NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
PAUL MAY, individually and as legal )
guardian of Jean May, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D13-5626
)
HCA HEALTH SERVICES OF FLORIDA, )
INC., d/b/a Blake Medical Center; )
FRANCISCO ESPARZA, M.D.; DAVID )
DIVITA, M.D.; and PINNACLE MEDICAL )
GROUP, P.A., )
)
Appellees. )
________________________________ )
Opinion filed May 1, 2015.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Manatee
County; Peter A. Dubensky, Judge.
Celene H. Humphries and Tyler K. Pitchford
of Brannock & Humphries, Tampa, and
Gene Odom and Michael Valen of Martinez
Odom Law Group, P.A., Brandon, for
Appellant.
Karen S. Cox and Joshua P. Welsh of Bush
Ross, P.A., Tampa, for Appellee HCA
Health Services of Florida, Inc.
No appearance for remaining Appellees.
MORRIS, Judge.
Paul May, individually and as legal guardian for Jean May, appeals a final
summary judgment entered in favor of HCA Health Services of Florida, Inc., d/b/a Blake
Medical Center (the Medical Center), in the Mays' medical negligence action. The
Mays' original complaint listed Blake Medical Center Auxiliary (the Auxiliary) as a
defendant. During the pendency of the case, the Auxiliary filed a motion for summary
judgment wherein it asserted that it was entitled to judgment because it was not a
healthcare provider and did not employ healthcare professionals.1 The Auxiliary and
the Mays then entered into a stipulation for the Medical Center to be substituted for the
Auxiliary as a defendant. However, once the Medical Center became a defendant in the
case, it filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that the statute of limitations had
run. The trial court granted summary judgment on that basis. Because we conclude
that the mistake in naming the proper defendant was merely a misnomer, that all parties
knew that the Mays intended to sue the Medical Center, and that there is a substantial
identity of interest between the Medical Center and the Auxiliary, we hold that the trial
court erred by granting a final summary judgment, and we hereby reverse.
I. FACTS
In November 2008, Mr. May took Mrs. May to the Medical Center's
emergency room. The Medical Center admitted Mrs. May under suspicion that she may
have been suffering from a stroke. However, the neurologist who evaluated her
concluded that her symptoms were nothing more than disequilibrium and vertigo and
1
The Auxiliary explained that it provides support services to the hospital,
but it does not provide medical care.
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recommended her discharge. A second doctor at the Medical Center came to the same
conclusion, and Mrs. May was discharged.
A few hours after her discharge from the Medical Center, Mrs. May
returned because her physical condition had significantly deteriorated. A third physician
examined her, ordered a CAT scan with contrast of her brain, and ultimately diagnosed
her as suffering from a severe stroke. Mrs. May is now wheelchair bound, unable to
speak, and is permanently incontinent.
In March 2011, the Mays filed a complaint against the two physicians who
originally discharged her. The Mays also named the Auxiliary as a defendant believing
it to be the Medical Center. In addition to sharing similar names, the Medical Center
and the Auxiliary share the same legal counsel and the same physical address. In
filings with the Florida Secretary of State, the Auxiliary lists the Medical Center as its
principal place of business along with listing the Medical Center's physical address as
both the Auxiliary's mailing address and the Auxiliary's registered agent's address.
After receiving the complaint, the Auxiliary's counsel filed a generic
answer denying all of the Mays' claims and listing affirmative defenses, most of which
are common to tort litigation. Although the Auxiliary generally denied the Mays'
allegations that it was a hospital or held itself out as a hospital and that it had any
hospital-patient relationship with Mrs. May, it did not explain the nature of the Auxiliary
or its relationship with the Medical Center. Only one of the affirmative defenses came
close to revealing that the Auxiliary was not the medical provider for Mrs. May. In the
first affirmative defense, the Auxiliary stated it was "not a proper party to this action."
There was no factual explanation provided as to why the Auxiliary was not a proper
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party. Two other affirmative defenses were more vaguely worded, though it was argued
to this court that they could also be interpreted as alleging that the Medical Center was
the proper defendant.
In May of 2011, the Mays filed a motion to strike several of the Auxiliary's
affirmative defenses. On that same day, the Auxiliary began serving notices of its
intention to serve nonparty subpoenas on various medical-related entities and providers
in an effort to collect Mrs. May's medical records. Between May 2011 and August 2012,
the Auxiliary sent subpoenas to at least eighty-three of Mrs. May's nonparty medical
providers. In June 2011 and February 2012, the Auxiliary served over thirty-five
requests seeking copies of various medical records from other entities.
