13‐3687‐cr (L)
United States v. Pierce
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term 2014
(Argued: October 17, 2014 Decided: May 11, 2015)
Docket Nos. 13‐3687‐cr, 13‐3930‐cr, 13‐3936‐cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
EARL PIERCE, aka Sealed Defendant 3, aka Skeet Box, MELVIN COLON, aka Sealed
Defendant 2, aka Melly, JOSHUA MEREGILDO, aka Sealed Defendant 1, aka Killa,
Defendants‐Appellants,
NOLBERT MIRANDA, aka Sealed Defendant 4, aka PayDay, LEBITHAN GUZMAN,
aka Sealed Defendant 5, aka Levi, AUBREY PEMBERTON, aka Sealed Defendant 6,
aka Au, FELIPE BLANDING, aka Sealed Defendant 7, aka Hump, JAVON JONES, aka
Sealed Defendant 8, aka Capo, DANTE BARBER, aka Sealed Defendant 9, aka Tay,
NATHANIEL FLUDD, aka Juntao, ORFELINA BRITO, aka Becky, KEVIN PINERO, aka
SB, TOSHNELLE FOSTER, aka Tosh, BERNARD FOLKS, aka Akon, HASSEN BRITO, aka
12, ENRIQUE BRITO, aka 13, WALTER APONTE,
Defendants.*
The Clerk of Court is respectfully requested to amend the caption
*
as set forth above.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Before:
KEARSE, WESLEY, AND CHIN, Circuit Judges.
Appeals from judgments of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Pauley, J.), convicting defendants‐appellants of,
inter alia, conspiracy, racketeering, murder, narcotics trafficking, and firearms
offenses. Defendants‐appellants raise several issues on appeal: the sufficiency of
the evidence, the admissibility of a rap video and images of tattoos posted on a
defendantʹs Facebook page, the constitutionality of certain sections of the Stored
Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2702‐2703, the propriety of certain of the
district courtʹs jury instructions, and whether the rule of lenity applies to the
district courtʹs sequencing of sentences on multiple firearms convictions.
AFFIRMED in part and REMANDED in part.
____________________________
NOLA B. HELLER, Assistant United States
Attorney (Adam Fee, Santosh Aravind,
Brian A. Jacobs, Assistant United States
Attorneys, on the brief), for Preet Bharara,
United States Attorney for the Southern
‐ 2 ‐
District of New York, New York, NY, for
Appellee.
GWEN M. SCHOENFELD, Law Office of Gwen M.
Schoenfeld, LLC, New York, NY, for
Defendant‐Appellant Earl Pierce.
MITCHELL DINNERSTEIN, New York, NY, for
Defendant‐Appellant Melvin Colon.
YING STAFFORD, New York, NY, for Defendant‐
Appellant Joshua Meregildo.
____________________________
CHIN, Circuit Judge:
Defendants‐appellants Earl Pierce, Melvin Colon, and Joshua
Meregildo appeal from judgments of conviction entered in the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York (Pauley, J.) on September 25,
2013, following a jury trial at which they were found guilty of, inter alia,
conspiracy, racketeering, murder, narcotics trafficking, and firearms offenses.
The district court sentenced Pierce principally to 600 monthsʹ imprisonment,
Colon principally to life plus 420 monthsʹ imprisonment, and Meregildo
principally to life plus 60 monthsʹ imprisonment.
Defendants raise the following issues on appeal: the sufficiency of
the evidence as to certain counts, the admissibility of a rap video and images of
‐ 3 ‐
tattoos posted on a defendantʹs Facebook page, the constitutionality of certain
sections of the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2702‐2703 (the ʺSCAʺ),
the propriety of certain of the district courtʹs jury instructions, and whether the
rule of lenity applies to the district courtʹs sequencing of sentences on multiple
firearms convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
We affirm the district court in all respects, with one exception. We
remand for resentencing with respect to Pierceʹs firearms convictions, in
accordance with the rule of lenity.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A. Summary of the Facts
Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, United States
v. Vitale, 459 F.3d 190, 191 (2d Cir. 2006), the evidence established the following:
Pierce, Colon, and Meregildo were members of a violent street gang,
dubbed the Courtlandt Avenue Crew (ʺCACʺ) by the government, that engaged
in the trafficking of crack cocaine, heroin, and marijuana in and around the
Melrose Public Housing Developments and the Andrew Jackson Houses (the
ʺMelrose‐Jackson Housesʺ) in the Melrose section of the Bronx. CAC was formed
in 2010 by Terry Harrison, who recruited young men around the Melrose‐
‐ 4 ‐
Jackson Houses to sell drugs, many of whom ‐‐ including Meregildo and Colon ‐‐
were already members of another gang, known as Godʹs Favorite Children, or
ʺGFC.ʺ
Harrison was shot and killed in 2010 by an individual working for
the rival ʺ321 Organization.ʺ After Harrisonʹs murder, Meregildo assumed a
leadership role in CAC, providing crack cocaine to the street dealers until he was
arrested in January 2011. After Meregildo was arrested, Colon took over some of
the narcotics operations, supplying crack cocaine to members of CAC as well as
to its customers. Colon was arrested on the current charges in September 2011.
