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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-14219
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-20889-MGC-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
HILDRA JONES,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(May 5, 2015)
Before MARTIN and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and RODGERS, * District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
*
Honorable M. Casey Rodgers, Chief United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Florida, sitting by designation.
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Hildra Jones appeals his conviction and sentence on two counts of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
and the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). He argues
that the district court violated his right to a fair trial by giving the jury a premature
and “severely” modified Allen 1 charge and also erred at sentencing by increasing
his mandatory minimum sentence based on prior convictions not found by the jury
beyond a reasonable doubt and by failing to resolve a factual objection to the
Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”). After careful consideration, and with
the benefit of oral argument, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for
resentencing.
I. BACKGROUND
During Jones’s trial, ATF Special Agent Ignacio Esteban testified that he
and an undercover confidential informant purchased firearms from Jones on
August 30, 2012, and September 4, 2012. Special Agent Esteban purchased the
first firearm, a .38 caliber pistol, from Jones for $180 cash. In the second
transaction, Special Agent Esteban paid Jones $200 for a .20-gauge shotgun.
When asked at trial whether either of the firearms had been reported stolen, Special
Agent Esteban answered, “No.” The parties stipulated that Jones had been
1
Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S. Ct. 154 (1896). “In an Allen charge, the judge
instructs a deadlocked jury to undertake further efforts to reach a verdict.” United States v.
Chigbo, 38 F.3d 543, 544 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994).
2
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convicted of a felony offense prior to August 30, 2012, and that his right to possess
a firearm had not been restored.
The trial lasted two days. The jury began deliberating at around 9:30 a.m.
on Monday, April 29, 2013, and, after approximately an hour and a half, sent a
note to the Court asking whether the government had to prove that Jones knew the
guns had traveled in interstate or foreign commerce. The attorneys and judge
agreed that the appropriate response was to refer the jury to the instructions and
remind them not to single out or disregard any instruction. Deliberations resumed
at 11:27 a.m. The jury sent a second note shortly thereafter, although it is unclear
from the handwriting on the note whether it was written at 11:35 a.m. or 1:35 p.m.,
reporting that they had reached an impasse:
We are at an impass[e] as a jury. We cannot come to an agreement
due to religious beliefs/belief [that] second chances should be given.
This beliefs are [sic] not open to discussion. Please advise. The
individual are [sic] aware that the law must be followed. But still in
disagreement.
The judge and parties reconvened at 2:16 p.m. to consider the note. They
discussed the possibility of striking a juror and calling in an alternate. Defense
counsel objected and asked that the jury be directed to continue deliberating. He
also raised the possibility of the court giving an Allen charge, but only “after an
appropriate amount of time.” The judge agreed that the record at that point did not
support striking a juror, and she decided instead to give a modified Allen
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instruction, which she provided to counsel for their comments. Defense counsel
voiced no objection to the court giving the instruction but suggested the judge give
a shortened version. The judge then read her proposed language, and both parties
agreed with it on the record. The jury was then instructed as follows:
I am going to ask that you continue your deliberations, in an
effort to reach agreement upon a verdict and dispose of this case.
Your decision must be based only on the evidence presented
during the trial. You must not be influenced in any way by either
sympathy for or prejudice against the Defendant or the Government.
Remember, at all times, that no juror is expected to give up an
honest belief he or she may have as to the weight or effect of the
evidence, but after full deliberation and consideration of the evidence
in this case, it is your duty to agree upon a verdict, if you can do so.
You must follow the law as I explained it to you, even if you do not
agree with the law, and you must follow all of my instructions as a
whole. You must not single out or disregard any of my instructions
on the law.
I am now going to ask that you retire once again and continue
deliberations, with these additional comments in mind, of course, in
conjunction with all of the instructions that I have previously given to
you.
(DE 77: 17-18). Two hours later, the jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts.
At sentencing, the judge found that Jones was an armed career criminal and
adopted the recommended sentencing range under the United States Sentencing
Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”), as calculated in the PSR, which started at
a base offense level of 20 and then applied a 2-level upward adjustment on grounds
that one of the firearms Jones possessed had been stolen. See U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b)(4)(A). Jones’s offense level was then bumped to 33 as a result of the
4
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armed career criminal guideline. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B). Jones’s total
offense level, combined with a Criminal History Category of VI, yielded an
advisory Guidelines range of 235 to 293 months.