In its March 2012 motion for summary judgment, the Auxiliary revealed its
relationship to the Medical Center; the Auxiliary also revealed that it was not a licensed
healthcare provider or facility. Notably, this was after the statute of limitations had run.
In response to this information, the Mays and the Auxiliary entered into a joint stipulation
acknowledging that the Mays had mistakenly named the Auxiliary as defendant and
substituting the Medical Center in the Auxiliary's place. The stipulation specifically
provided that "[d]efendants do not waive any affirmative defenses, including but not
limited to the statute of limitations."
Prior to the entry of the stipulation, the Auxiliary had failed to respond to
outstanding requests for copies of records pending from other defendants. After the
Medical Center was substituted for the Auxiliary as a party to the action, the Medical
Center fulfilled seventy-three of those requests.
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In October 2012, the Mays filed their amended complaint naming the
Medical Center as a defendant in the case. The Medical Center filed its answer and
affirmative defenses, adding the affirmative defense that the statute of limitations had
run. The Medical Center subsequently filed its motion for summary judgment based on
the statute of limitations argument.
In their response to the Medical Center's motion for summary judgment,
the Mays asserted that the Auxiliary had "not conducted discovery or otherwise
participated in this lawsuit in any manner." This was despite the fact that the Auxiliary
served nonparty discovery requests. The Mays explained that
[a]lthough [the] Auxiliary, by and through legal counsel at
Bush Ross, P.A., answered the original complaint knowing
Plaintiff incorrectly named the hospital where the alleged
medical negligence occurred, it was [the] Medical Center, by
and through the same legal counsel at Bush Ross, P.A., that
conducted all discovery and participated in every aspect of
this pending litigation.
Thus it is clear that the Mays' theory of misnomer was predicated on the idea that the
Medical Center was acting through the Auxiliary when serving the nonparty discovery
requests. The Mays also asserted that the Medical Center was estopped from
challenging its substitution into the case because the trial court approved the stipulation
of substitution between the parties on the basis that the Mays had incorrectly named the
corporate defendant.
At the summary judgment hearing, the Medical Center's counsel argued at
length that there was no overlap or identity of interest between the Medical Center and
the Auxiliary, but even if there was such an overlap, that fact would not be sufficient to
permit the amended complaint to relate back to the filing of the original complaint. The
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Medical Center's counsel also argued that the Medical Center "did not engage in
discovery . . . until the parties had been changed out and the right defendant was in"
and that, therefore, this was not a case "where there was any kind of lulling."
In November 2013, the trial court granted the Medical Center's motion for
summary judgment. In doing so, the trial court found that the complaint filed against the
Auxiliary was not a misnomer because the Medical Center was a separate corporate
entity and that the Auxiliary's answer should have placed the Mays on notice of their
mistake. The trial court also relied on Gray v. Executive Drywall, Inc., 520 So. 2d 619
(Fla. 2d DCA 1988), finding that there was no overlap of interest between the Auxiliary
and the Medical Center because the Auxiliary did not provide medical care. Lastly, the
trial court noted that the stipulation between the Mays and the Auxiliary specifically
stated that the affirmative defense of statute of limitations was being reserved.
II. ANALYSIS
" 'Summary judgment is proper only if (1) no genuine issue of material fact
exists, viewing every possible inference in favor of the party against whom summary
judgment has been entered and (2) the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.' " Hardey v. Shell, 144 So. 3d 668, 671 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (quoting
Armiger v. Associated Outdoor Clubs, Inc., 48 So. 3d 864, 869 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)).
We review a final summary judgment de novo. Volusia Cnty. v. Aberdeen at Ormond
Beach, L.P., 760 So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla. 2000).