In addition to their involvement in the extensive narcotics sales, Pierce,
Meregildo, and Colon also actively participated in violence perpetrated against
rival gangs and suspected law enforcement informants on behalf of CAC.
B. The Proceedings Below
Pierce, Colon, and Meregildo were charged along with more than a
dozen other alleged members and associates of CAC, in an indictment filed June
4, 2012. The two‐month trial commenced on October 1, 2012.
As part of its case‐in‐chief, the government called forty witnesses,
including six cooperating witnesses. Five of the cooperating witnesses were
‐ 5 ‐
former members of CAC who testified about the participation of Pierce,
Meregildo, and Colon in the narcotics trafficking and violence. The government
also offered physical evidence, including seized drugs, drug paraphernalia, and
firearms used in the commission of the murders.
Additionally, the government introduced into evidence social media
posts by members of CAC, which alluded to the narcotics sales and violent acts,
including a rap video from Colonʹs Facebook page and photographs of his
tattoos.
The district court charged the jury on November 28, 2012. The
district court delivered an uncalled witness instruction, without making the
modifications Meregildo had requested in the charge conference. The jury began
its deliberations. The next day, November 29, the jury sent the court a note
asking ʺ[a]s related to [Count Fifteen],1 is the conspiracy limited to the Courtlandt
Avenue [C]rew? Or working together or in concert with the Courtlandt Avenue
Crew?ʺ Trial Transcript (ʺTr.ʺ) 6462. After hearing from both parties on the
appropriate response, the district court instructed the jury ‐‐ over defense
1 The government redacted the indictment at trial and renumbered
the remaining counts in the verdict sheet to remove those counts in which the
defendants were not charged. We refer here to the counts as they appear in the non‐
redacted indictment.
‐ 6 ‐
objections ‐‐ that Count Fifteen ʺdoes not allege that membership in the narcotics
conspiracy requires membership in the Courtlandt Avenue Crew.ʺ Id.
On December 4, 2012, the jury returned guilty verdicts against the
defendants on multiple counts. All three defendants were convicted of
racketeering (Count One), racketeering conspiracy (Count Two), conspiracy to
distribute narcotics (Count Fifteen), and possession of a firearm in furtherance of
a drug‐trafficking offense (Count Twenty‐Eight).
Pierce was also convicted of conspiracy to murder in aid of
racketeering (Count Three), a crime of violence in aid of racketeering (Count
Eleven), and discharging a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence (Count
Twenty‐Four). Colon was also convicted of, inter alia, conspiracy to murder and
murder in aid of racketeering (Counts Seven, Eight, and Twelve), assault and
attempted murder in aid of racketeering (Count Fourteen), and murder in
connection with a drug‐trafficking offense (Count Eighteen). Meregildo was also
convicted of, inter alia, conspiracy to murder and murder in aid of racketeering
(Counts Five and Six), and murder in connection with a drug‐trafficking offense
(Count Seventeen).
‐ 7 ‐
All three defendants moved for judgments of acquittal and a new
trial pursuant to Rules 29 and 33 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
Their motions were denied, and defendants were sentenced as set forth above.
These appeals followed.
DISCUSSION
Defendants present the following issues on appeal: (a) the
sufficiency of the evidence with respect to certain counts as to Meregildo and
Colon; (b) the admissibility of video and tattoo evidence as to Colon; (c) the
constitutionality of the SCA as applied to Colon; (d) the propriety of certain of
the district courtʹs jury instructions as to all three defendants; and (e) the
calculation of Pierceʹs sentence.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
We review challenges to the sufficiency of evidence de novo. United
States v. Harvey, 746 F.3d 87, 89 (2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam). A defendant ʺbears a
heavy burdenʺ because ʺwe view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government, drawing all inferences in the governmentʹs favor and deferring to
the juryʹs assessments of the witnessesʹ credibility.ʺ Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). We will sustain the juryʹs verdict if ʺany rational trier of fact could have
‐ 8 ‐
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.ʺ Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original).