Jones objected to his status as an armed career criminal on grounds that the
government had not proven three qualifying prior convictions for the enhancement,
as required by the ACCA. 2 Jones also objected to the increase in his statutory
mandatory minimum and maximum penalties based on the fact of prior convictions
that were not found by the jury, which he argued violated his Fifth and Sixth
Amendment rights, citing Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), and
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000). Jones alternatively
requested a downward variance to the 15-year mandatory minimum sentence,
arguing that the government had unfairly used his son against him as a confidential
informant. 3 Also, during the sentencing hearing, Jones’s attorney objected to, and
orally moved to strike, the recommended 2-level upward adjustment for possession
of a stolen firearm on the grounds that this fact was not proven at trial. The
government argued that the Guidelines do not require proof that the defendant
2
A person who violates § 922(g) “and has three previous convictions . . . for a violent felony or a
serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another” is subject to a
mandatory 15-year sentence of imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
3
Jones also made an oral motion for a new trial based on newly discovered telephone records,
which he argued showed entrapment by the confidential informant. The district court found that
the motion had not been properly raised and thus did not consider it. This ruling was not
appealed.
5
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knew the firearms were stolen and that, in any event, the issue was of no import
because Jones was subject to a 15-year statutory mandatory minimum.
Without expressly ruling on Jones’s factual objection to the stolen firearm
adjustment, the district judge adopted the PSR and found that the Guidelines
calculation was correct. She also rejected Jones’s arguments concerning his prior
convictions, correctly recognizing that the Supreme Court in Alleyne did not
overrule the rule of Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998),
which provides that the fact of a prior conviction does not need to be found by the
jury. The judge found that Jones had the requisite qualifying convictions and
applied the ACCA enhancement. 4 She then granted Jones’s request for a
downward variance5 and imposed a 195-month sentence.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Allen Charge
We review the district court’s decision to give to give an Allen charge for an
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Woodard, 531 F.3d 1352, 1364 (11th Cir.
2008). We reverse based on an Allen instruction only if the charge was “inherently
4
According to the PSR, Jones’s criminal record included prior convictions for assault on a law
enforcement officer in 1985; delivery of a controlled substance (crack cocaine), armed robbery,
and aggravated battery in 1987; and an incident of rioting at a correctional institution, resisting
officers with violence, battery on law enforcement officers, and possession of contraband in
prison in 1989, among other things. Jones did not object to any of these convictions being
included in the PSR.
5
The variance was based on Jones’s relationship with the confidential informant and the length
of time that had passed between his most significant drug arrest and the instant offense.
6
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coercive.” United States v. Dickerson, 248 F.3d 1036, 1050 (11th Cir. 2001)
(internal marks omitted). To determine whether the charge was coercive, we
consider “the language of the charge and the totality of the circumstances under
which it was delivered.” Woodard, 531 F.3d at 1364. We have approved use of
the Eleventh Circuit’s pattern Allen instruction on multiple occasions. See, e.g.,
id.; Dickerson, 248 F.3d at 1050. Modifications to the instruction must be closely
scrutinized, considering the language used and the impact of that language in the
given circumstances “because of its potential coercive effect.” United States v.
Alonso, 740 F.2d 862, 878 (11th Cir. 1984); see also id. (requiring “a thorough
examination of the course of the jury’s deliberations, as well as the content of the
instructions as a whole”). In particular, our task is to ensure that no “partial or
one-sided comments were engrafted” onto the instructions, Posey v. United States,
416 F.2d 545, 552 (5th Cir. 1969), 6 and the instruction must avoid language that
impermissibly “appears to give a jury no choice but to return a verdict,” United
States v. Jones, 504 F.3d 1218, 1219 (11th Cir. 2007). We have previously
recognized that an Allen charge is not inherently coercive if it specifically instructs
that no juror is expected to give up an honest belief regarding the evidence. See
United States v. Trujillo, 146 F.3d 838, 846-47 (11th Cir. 1998); Posey, 416 F.2d at
6
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as
binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981.
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552 (stating an instruction is not coercive “as long as it makes clear to the jury that
each member has a duty conscientiously to adhere to his own honest opinion”).