We first note that the Medical Center contends that because the Mays did
not file a reply in response to the Medical Center's answer and affirmative defenses, the
Mays have waived any argument that the action is barred by the statute of limitations
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because a misnomer occurred and/or because there was an identity of interest between
the Auxiliary and the Medical Center. However, the Mays filed a response to the
Medical Center's motion for summary judgment wherein they raised the misnomer issue
and asserted, somewhat inartfully, that the Medical Center had been acting as the
Auxiliary when it engaged in discovery. And the transcript of the hearing reveals that
the trial court was clearly aware of all of the arguments being made. Thus we are not
persuaded by the Medical Center's preservation argument. Cf. Corya v. Sanders, 76
So. 3d 31, 33 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (holding that defendant waived reliance on New York
law because (1) she relied on Florida law in answer and affirmative defenses and failed
to file any response or affidavits in opposition to the motion for summary judgment and
(2) there was no transcript of the motion hearing provided). Further, the Medical Center
never raised the issue of the Mays' failure to file a reply before the trial court. Thus, it
cannot make a tipsy coachman argument on that basis here. See Fitzsimmons v. State,
935 So. 2d 125, 128 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (holding that where State failed to raise
alternative argument below and thus defense did not have an opportunity to respond, "it
would be improper to rely on the 'tipsy coachman' doctrine to affirm the trial court's
ruling").
On the merits then, the issue is whether the Mays' mistake in naming the
Auxiliary in their complaint constitutes a misnomer for which relief is available.
Ordinarily, if a plaintiff sues the wrong corporate party, "the mistake cannot be remedied
after the period of limitations has elapsed." B & H Sales, Inc. v. Fusco Corp., 342 So.
2d 105, 107 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977). However, there is an exception where, after the
limitations period has run, "a substitution of a corporation as a party defendant for
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another corporation amounts to no more than rectifying a misnomer." Id. In that
situation, "the statute of limitations will not be a bar," id., and we allow the amendment
of a complaint and relation back to the original filing where the new party will not be
prejudiced, see Arnwine v. Huntington Nat'l Bank, N.A., 818 So. 2d 621, 624 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2002). "Thus, relation back will usually apply when the new party 'knew or should
have known that the plaintiff had made a mistake or was guilty of a misnomer as
concerns the correct identity of the defendant so that the added party was deemed to
have suffered no prejudice by being tardily brought in or substituted as a party.' "
Arnwine, 818 So. 2d at 624 (quoting Kozich v. Shahady, 702 So. 2d 1289, 1291 (Fla.
4th DCA 1997)).2
In B & H Sales, Inc., the plaintiff sued a corporation by the name of
Sunshine Associates, Inc., regarding a contractual dispute. 342 So. 2d at 106.
Sunshine Associates filed various defensive pleadings including an answer with
affirmative defenses. Sunshine Associates also responded to discovery requests. Id. It
was only after B & H Sales moved for summary judgment that Sunshine Associates
revealed that the correct name of the defendant was The Fusco Corporation, which had
been doing business as Sunshine Associates. Id. at 106-07. On those facts, we
concluded that applying the statute of limitations to bar the amended complaint would
be "manifestly unjust" because the mistake in naming the defendant was merely a
misnomer. Id. at 107. Thus, we held that the amended complaint related back to the
2
The relation back doctrine is in accordance with the policies that Florida
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.190(c), permitting the amendment of pleadings, "should be
liberally construed" and that "cases should be resolved on the merits whenever
possible." Caduceus Props., LLC v. Graney, 137 So. 3d 987, 993 (Fla. 2014).
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original pleading. Id.; see also Schwartz v. Metro Limo, Inc., 683 So. 2d 201, 203-04
(Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (holding that where incorrectly named defendant filed a motion to
dismiss and an answer with affirmative defenses and actively participated in discovery,
it "led the plaintiff to believe that the correct defendant had been sued" and that the
plaintiff was therefore entitled to amend its complaint to correct the misnomer); Galuppi
v. Viele, 232 So. 2d 408, 410-11 (Fla. 4th DCA 1970) (similar).
In addition to an incorrectly named party's active participation in the
litigation, there are other factors that courts have considered in holding that a misnomer
occurred. See, e.g., Darden v. Beverly Health & Rehab., 763 So. 2d 542, 543 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2000) (same law firm, same corporate address, overlapping directors, and same
registered agent); Schwartz ex rel. Schwartz v. Wilt Chamberlain's of Boca Raton, Ltd.,
725 So. 2d 451, 453 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (same officers, same registered agent, and
same attorney); Kozich, 702 So. 2d at 1291 (same address, phone, and fax numbers,
overlapping officers, directors, and shareholders, same registered agent, and same
attorney); Metro Limo, Inc., 683 So. 2d at 203 (similar names, same premises, same
principal operating officer, same registered agent, and same attorney); Palm Beach
Cnty. v. Savage Constr. Corp., 627 So. 2d 1332, 1333-34 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993)
(overlapping officers and directors, shared consolidated financial and registration
statements, same attorney, same registered agent, and same premises with shared,
single telephone line). Some of those factors are present in this case.
