This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A14-1008
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Lawrence Craig Ogris,
Appellant.
Filed May 4, 2015
Affirmed
Rodenberg, Judge
Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-13-3280
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Kaarin Long, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul,
Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Davi E. Axelson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and
Smith, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RODENBERG, Judge
Appellant Lawrence Ogris challenges his conviction of second-degree criminal
sexual conduct, arguing that the district court erred in admitting other-acts evidence.
Appellant also claims that his trial counsel was ineffective. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant was charged with second-degree criminal sexual conduct, in violation of
Minn. Stat. § 609.343, subd. 1(c) (2012), after an incident in May 2013, when he met an
18-year-old high school senior, N.H., in a St. Paul skyway after school. Appellant
complimented N.H. on his gauges (large earrings), introduced himself as “Lorenzo,” and
offered to smoke marijuana with N.H. Appellant offered the marijuana to N.H. for free,
N.H. agreed to smoke it with appellant, and appellant told N.H. that he knew of a place
where they could smoke “and not get caught.”
Appellant and N.H. walked through the skyway and across the street to an
apartment complex. The entrance to the apartment complex was secure and appellant had
no key. Appellant and N.H. waited for a person to exit, stopped the door from closing
fully, and then entered the complex. Appellant and N.H. approached a stairwell and
appellant offered N.H. $100.1 Appellant and N.H. went to the bottom of a stairwell,
where appellant showed N.H. various pill bottles and offered N.H. a beer. N.H. accepted
1
N.H.’s trial testimony on this point was conflicting, but on cross-examination N.H.
confirmed telling one of the officers that appellant offered him $100.
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the beer and took a few sips of it. Appellant then pushed N.H. against the wall, using his
forearm to press against N.H.’s throat.
Appellant began to grope the front of N.H.’s pants. Appellant told N.H., “I’m
gonna suck your dick, you’re gonna suck my dick.” Appellant also held an unknown
cylindrical object to N.H.’s stomach. N.H. believed the object was a gun because
appellant threatened to shoot him. Appellant also told N.H. that he had a knife. At some
point during the encounter, appellant reached beneath N.H.’s clothes and grabbed N.H.’s
bare penis and his bare buttocks. Appellant also pushed N.H. to the ground.
After a struggle, N.H. managed to escape. He approached a stranger at a bus stop
and asked to use that person’s cell phone. He called the police. Officer Michael Matsen
arrived 20 minutes later. N.H. told Officer Matsen what had happened. Officer Matsen
told him “that a similar situation happened at a bar with possibly the same . . . guy, like
exposing himself to someone at some bar in the area, like a bit ago.” While Officer
Matsen and N.H. were talking, Officer Matsen received a call about a man detained for
theft by the security staff of the apartment complex where N.H. was assaulted. The
description of the detained man matched N.H.’s description of his attacker. N.H.
remained in Officer Matsen’s squad car while the officer investigated the matter in the
apartment complex.
The state presented evidence at trial concerning appellant’s detention at the
apartment complex where N.H. was assaulted. Appellant had allegedly stolen a
backpack. Within minutes of the report of the stolen backpack, the apartment complex’s
head of security spotted appellant entering the third floor with a backpack that looked like
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the one reported stolen. He detained appellant. When Officer Matsen arrived, he thought
N.H.’s description of his attacker matched appellant “exactly.” Officer Matsen took
appellant into custody for theft and mentioned nothing about the reported sexual assault.
While appellant was being escorted to a squad car, he spontaneously told Officer Matsen
that “some weird white kid claimed [appellant] raped him and [appellant] told the kid to
get away.”
Appellant was placed in the back of a squad car, and Officer Matsen escorted N.H.
to a location where he could see the squad car. A different officer removed appellant
from the back of the squad car and N.H. exclaimed, “Yes, that’s him, that’s him, that’s
the guy.” N.H. became emotional.