We also consider factors such as whether the court conducted a poll of the jury that
identified a dissenting juror before giving the charge and “the amount of time
between the delivery of the charge and the return of the jury’s verdict.” Woodard,
513 F.3d at 1364. The timing of an Allen instruction is within the district court’s
discretion, and we have previously found no abuse of discretion in circumstances
where the jury had deliberated for only four hours before the instruction was given.
See United States v. Bush, 727 F.3d 1308, 1321 (11th Cir. 2013) (collecting cases
approving the giving of an Allen charge after periods of less than four hours of
deliberation), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 967 (2014).
Jones argues that the district judge’s decision to give an Allen charge was
not an appropriate response to the jury’s report of impasse because the impasse
was based on religious beliefs, as opposed to the evidence, and it was given too
soon. He also argues that the content of the instruction was inherently coercive
because it was “severely modified” and thus violated his right to a fair trial. The
government maintains that Jones failed to preserve these arguments for appeal.
On review of the record, we find that Jones preserved his argument as to the
timing of the instruction. The record reflects that defense counsel urged the district
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judge to allow the jury to continue deliberating. Thus, we review the issue for an
abuse of discretion, and find none.
“Our precedent does not require . . . an express indication of deadlock before
the district court gives an Allen charge.” Bush, 727 F.3d at 1321. The instruction
here was given in response to the jury’s statement that it was at an impasse, and the
jury was not polled. The district judge and parties discussed the fact that the note
attributed the impasse to one or more juror’s religious belief in the need for second
chances, but they also agreed that it was too soon to discharge a juror and
substitute an alternate, and that the jury should continue deliberating. According to
the note, the jury had deliberated at least two hours (possibly four–the time written
on the note is unclear), and deliberations had been ongoing for five hours by the
time the judge gave the modified Allen charge. See id. (finding the timing of an
Allen instruction not premature or coercive where the jury had deliberated almost
four hours, citing cases where the instruction was approved after deliberations of
less than four hours). The totality of the circumstances in this case demonstrates
that the district judge did not abuse her discretion in responding to the jury’s note
of impasse by giving a modified Allen charge.
Regarding the language of the Allen charge, although defense counsel
suggested a shortened version, he did not object to the court’s proposal. In fact,
after the judge read her proposed modified Allen charge on the record, defense
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counsel not only voiced no objection to the wording but he expressly agreed with
it. “[W]hen a party agrees with a court’s proposed instructions, the doctrine of
invited error applies, meaning that review is waived even if plain error would
result.” United States v. Frank, 599 F.3d 1221, 1240 (11th Cir. 2010); see also
United States v. Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1337 (11th Cir. 2005) (finding a party
invited error by responding that the language of the court’s proposed jury
instruction was “acceptable” or “covered the bases,” thereby waiving any right to
challenge the language of the instruction). We agree with the government that, by
expressly agreeing to the language of the modified Allen charge, Jones waived any
argument that the content or wording of the instruction was coercive.7
B. ACCA
Jones argues that his sentence must be vacated because his statutory
minimum and maximum penalties were increased pursuant to the ACCA based on
prior convictions that were neither alleged in the indictment nor found by the jury
at trial in violation of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights, relying on Alleyne.
7
Even if he did not invite error, Jones did not object, and thus, our review would be limited to
plain error. See Silvestri, 409 F.3d at 1337 n.7. The language of the Allen instruction given, as
quoted above, instructed the jury that it was their duty to reach a verdict, but that phrase was
immediately followed by the qualifying phrase, “if you can do so,” which limited any coercive
effect. Additionally, the modified Allen charge carefully instructed that no juror was expected to
give up an honest belief regarding the evidence, language which we have recognized is not
inherently coercive. See Trujillo, 146 F.3d at 846-47. We find no inherently coercive language
in the charge, and thus no plain error. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that the jury
continued to deliberate for another two hours after receiving the instruction before reaching a
verdict.
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We review constitutional challenges to a sentence de novo. See United States. v.
Harris, 741 F.3d 1245, 1248 (11th Cir. 2014).