We acknowledge that in Gray, we rejected the claim that the plaintiff's
mistake in failing to name an additional defendant (as owner of the originally named
defendant) constituted a misnomer despite the facts that both entities had some
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common ownership of stock, occupied the same office building (though in different
offices), used the same person to sign contracts, the same attorney, and the same
insurance carrier and despite the fact that the proper defendant knew of the litigation
and would not have been prejudiced by being added as a party. Gray, 520 So. 2d at
620-21. But Gray does not control the outcome in this case. This is because in Gray,
the originally named defendant "did not conduct the type of extensive discovery aimed
at prolonging matters until the statute of limitations expired." Id. at 621.
Here, in contrast, the Auxiliary—the incorrectly named defendant—filed an
answer and affirmative defenses. The Auxiliary's counsel, who also happens to be
counsel for the Medical Center, then engaged in discovery, including serving subpoenas
on eighty-three of Mrs. May's nonparty medical providers and serving thirty-five
requests for copies of various medical records from other entities. It was only after the
statute of limitations had run that the Auxiliary, for the first time in its motion for
summary judgment, explicitly revealed its relationship to the Medical Center and that it
[the Auxiliary] was not a licensed healthcare provider or facility, i.e., it was not the
proper defendant.
While we do not dispute that a defendant has "no obligation to advise [a]
plaintiff who[m] to sue," Gray, 520 So. 2d at 621, we also adhere to the principle that
"[t]he trial of a lawsuit should be a sincere effort to arrive at the truth." Cabot v.
Clearwater Constr. Co., 89 So. 2d 662, 664 (Fla. 1956)). "It is no longer a game of
chess in which the technique of the maneuver captures the prize." Id.; see also Metro
Limo, Inc., 683 So. 2d at 203 (agreeing that the general rule that a defendant does not
have an obligation to advise the plaintiff of his mistake in naming the proper defendant
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is inapplicable where the incorrectly named defendant, through its overt acts, lulls the
plaintiff into a false sense of security) (citations omitted). The Auxiliary's conduct in
responding to the complaint and engaging in discovery up to the point of filing its motion
for summary judgment—in conjunction with the facts that the Auxiliary had a similar
name to the Medical Center, shared the same physical address as the Medical Center,
utilized the same counsel as the Medical Center, and used the Medical Center's
physical address for purposes of mailing and for service of process—led the Mays to
believe they had sued the correct party. The mistake here amounts to nothing more
than a misnomer and it would be "manifestly unjust" to apply the statute of limitations as
a bar to the amended complaint under the facts of this case. See B & H Sales, Inc., 342
So. 2d at 107. Further, because it was clear from the Mays' complaint that the subject
was the alleged negligence of the Medical Center, and because the Medical Center,
through its counsel " 'knew or should have known that the [Mays] had made a mistake
or [were] guilty of a misnomer' " in identifying the correct defendant, the Medical Center
would not be prejudiced by the amendment. Arnwine, 818 So. 2d at 624 (quoting
Kozich, 702 So. 2d at 1291); see also St. John's Hosp. & Health Ctr. v. Toomey, 610
So. 2d 62, 64 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) (holding that defendant estate was not prejudiced by
amendment of complaint to correct misnomer in name between hospital and its similarly
named fundraising foundation where the complaints were identical except for correction
of the name and clearly indicated the subject matter of the suit and where estate had
actual knowledge that foundation was the intended plaintiff).
Finally, unlike the trial court, we do not fault the Mays for failing to inquire
further after the Auxiliary stated in its first affirmative defense that it was "not a proper
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party to this action." Such a conclusory statement, without supporting facts, is legally
insufficient. See Leal v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co., 21 So. 3d 907, 909 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2009); Cady v. Chevy Chase Sav. & Loan, Inc., 528 So. 2d 136, 138 (Fla. 4th DCA
1988). Additionally, the Auxiliary's conduct in engaging in discovery was inconsistent
with its assertion that it was not a proper party to the action. That conduct, in
conjunction with the facts suggesting a substantial identity of interest noted herein,
essentially led the Mays to believe that no further inquiry was necessary.
We therefore hold that the trial court erred by entering a final summary
judgment in favor of the Medical Center.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings in conformance with this opinion.
ALTENBERND and LAROSE, JJ., Concur.
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