Before trial, the state notified appellant that it intended to offer evidence relating
to another criminal sexual assault under Minn. R. Crim. P. 7.02. The assault occurred in
December 2013, about six months after the charged offense. Before the jury was called
in for voir dire on the first morning of trial, the district court heard arguments about the
admissibility of evidence relating to this other incident. The state proposed to present
testimony from a 20-year-old man, J.D., who, while attending his younger brother’s
birthday party at a hotel in Bloomington, was similarly assaulted by appellant. The state
expected J.D. to testify that appellant was “hanging around” the hotel’s pool and
eventually walked over to J.D. and his family, inquiring whether they had seen a bag that
he had lost. The state expected J.D. to testify that he went to a different area of the hotel
and appellant followed him. The state expected J.D. to testify that, in order to get away
from appellant, J.D. entered the men’s bathroom. The state expected J.D. to testify that
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appellant followed him into the bathroom and that before J.D. knew he was there,
appellant grabbed him and “grabbed his penis, over his shorts.” The state expected J.D.
to testify that appellant offered J.D. $100 not to say anything. The state told the district
court that this assault was reported, appellant was arrested, and he claimed that a “young
man had approached him wanting to use drugs.”
The state argued that this Spreigl, or other-acts, evidence would be introduced to
demonstrate appellant’s “intent to commit a sexual assault and further goes to show a
common scheme or plan on the part of [appellant].” Appellant’s counsel argued that the
evidence would be highly prejudicial and would be “premature punishment for something
he’s not been convicted of.” The district court reserved its ruling until after the state
presented its case-in-chief.
After the state had presented its case-in-chief, the district court revisited the
Spreigl issue. The state renewed its request to offer J.D.’s testimony and that of the
investigating officer in the December incident. The district court ruled as follows:
There is a requirement that the State must provide evidence
and convince this Court that there’s clear and convincing
evidence of its occurrence. Based on both the offer of proof
and my review of the police reports, I do believe there is clear
and convincing evidence . . . . The age of both victims is
similar . . . . The type of touching is similar. The statements
of the defendant in both incidences are similar. The mention
of a hundred dollars appears in both cases. The place is
analogous . . . they’re both places where there are people who
have rented places and then there’s common areas . . . there’s
a marked similarity between these two incidences . . . I think
it fits squarely under the Spreigl analysis and I’m going to
allow that case to be introduced.
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At trial, appellant did not object to either the testimony regarding the stolen
backpack, or to N.H.’s testimony that Officer Matsen had conveyed to him that appellant
may be the same person as a suspect in an indecent exposure case that occurred earlier
that day. The jury found appellant guilty, and this appeal followed. Appellant challenges
the admission of all of the other-acts evidence and claims that his trial counsel was
ineffective.
DECISION
I. Other Acts (Spreigl) Evidence
A. Objected-to subsequent-assault evidence
Appellant argues that the admission of evidence that he sexually assaulted another
man after the charged incident was in error, arguing that the evidence was not material or
relevant and that its admission was more prejudicial than probative. When there is an
objection to the admission of other-acts evidence, we review the district court’s decision
for an abuse of discretion. State v. Ness, 707 N.W.2d 676, 685 (Minn. 2006).
The Minnesota Rules of Evidence prevent the admission of another “crime,
wrong, or act . . . to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith.” Minn. R. Evid. 404(b). This general exclusionary rule of other-acts
evidence, often referred to as Spreigl evidence after State v. Spreigl, 272 Minn. 488, 139
N.W.2d 167 (1965), protects a defendant’s constitutional right to a fair trial. Ness, 707
N.W.2d at 685. The appellate decisions and rule 404(b) recognize exceptions to the
general exclusionary rule for other-acts evidence, including when the evidence is offered
to show motive, absence of mistake, identity, or a common scheme or plan. Minn. R.
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Evid. 404(b); Spreigl, 272 Minn. at 491, 139 N.W.2d at 169; see also Ness, 707 N.W.2d
at 688 (explaining the requirements when other-acts evidence is offered to prove a
common scheme or plan). To admit other-acts evidence under one of the enumerated
exceptions, (1) the state must give notice of its intent to admit the evidence; (2) it must
clearly indicate what the evidence will be offered to prove; (3) there must be clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant participated in the prior act; (4) the evidence must
be relevant and material to the state’s case; and (5) the probative value of the evidence
must not be outweighed by its potential prejudice to the defendant. Minn. R. Evid.
