DLD-176 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 14-4559
___________
MONROE E. BULLOCK,
Appellant
v.
COUNSELOR GARY BUCK; C.O. MAXELL, LAUNDRY FOREMAN;
LIEUTENANT ROBERT F. SCOTT
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil Action No. 1-12-cv-00248)
District Judge: Honorable Mark R. Hornak
____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)
or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
April 23, 2015
Before: FISHER, SHWARTZ and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: May 1, 2015)
_________
OPINION*
_________
PER CURIAM
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Monroe Bullock appeals pro se from the judgment entered against him in a civil
rights action. For the following reasons, we will summarily affirm. See Murray v.
Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam).
I.
In October 2012, Bullock, a federal prisoner, began an action under Bivens v. Six
Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), in the District Court. He
alleged that three members of prison staff at the Federal Correctional Institution in
McKean County, (“FCI-McKean”), where he was previously incarcerated, violated his
constitutional rights by retaliating against him for grievances filed. He claimed, among
other things, that he was removed from work assignments, reassigned to lower-quality
housing, and temporarily denied privileges such as access to telephones and commissary
service as the result of his filing of grievances between January 1, 2010, and March 1,
2010.
Defendants filed a motion seeking dismissal, or, in the alternative, summary
judgment, citing several grounds, including that Bullock’s claims were barred by the
applicable statute of limitations and that Bullock failed to exhaust all available
administrative remedies for his claims. The District Court adopted the Magistrate
Judge’s recommendation and granted summary judgment on the grounds that Bullock’s
2
claims were time-barred. Bullock then filed a timely1 Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion to
amend the judgment, arguing that the statute of limitations should have been tolled while
his claims were pending in the prison grievance system. The District Court declined to
alter its judgment, but it issued a new opinion that relied on Bullock’s failure to exhaust
administrative remedies and his failure to allege sufficiently adverse action, in addition to
(to a lesser degree) timeliness. Bullock appealed.
We begin by addressing the scope of the appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291 over the District Court’s original grant of summary judgment and its
denial of the motion for reconsideration. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4). Although Bullock
formally appealed only the District Court’s denial of his timely motion to amend the
judgment, this “technical inadequacy . . . does not in itself deprive us of jurisdiction over
the appeal from the underlying order.” LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr. Ass'n,
503 F.3d 217, 225 (3d Cir. 2007). We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s
summary-judgment order. See Camp v. Brennan, 219 F.3d 279, 280 (3d Cir. 2000).
Summary judgment is proper where, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party and drawing all inferences in favor of that party, there is no genuine
issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
1
The District Court specifically found that Bullock’s motion was turned over to prison
officials for mailing within the time for filing a Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion. See
Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270 (1988).
3
We ordinarily review the denial of a Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion for abuse of
discretion. Long v. Atl. City Police Dep’t, 670 F.3d 436, 446-47 (3d Cir. 2012). “[A]
court abuses its discretion when its ruling is founded on an error of law or a
misapplication of law to the facts.” Id. at 447 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). We can therefore examine the new legal grounds offered by the District Court
on reconsideration. Even on reconsideration, we may review a District Court’s new legal
conclusions de novo. See Koshatka v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 762 F.2d 329, 333 (3d
Cir. 1985) (“[I]f the court's denial was based upon the interpretation and application of a
legal precept, review is plenary.”).
II.
The District Court properly denied Bullock’s motion to amend the judgment,
which substantially changed its reasoning for granting summary judgment. 2 Under the
Prison Litigation Reform Act, inmates must exhaust all available administrative remedies
before filing a suit alleging specific acts of unconstitutional conduct by prison officials.
42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 83 (2006). An inmate must
exhaust these remedies “in the literal sense”; no further avenues in the prison’s grievance
process should be available. Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218, 232 (3d Cir. 2004).
2
In ruling on a Rule 59(e) motion, a District Court is not limited to the grounds set forth
in the motion itself. Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e); Varley v. Tampax, Inc., 855 F.2d 696 (10th
Cir. 1988); United States v. Hollis, 424 F.2d 188, 191 (4th Cir. 1970); 11 Wright &
Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2817 at 192 n.34 (1969). The District Court was
therefore within its authority when, in addition to discussing the applicable statute of
limitations, it also addressed tolling, exhaustion, and the merits of Bullock’s allegations.
4
Therefore, where administrative appeals are permitted, as they are at FCI-McKean, the
inmate must pursue them if he hopes to fulfill the exhaustion requirement. Id. Therefore,
the District Court properly confined its analysis to the three grievances that Bullock
exhausted.
Bullock fully exhausted Administrative Remedy No. 563523-A2 on August 2,
2010. We recently held that the statute of limitations is tolled while an inmate exhausts
administrative remedies. Pearson v. Sec'y Dep't of Corr., 775 F.3d 598, 603 (3d Cir.
2015). The two-year statute of limitations for this claim thus began to run on the date he
exhausted those remedies. Bullock did not file his Bivens complaint until October 12,
2012, see Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 276 (1988), well outside the two year statute of
limitations. The District Court was therefore correct in holding that Bullock was time-
barred from bringing a civil action based on the conduct challenged in the grievance.
