. at 152-53. Specifically, the
defendant must demonstrate either that he did know he was in possession of the
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No. 31829-0-111
State v. Curtis
controlled substance or that he did not know the nature of the substance. Staley, 123
Wn.2d at 799. If the defendant establishes that "his 'possession' was unwitting, then he
had no possession for which the law will convict." Cleppe, 96 Wn.2d at 381. The court's
failure to give such an instruction constitutes reversible error. Otis, 151 Wn. App. at 578.
11 Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury Instructions: Criminal 52.01, at
1007 (3d ed. 2008) provides:
A person is not guilty of possession of a controlled substance if the
possession is unwitting. Possession of a controlled substance is unwitting if
a person [did not know that the substance was in [his] [her] possession] [or]
[did not know the nature of the substance].
The burden is on the defendant to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that the substance was possessed unwittingly. Preponderance of
the evidence means you must be persuaded, considering all of the evidence
in the case, that it is more probably true than not true.
Thus, to be entitled to an unwitting possession jury instruction based on not
knowing the nature of the substance, there must have been some evidence presented at
trial that Mr. Curtis knew he possessed the residue found in the pipe, but that he was not
aware the residue contained methamphetamine. The State contends that it "is not
required to prove the defendant's knowledge of the particular type of controlled substance
possessed; only that the defendant possessed a controlled substance." Br. of Resp't at 4.
It argues that "[Mr.] Curtis provided insufficient evidence of unwitting possession when
he testified that he knew the nature of the substance was an illegal substance." Br. of
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Resp't at 5.
State v. Goodman, 150 Wn.2d 774,83 P.3d 410 (2004) undermines the State's
argument. In that case, the Washington State Supreme Court held that the specific
identity of the controlled substance is an essential element when the identity of the
controlled substance aggravates the penalty a court may impose. In Goodman, the
defendant argued that a charge of possession with intent to deliver "meth" was deficient
because it could be confused with drugs other than methamphetamine, the possession of
which might carry a lower sentence. Id. at 778. The court agreed, holding that the State
must charge and prove the possession of a specific drug when the presence of the specific
drug increases the statutory maximum sentence. Id.
Mr. Curtis's conviction for possession of methamphetamine carried a maximum
sentence of five years. Had he been convicted of possession of less than 40 grams of
marijuana, a misdemeanor under former RCW 69.50.401(e) (1998),2 his maximum
sentence would have been 90 days. RCW 9A.20.021(3).3 Thus, because the statutory
maximum sentence increased depending on which controlled substance Mr. Curtis
2 Former RCW 69.50.401(e) provided that "any person found guilty of possession
of forty grams or less of marihuana shall be guilty of a misdemeanor."
3 RCW 9A.20.021(3) provides: "Every person convicted of a misdemeanor defined
in Title 9A RCW shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for a maximum
term fixed by the court of not more than ninety days, or by a fine of in an amount fixed by
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State v, Curtis
possessed, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the substance
Mr. Curtis possessed was methamphetamine.
In view of Goodman, Mr. Curtis correctly argued at trial that the State was
required to prove the exact nature of the controlled substance because a conviction for
possession of marijuana would have been a misdemeanor. On appeal, he argues he is
entitled to an unwitting possession instruction based on his testimony that he did not
know the pipe contained methamphetamine. Mr. Curtis's argument is supported by the
record.
During cross-examination, Mr. Curtis admitted that the pipe contained an illegal
substance of some sort-but he also testified that he did not know whether this substance
was marijuana or methamphetamine. This difference is crucial because in October 2012,
possession of these different controlled substances carried different maximum sentences.
He also testified that he had never smoked methamphetamine and therefore had "no clue"
that the residue in the pipe was methamphetamine. The trial court found that Mr. Curtis
thought the residue was "marijuana or methamphetamine," but concluded that Mr.
Curtis's knowledge that the pipe was used to ingest an illegal substance was sufficient to
preclude an unwitting possession instruction. RP at 247. This was an error of law.
the court of not more than one thousand dollars, or by both such imprisonment and fine."
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Viewing the facts in favor of Mr. Curtis and declining to assess the credibility of
the witnesses, sufficient evidence warranted an unwitting possession instruction. Mr.
Curtis's claim that he did not know that the pipe contained methamphetamine coupled
with his testimony that he had never smoked methamphetamine and, therefore, by
inference, would not be able to recognize methamphetamine residue, was sufficient for a
reasonable juror to find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Mr. Curtis unwittingly
possessed the methamphetamine. Accordingly, the trial court erred in failing to give an
unwitting possession jury instruction.
We next must determine whether this instructional error was prejudicial. A trial
court's refusal to give an instruction is not grounds for reversal unless it was prejudicial.
State v. Thomas, 110 Wn.2d 859,862, 757 P.2d 512 (1988). "It is not prejudicial 'unless,
within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the outcome ... would have
been materially affected.'" Id. (quoting State v. Cunningham, 93 Wn.2d 823, 831, 613
P.2d 1139 (1980)). The State notes that Mr. Curtis's unwitting possession defense
pertains only to the substance in the pipe, not the three baggies of methamphetamine that
appeared on the noor of the holding cell. As to those baggies, Mr. Curtis simply argued
that those did not belong to him.
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We find sufficient evidence in the record that the jury may have agreed with Mr.
Curtis on this point. During jury deliberations, the jury sent a written question to the
judge inquiring whether the residue in the pipe could constitute a controlled substance.
There would be no need to send such a question to the judge unless the jury believed Mr.
Curtis that the baggies containing methamphetamine on the holding cell floor did not
belong to him. Therefore, we are constrained to conclude that the instructional error was
prejudicial.
We reverse Mr. Curtis's conviction for possession of a controlled substance,
methamphetamine, and remand for a new trial.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
WE CONCUR:
Brown, J.
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