1. Meregildo
Meregildo challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to
whether: CAC was an association‐in‐fact enterprise as contemplated by RICO; he
was a part of the alleged narcotics conspiracy; he was involved in the murder of
Carrel Ogarro; and Ogarroʹs murder was in furtherance of the RICO enterprise or
for pecuniary gain.
The thrust of Meregildoʹs principal argument is that the evidence at
trial established merely random acts of violence in the vicinity of the Melrose‐
Jackson Houses, rather than ʺthe organization, continuity, structure or intent of
an ʹenterpriseʹ as intended under RICO.ʺ Meregildo Brief (ʺBr.ʺ) 38. Specifically,
he argues that the government failed to prove that CAC had the requisite
hierarchy to satisfy the enterprise element of RICO; CAC lacked sufficient
longevity to pursue the enterpriseʹs purpose; and the government failed to
establish the separate existence of an enterprise as something distinct from the
predicate acts. These arguments fail, both legally and factually.
‐ 9 ‐
First, as a matter of law, the requirements for proving a racketeering
enterprise are not so rigid as Meregildo contends. As the Supreme Court noted
in Boyle v. United States, ʺan association‐in‐fact enterprise is simply a continuing
unit that functions with a common purpose. Such a group need not have a
hierarchical structure or a ʹchain of command.ʹʺ 556 U.S. 938, 948 (2009).
Moreover, there is no hard‐and‐fast time period for satisfaction of the longevity
prong. ʺContinuity is both a closed‐ and open‐ended concept, referring either to
a closed period of repeated conduct, or to past conduct that by its nature projects
into the future with a threat of repetitionʺ H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S.
229, 241 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, ʺthe evidence used to
prove the pattern of racketeering activity and the evidence establishing an
enterprise ʹmay in particular cases coalesce.ʹʺ Boyle, 556 U.S. at 947 (quoting
United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583 (1981)).
Second, as a factual matter, the evidence was sufficient to establish
that CAC was an enterprise. A cooperating witness testified that the crew had
guns ʺ[t]o protect us from our beefs, our problems with other neighborhoods and
other crews.ʺ Tr. 637. Related testimony established that the crew had a base of
operations on Courtlandt Avenue near the Melrose‐Jackson Houses, members
‐ 10 ‐
had tattoos and signs that signified their membership, and numerous crimes
were committed by CAC members in furtherance of the enterprise, including the
murders of Jason Correa, Carrel Ogarro, and Delquan Alston. The evidence was
sufficient to permit a rational juror to infer that Harrison and the other members
of the crew ʺjoined in the shared purpose of selling drugs and promoting such
sales.ʺ United States v. Burden, 600 F.3d 204, 215 (2d Cir. 2010). Hence, the
governmentʹs evidence established that CAC was a continuing unit that
functioned with a common purpose: the illicit sale of narcotics in and around the
Melrose‐Jackson Houses.
We conclude further that sufficient evidence was presented at trial
to show that Meregildo was a participant in the alleged narcotics conspiracy.
Four cooperating witnesses, for example, testified that they had purchased
marijuana from Meregildo, and two of them testified that they observed
Meregildo receiving marijuana from Harrison. One of the cooperating witnesses
testified that Meregildo supplied him, as well as other GFC members, with crack
cocaine to sell, and that Meregildo assumed a leadership role in the narcotics
conspiracy after Harrisonʹs murder. Another cooperating witness testified that
Meregildo gave him bags of crack cocaine for distribution on multiple occasions.
‐ 11 ‐
And a third cooperating witness testified that after Harrisonʹs death he observed
Meregildo breaking up pieces of crack cocaine and packaging it in small baggies.