404(b); see also Ness, 707 N.W.2d at 686 (extrapolating on each requirement). When the
admission of the other-acts evidence is a “close call,” the district court should exclude it.
Ness, 707 N.W.2d at 685.
Here, it is undisputed that the state gave notice of its intent to introduce the other-
acts evidence, and it identified the intended purpose of that evidence. The district court
correctly identified that there must be clear and convincing evidence that appellant
participated in the subsequent sexual assault, and we see no error in the district court’s
determination that the testimony of the victim and the investigating police officer met this
standard. See id. at 686 (stating that, to be clear and convincing, the evidence must have
a high probability of truthfulness). We likewise see no error in the district court’s
determination that the evidence is relevant to show a common scheme or plan after its
independent analysis of the similarity of the facts in both cases. See id. at 688.
The Minnesota Supreme Court has held that other-acts evidence is admissible
under the common scheme or plan exception when the other acts have a “marked
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similarity in modus operandi to the charged offense.” While the two incidents in this
case may not be identical, the record supports the district court’s finding that the
incidents are markedly similar. The two victims were of similar age, same gender, there
was similar touching, the assaults both took place in isolated areas of public places, and
in both cases appellant claimed that the victim approached him either accusing him of
rape, as in N.H.’s case, or asking him for marijuana, as in J.D.’s case. The district court
did not err in concluding that the evidence of the alleged assault on J.D. was admissible
under the common scheme or plan exception to the prohibition on other-acts evidence, as
the facts of both incidents are markedly similar.
Common scheme or plan evidence can “bolster [a witness’s] credibility by
showing that [the witness] was not fabricating” his testimony. Id. Here, one of the issues
was appellant’s contention that N.H.’s testimony was not credible because he told three
different accounts of what happened. In Ness, the supreme court noted that the potential
prejudice of other-acts evidence may outweigh the probative value when the state’s
evidence on the disputed fact for which the other-acts is offered is strong. Id. at 690-91.
While the district court did not expressly find that the probative value of this
evidence outweighed its prejudicial effect, it did reference the “need to weigh [prejudicial
value] against its probativeness for the two specific reasons the state is offering it, intent
or common scheme or plan.” In admitting the other-acts evidence, the district court
implicitly concluded that the probative value of the other-acts evidence outweighed the
prejudicial effect. The district court was best situated to weigh the prejudice against the
probative value. See State v. Spaeth, 552 N.W.2d 187, 193 (Minn. 1996) (“Admission of
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Spreigl evidence lies within the sound discretion of the trial court”). We see no error in
the district court’s implicit conclusion that the probative value of the evidence
outweighed its potential prejudicial effect.
The district court correctly applied the law to the proffered other-acts evidence and
did not abuse its discretion in admitting it.
B. Unobjected-to theft and indecent exposure evidence
Appellant next argues that the district court plainly erred in admitting testimony
that he stole a backpack at the apartment complex where the assault took place and
testimony that he may have been involved in an indecent exposure incident earlier that
day. Appellant did not object to either of these references at trial.
Failure to object to other-acts evidence generally constitutes a waiver of the right
to appeal unless the defendant can show plain error. State v. Washington, 693 N.W.2d
195, 204 (Minn. 2005); see also State v. Vick, 632 N.W.2d 676, 685 (Minn. 2001)
(holding that when there is no objection, the issue on appeal is whether the district court’s
failure to sua sponte strike testimony may be considered plain error). Plain error requires
the complaining party to show that the district court committed error, that the error
committed was plain, and that the error affected appellant’s substantial rights.
Washington, 693 N.W.2d at 204. An error is plain when it is clear or obvious, meaning
that the error contravenes caselaw, a rule, or a standard of conduct. State v. Sontoya, 788
N.W.2d 868, 872 (Minn. 2010). An error affects substantial rights when the error
prejudiced the outcome of the case. Id.