Pursuant to the ACCA, an individual convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is
subject to a mandatory minimum 15-year sentence if he has three previous federal
or state convictions “for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both,
committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
Ordinarily, “[a]ny fact that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is an
‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Alleyne, 133 S. Ct. at 2155 (citing Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 483 n.10, 490,
120 S. Ct. at 2359 n.10, 2362-63). In Alleyne, the Supreme Court determined that
this principle applies not only to facts that increase the applicable maximum
sentence but also to facts that increase the applicable mandatory minimum
sentence. Id. at 2162. Additionally, the Court in Alleyne expressly preserved the
“narrow exception” to the rule, articulated in Almendarez-Torres, that the fact of a
prior conviction is not an element that must be proven to the jury. Id. at 2160 n.1.
We have repeatedly acknowledged that despite “some tension between
Almendarez-Torres on the one hand and Alleyne and Apprendi on the other,” we
are bound to continue applying Almendarez-Torres, unless and until the Supreme
Court decides differently. Harris, 741 F.3d at 1250 (stating also, “we are not free
to do what the Supreme Court declined to do in Alleyne, which is overrule
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Almendarez-Torres”); United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 846 (11th Cir. 2009)
(“This Court has confirmed repeatedly that Almendarez-Torres is good law and
that a district court does not err by relying on prior convictions to enhance a
defendant’s sentence.” (internal marks omitted)); see also United States v. Thomas,
242 F.3d 1028, 1035 (11th Cir. 2001) (declining an invitation to “beat [the
Supreme Court] to the punch” and overrule Almendarez-Torres ourselves). Thus,
the district court did not err in rejecting Jones’s argument that, before the
mandatory ACCA penalties could be applied at sentencing, the jury must have
found beyond a reasonable doubt the fact of his prior convictions.
Jones argues for the first time on appeal that, even applying Almendarez-
Torres to the fact of his convictions, the facts about his convictions, such as
whether they were violent felonies or serious drug offenses under the ACCA, must
have been decided by a jury, citing Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 24-26,
125 S. Ct. 1254, 1262-63 (2005) (limiting the sentencing court’s inquiry “under the
ACCA to determine whether a plea of guilty to burglary defined by a nongeneric
statute necessarily admitted elements of the generic offense” to certain Shepard-
approved documents). The Supreme Court drew a critical distinction in Shepard
between the fact of a prior conviction, which may be decided by the sentencing
judge based on a preponderance of the evidence, and a fact about a prior
conviction, which must be determined by a jury on proof beyond a reasonable
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doubt. See id. Jones argues that the facts about his prior convictions, such as their
nature or character as qualifying convictions for purposes of the ACCA, cannot be
decided by a judge. We review this argument for plain error because Jones failed
to raise it before the district court. Under plain error review, we consider whether
the defendant has established “(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects
substantial rights.” Harris, 741 F.3d at 1248 (internal marks omitted). If so, “we
may exercise our discretion to correct the error only if ‛the error seriously affects
the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (quoting
United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2005)).
We reject Jones’s argument and adhere to our firmly established precedent
holding that the nature of a prior conviction for purposes of the ACCA may be
decided by the sentencing judge. See United States v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1273-
75 (11th Cir. 2006). “Since Shepard, we have consistently held that Almendarez-
Torres remains good law, and we have explained that, for ACCA purposes, district
courts may determine both the existence of prior convictions and the factual nature
of those convictions, including whether they were committed on different
occasions, so long as they limit themselves to Shepard-approved documents.”
United States v. Weeks, 711 F.3d 1255, 1259 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct.
311 (2013). Shepard does not apply here, however, because no factual dispute was
identified that required the district court to consider documents beyond the PSR.
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The facts within a PSR are “undisputed and deemed to have been admitted unless a
party objects to them before the sentencing court with specificity and clarity.”
Beckles, 565 F.3d at 844 (internal marks omitted); see also United States v.
Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 834 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he district court did not err in
relying on the undisputed facts in Bennett’s PSI to determine that his prior
convictions were violent felonies under the ACCA and, therefore, that he was an
armed career criminal.”); United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th Cir.
2005) (finding no error where a defendant’s sentence was enhanced based on facts
in the PSR to which the defendant did not object at sentencing). Because Jones did
not object to facts within the PSR characterizing the nature of his prior convictions,
they are deemed admitted. We have never held that it is error to rely on
undisputed PSR facts in making the ACCA determination, and therefore, the
district court did not commit plain error by doing so. See United States v. Lejarde-
Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (explaining that “there
can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or this
Court directly resolving” a disputed issue).