The trial testimony of these primary cooperating witnesses was sufficient to
establish that Meregildo ʺknew of the existence of the scheme alleged in the
indictment and knowingly joined and participated in it.ʺ United States v. Rahman,
189 F.3d 88, 123 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Finally, Meregildo contends that the evidence was insufficient to
prove that he murdered and conspired to murder Carrel Ogarro or that he did so
in aid of the enterprise or for pecuniary gain. Meregildo points to evidence that
Ogarro was in fact murdered by the cooperating witness Devin Parsons, possibly
because of a personal problem Ogarro was having with Walter Aponte. Parsons,
however, testified that Meregildo shot Ogarro at Harrisonʹs direction, due to
Harrisonʹs suspicion that Ogarro was ʺsnitchingʺ with regards to CACʹs
activities. Tr. 2301. Parsons described how, in July 2010, he, Meregildo, and
Aponte waited for Ogarro near the Melrose‐Jackson Houses basketball court, and
how he and Meregildo both fired their guns at Ogarro, hitting him repeatedly.
He also testified that Harrison promised Meregildo and Parsons $5,000 to kill
Ogarro.
‐ 12 ‐
Meregildo argues that Parsonsʹ testimony was contradicted by
forensic evidence and other testimony. But the jury could have reasonably
rejected Meregildoʹs contentions and accepted the governmentʹs proof, and
apparently it did so. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to permit the inference
that Meregildo was a member of the alleged narcotics conspiracy and that he
participated in the murder of Ogarro in aid of the CAC enterprise.
2. Colon
Colon argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient for
the jury to find him guilty of murdering Delquan Alston while engaged in the
narcotics conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A), though Colon does
not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to his committing the
underlying murder.
We have held that Section 848(e)(1)(A) liability does not require
active involvement in drug distribution. United States v. Santos, 541 F.3d 63, 65,
73 (2d Cir. 2008) (ʺThat [the defendant] did not participate in the narcotics
conspiracy in some way other than carrying out the murders does not undermine
the sufficiency of the evidence that he was a co‐conspirator.ʺ). ʺ[T]he
government need only prove beyond a reasonable doubt that one motive for the
‐ 13 ‐
killing . . . was related to the drug conspiracy.ʺ United States v. Desinor, 525 F.3d
193, 202 (2d Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original).
Parsons testified that on August 27, 2010, he and Colon shot and
killed Alston. Parsons was at a restaurant in the Bronx with Harrison and Colon
when Harrison told Colon that Alston was selling fake crack cocaine to CAC
customers, and that Alston was rumored to be a law enforcement informant.
Harrison asked Colon and Parsons to kill Alston, promising to pay them. On the
night of the murder, Colon, Parsons, and Alston sat on a bench and talked near a
Courtlandt Avenue apartment building. Parsons asked Alston to go buy some
rolling paper for marijuana. Parsons and Colon followed him as he walked to
the store. On the way, Alston stopped to urinate against the wall of a building.
When he turned back around, Colon shot him in the head with a .40 caliber pistol
that Parsons had given to him.
Though Colon does not dispute that he murdered Alston, he points
to testimony by a government witness that he told someone he met in pretrial
detention that he killed Alston not as part of a contract murder, but because
Alston threatened to kill one of Colonʹs friends. Colon also contends that he
could not have been a part of the narcotics conspiracy because he was released
‐ 14 ‐
from juvenile detention only a month before Harrisonʹs death, and that he was
selling drugs independently from CAC, and often in direct competition with
CAC. At trial, however, the government presented contrary evidence, including
the evidence described above that Colon killed Alston at Harrisonʹs request
because Alstonʹs actions were threatening CACʹs narcotics activity. Hence, the
jury could have rationally inferred that Colon had the requisite intent to commit
the murder in aid of the drug trafficking conspiracy. See Santos, 541 F.3d at 73.
B. The Video and Tattoo Evidence
Colon contends that his First Amendment rights were violated when
the district court permitted the government to present as evidence a rap video
and images of his tattoos, some of which he had posted to his Facebook page.
Though we ordinarily review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, because
Colon failed to raise these objections at trial we review the admission of this
evidence for plain error. See United States v. Fell, 531 F.3d 197, 209 (2d Cir. 2008).
The district court admitted into evidence a video that was made in
December 2011 in the Melrose‐Jackson Houses and depicted Colon, a
cooperating witness Aubrey Pemberton, and a number of GFC members. In the
video, Colon is seen rapping: ʺYG to OG / Somebody make somebody nose bleed
‐ 15 ‐
/ Iʹm OG shoot the Ruger / Iʹm a shooter.ʺ Tr. 2134‐36. At trial, Pemberton
served as a guide through the lyrics, testifying that the Young Gunnaz crew, or
YG, was feuding with the OG (formerly the GFC). The video helped establish
Colonʹs association with members of the enterprise and his motive to participate
in the charged conduct against members of the Young Gunnaz.