Bullock’s remaining two claims fail because they do not meet the standards for
retaliation. To prove retaliation, the inmate must show “1) the conduct in which he was
engaged was constitutionally protected; 2) he suffered ‘adverse action’ at the hands of
prison officials; and 3) his constitutionally protected conduct was a substantial or
motivating factor in the decision to discipline him.” Carter v. McGrady, 292 F.3d 152,
158 (3d Cir. 2002). Filing grievances can be constitutionally protected conduct. See
Mitchell v. Horn, 318 F.3d 523, 530 (3d Cir. 2003). Because Bullock’s retaliation claims
all stem from grievances that he filed, we consider that he has satisfied the first prong of
5
retaliation and confine our analysis to the second and third prongs, adverse action and
causation, respectively.
Bullock’s Administrative Remedy No. 579508-A1 complained only that he was
transferred from a job in the prison laundry (where he worked for two days) to one in the
dining hall, where he had previously worked. (Roughly two weeks later, prison staff
approved his request to transfer to the education sector and assigned him duties there as
an orderly.) To make out a viable retaliation claim, the alleged retaliatory action must be
sufficiently adverse “to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his First
Amendment rights.” Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 225 (3d Cir. 2000) (internal
citations and quotations omitted). Bullock did not claim that he suffered worse treatment
in the dining hall. See id. He has therefore failed to allege sufficient facts to make a
plausible claim that he has suffered adverse action. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
663-64 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007). Even if
the reassignment could be seen as adverse action, “prison officials may still prevail by
proving that they would have made the same decision absent the protected conduct for
reasons reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest.” Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d
330, 334 (3d Cir. 2001). Here, in response to Bullock’s administrative appeal, the Acting
Warden explained that officials had mistakenly placed Bullock in the laundry department
and that other prisoners assigned to the laundry either had prior experience or had been
interviewed for the position. The District Court thus correctly rejected this claim.
6
Bullock’s claim relating to Administrative Remedy No. 599989-A3 also lacks
merit because it cannot satisfy the three-prong test for retaliation required by Carter. This
grievance complained that Bullock received a misconduct in retaliation for threatening to
report Buck for using unnecessary force during a pat-search, and that, as a result, Bullock
lost telephone and commissary privileges for 60 days. Viewing the record in a light most
favorable to Bullock, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986), a
reasonable jury might conclude that Bullock alleged enough facts to satisfy the adverse
action prong of Carter.3 See Andrade v. Hauck, 452 F.2d 1071, 1071–72 (5th Cir. 1971)
(concluding that denial of commissary privileges in retaliation for writing to a judge was
sufficiently adverse action to avoid dismissal).
However, Bullock’s claim fails to survive the burden-shifting framework required
by the causation prong. 4 See Rauser, 241 F.3d at 333. Under this framework, even if
Bullock could establish that his threat to file a grievance was “a substantial or motivating
factor” in Buck’s decision to issue the misconduct, see id., his claim would still not
survive summary judgment. The misconduct report indicated, we note, that Bullock
received the misconduct not due to his complaint – but due to the insolent manner in
3
The District Court relied on the lack of sufficiently adverse action when it denied this
claim, but we may affirm on any basis supported by the record. See Murray v. Bledsoe,
650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011).
4
“The Court held that the plaintiff bore the initial burden of proving that his
constitutionally protected conduct was ‘a substantial or motivating factor’ in the decision
to discipline him. . . . The burden then shifted to the defendant to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that it would have taken the same disciplinary action even
in the absence of the protected activity.” Rauser at 333 (citing Mount Healthy Bd. of Ed.
v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287 (1977)).
7
which he confronted Buck about the search. Indeed, Bullock was later found guilty of
insolence by the disciplinary board. 5 Federal courts are, we note, reluctant to review a
prison disciplinary board’s findings. See Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455
(1985). Our standard of review regarding disciplinary board decisions is highly
deferential: “[T]he relevant question is whether there is any evidence in the record that
could support the conclusion reached by the disciplinary board.” Id. at 455-56. Here,
notably, Bullock’s own version of the incident pointed to evidence of insolence; he stated
that he went to Buck’s office to “tell [Buck] that he didn’t need to grab me like that,”
which could reasonably be interpreted as insolent in a prison context. This constitutes at
least some evidence that Bullock is guilty of insolence. See Henderson v. Baird, 29 F.3d
464, 469 (8th Cir. 1994) (concluding that because the finding of guilt in the inmate’s
disciplinary hearing was based on “some evidence,” that finding “essentially checkmates
his retaliation claim”). We have no doubt that a prison acts on a legitimate penological
interest when it acts to deter insolence. See Rauser, 241 F.3d at 334.
Given the undisputed summary judgment evidence, a reasonable finder of fact
would have to conclude that the defendants showed that they would have made the same
decision regardless of Bullock’s protected conduct. The evidence indicated that Bullock
was sanctioned not for the fact that he complained – or on the content of his complaints.
Instead, the evidence showed that Bullock was sanctioned for the way he complained.
5
Buck initially charged Bullock with threatening staff, but the disciplinary board later
found Bullock guilty of insolence.
8
The District Court therefore properly rejected Bullock’s claim arising from this
grievance.
IV.
For the reasons given, we will summarily affirm the judgment of the District
Court.
9