C. Stolen Firearm
Jones also argues that his sentence should be vacated because he objected to
the status of the firearms as stolen, and the district judge failed to either rule on this
objection or state that the fact would not be considered as part of the sentence. See
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Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B). “We review de novo legal questions concerning the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.” United States v. Spears, 443 F.3d 1358,
1361 (11th Cir. 2006). The government argues that Jones did not preserve this
error because the defense’s “brief mention” of the issue during sentencing was
insufficient to alert the judge to a specific factual objection. We disagree.
The record reflects that at the sentencing hearing, the district judge gave the
parties an opportunity to raise arguments, and Jones objected to the PSR’s
reference to the firearms as stolen. Jones’s oral factual objection, albeit brief, was
made before sentencing, which the rule permits, and the judge did not rule that the
objection was untimely. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32 (i)(1)(D) (permitting the
sentencing judge “for good cause [to] allow a party to make a new objection at any
time before sentence is imposed”); see also United States v. Weir, 51 F.3d 1031,
1033 (11th Cir. 1995) (noting that error is preserved if a relevant objection is raised
after the presentation of the report, but before the actual imposition of the
sentence). Additionally, the objection to the characterization of the firearm as
stolen was made with sufficient clarity. Thus, Jones preserved the objection, and
we apply de novo review.
Rule 32, in relevant part, requires the district court at sentencing to rule on
“any disputed portion of the presentence report or any controverted matter . . . or
determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because it will not affect sentencing,
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or because the court will not consider the matter in sentencing.” See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 32(i)(3)(B); see also United States v. O’Neill, 767 F.2d 780, 787 (11th Cir.
1985) (remanding for resentencing where the district court “failed to make findings
as to each controverted point or, alternatively, a determination that no finding was
necessary because the disputed matter would not be taken into account”). We
require strict adherence to the requirements of Rule 32. See, e.g., United States v.
Lopez, 907 F.2d 1096, 1101 (11th Cir. 1990); United States v. Funt, 896 F.2d
1288, 1299 (11th Cir. 1990). Here, after Jones objected to the 2-level upward
adjustment in U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A), the government argued that it was not
necessary to prove Jones knew the firearms were stolen; however, it did not offer
any evidence at sentencing or trial to establish that the firearms in fact were
stolen.8 Nonetheless, without expressly resolving the dispute or stating that the
status of the firearm as stolen would not affect the sentence or be considered, the
district judge found that the Guidelines range had been correctly calculated. This
was procedural error. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586,
597 (2007) (instructing that the first step in reviewing a sentence is to determine
whether the district court committed “significant procedural error”).
8
When a defendant objects to a factual finding in the PSR, it is the government’s burden to
“establish[ ] the disputed fact by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Campbell,
765 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2014).
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Procedural error in sentencing “is harmless if the district court would have
imposed the same sentence without the error.” United States v. Barner, 572 F.3d
1239, 1248 (11th Cir. 2009); see also Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 202-
03, 112 S. Ct. 1112, 1120-21 (1992) (stating “a court of appeals must decide
whether the district court would have imposed the same sentence had it not relied
upon the invalid factor or factors”). The government argues that any procedural
error was harmless because Jones’s sentencing range, which was the starting point
for the variance, was dictated by the armed career criminal offense level not the
Guidelines calculation. While it is correct that the Guidelines range was not
affected by the Rule 32 error, we cannot say with assurance on this record that the
PSR’s finding that one of the firearms had been stolen did not play a role in the
extent of the district judge’s variance. The district judge clearly expressed a desire
to vary below the Guidelines range by granting a variance, but she did not vary as
far as the statutory mandatory minimum would have allowed. There is no
statement that she did not consider the disputed fact or that the variance decision
would have been the same regardless of whether one of the firearms was stolen.
Thus, there is simply no way to determine how heavily the stolen firearm factor
might have weighed in the judge’s decision, if at all, and therefore, we must
remand for resentencing. See O’Neill, 767 F.2d at 787 (remanding for
resentencing where the district court failed to make findings or “a determination
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that no finding was necessary because the disputed matter would not be taken into
account”).
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm Jones’s convictions but vacate his sentence and
remand for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
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