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1. Theft of the backpack
In State v. Hollins, we differentiated between extrinsic and intrinsic evidence
when determining whether the Spreigl analysis applies to the admitted evidence.
765 N.W.2d 125, 132 (Minn. App. 2009). We held that
evidence of another crime is intrinsic to the charged crime
and therefore admissible without regard to Minn. R. Evid.
404 if: (1) the other crime arose out of the same transaction
or series of transactions as the charged crime, and (2) either
(a) the other crime is relevant to an element of the charged
crime, or (b) excluding evidence of the other crime would
present an incoherent or incomplete story of the charged
crime.
Id. We also held that evidence that the defendant was “rolling a blunt” when the
confidential informant entered his apartment was not intrinsic to the charged crime
because, even though they occurred at the same time and during the same transaction, the
fact that the defendant possessed marijuana was not relevant to an element of the charged
crime—conspiring to and aiding and abetting the sale of cocaine—nor was the
defendant’s marijuana possession critical to the state’s presentation of a coherent and
complete story of the defendant’s involvement in the crimes charged. Id.
Here, the evidence that appellant stole a backpack occurred close in time to the
incident giving rise to the charged crime. Appellant was apprehended for stealing a
backpack and, while in custody, he was identified by N.H. as the sexual-assault
perpetrator. Even though the backpack theft was not an element of the charged offense,
we consider the theft as a part of the same series of transactions as the assault. Unlike in
Hollins, evidence of the backpack theft meets the second prong of the intrinsic-evidence
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test. Without explaining how appellant came to be detained, the state would not have
been able to present a complete story of the charged offense. Additionally, and
significantly, in the absence of evidence that appellant was initially arrested for theft, and
that he had not been informed of the assault claim, the probative significance of
appellant’s unsolicited statement to Officer Matsen that “some weird white kid” claimed
that appellant raped him would have been obliterated. That statement, in context, was
highly relevant. And the context was that appellant had been detained for an offense
completely unrelated to his denial of the sexual-assault claim. Because the evidence of
the backpack theft fits within the intrinsic evidence test set forth in Hollins, we conclude
that the admission of evidence of the theft was not plain error.
Appellant also argues that the district court plainly erred in not acting sua sponte
to strike the testimony regarding the backpack theft. Since the admission of the evidence
was not plainly erroneous, the district court was presented with no error to correct.
2. Indecent exposure
Appellant also argues that the district court plainly erred in allowing testimony
referring to an indecent-exposure incident earlier in the day. Again, there was no
objection at trial and we therefore review for plain error. Washington, 693 N.W.2d at
204.
The testimony of N.H. that Officer Matsen told him that “a similar situation
happened at a bar with possibly the same . . . guy, like exposing himself to someone at
some bar in the area, like a little bit ago” may well have been objectionable. It was not
probative concerning the charged offense. Unlike the other-acts testimony of J.D.,
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discussed above, this reference was not indicative of a common scheme or plan. For
purposes of discussion, we consider its admission to have been plainly erroneous.
But appellant must show, in addition to plain error, that his substantial rights were
affected by the plain error. Vick, 632 N.W.2d at 685. We see no such effect here. There
was a single reference to the statement during a two-day trial, without prompting by the
prosecutor and without follow-up. Neither party made any further comment on the
fleeting reference. It is extremely unlikely that this fleeting remark had any effect on the
jury’s verdict in this context. Appellant has failed to demonstrate that the testimony
affected his substantial rights.
II. Arguments in appellant’s pro se brief
In his pro se supplemental brief, appellant argues that his trial counsel was
ineffective. Appellant’s factual claims are unsupported by the record.2 We find no merit
to appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims.
Affirmed.
2
For example, appellant claims that “[o]nly once during trial did [trial counsel] object,
raise argument, or cross examine.” However, the record clearly refutes this factual
assertion. Trial counsel objected multiple times, including twice during closing
arguments. [Trial counsel] also argued, at length and several times, that the other-act
evidence should not be admitted. And trial counsel cross-examined every witness except
N.H, an apparent trial strategy.
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