The district court also allowed the government to offer photographs
of Colonʹs tattoos, some of which he had posted on his Facebook page. One of
the photographs was a close‐up of Colonʹs hand, showing his ʺY.G.K.ʺ tattoo,
which stands for ʺYoung Gunnaz Killer.ʺ In some of the photographs Colon is
pointing a gun at his Y.G.K. tattoo, indicating, according to the government, his
desire to harm members of the Young Gunnaz. Other tattoos depicted in the
photographs introduced at trial included one on his right arm that read
ʺCourtlandtʺ; tattoos on his left arm that referenced Meregildoʹs nicknames
(ʺYoungʺ and ʺKillaʺ); and one stating ʺM.I.P. [Mac In Peace] T‐Money,ʺ referring
to Harrison, the former leader of CAC.
Colon argues that the admission of the rap video and tattoo images
violated his First Amendment rights because courts should not ʺsustain a
conviction that may have rested on a form of expression, however distasteful,
‐ 16 ‐
which the Constitution tolerates and protects.ʺ Street v. New York, 394 U.S. 576,
594 (1969). This challenge is meritless, however, because here the speech is not
ʺitself the proscribed conduct.ʺ United States v. Caronia, 703 F.3d 149, 161 (2d Cir.
2012). The speech was not the basis for the prosecution, but instead it was used
to establish the existence of, and Colonʹs participation in, the alleged RICO
enterprise. See Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476, 489 (1993) (ʺThe First
Amendment . . . does not prohibit the evidentiary use of speech to establish the
elements of a crime or to prove motive or intent.ʺ); United States v. Salameh, 152
F.3d 88, 112 (2d Cir. 1998) (per curiam).
Colon also argues that the rap lyrics were merely ʺfictional artistic
expressionsʺ and ʺperverse pufferyʺ that should not have been admitted against
him. Indeed, in State v. Skinner, the New Jersey Supreme Court recently
overturned a conviction where the stateʹs case at trial relied heavily on violent
rap lyrics, as the court observed that ʺ[o]ne would not presume that Bob Marley,
who wrote the well‐known song ʹI Shot the Sheriff,ʹ actually shot a sheriff.ʺ 218
N.J. 496, 521 (2014). Rap lyrics and tattoos are properly admitted, however,
where they are relevant and their probative value is not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See United States v. Moore, 639
‐ 17 ‐
F.3d 443, 447‐48 (8th Cir. 2011) (affirming admission of profane and violent rap
recordings over Fed. R. Evid. 403 challenge where lyrics were probative of
defendantʹs participation in narcotics conspiracy); United States v. Belfast, 611 F.3d
783, 820 (11th Cir. 2010) (holding that rap lyrics were relevant and their probative
value not substantially outweighed by any unfair prejudice in case where lyrics
were used to show that defendant was associated with his father Charles Taylorʹs
Anti‐Terrorism Unit, which tortured Sierra Leoneans in Liberia).
The government proffered the rap video to show Colonʹs animosity
toward the Young Gunnaz, as well as his association with CAC. The
government similarly offered the tattoo evidence to help establish his motive for
violence against the Young Gunnaz, and to show his loyalty to Harrison and
Meregildo ‐‐ indeed other members of CAC had similar tattoos. Hence, the rap
video and tattoos were relevant, their probative value was not outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, and Colonʹs First Amendment rights were not
implicated when the district court admitted the evidence from his social media
account.
‐ 18 ‐
C. The Stored Communications Act
Colon submits that, as applied to him, the SCA is unconstitutional
because it provides a mechanism for the government to obtain stored content,
without a comparable mechanism for criminal defendants to do so. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2703. Colon claims that the SCA prohibited him from subpoenaing Facebook
for page content, thereby denying him his Fifth Amendment due process right to
present evidence and his Sixth Amendment right to confront adverse witnesses.
We review a constitutional challenge to a statute de novo. United
States v. Pettus, 303 F.3d 480, 483 (2d Cir. 2002). Section 2703(c)(1) of the SCA
provides:
A governmental entity may require a provider of
electronic communication service or remote computing
service to disclose a record or other information
pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service
(not including the contents of communications) . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(1). The government may obtain this information through,
inter alia, a warrant, consent of the subscriber or customer, or through a court
order in circumstances where the government offers ʺspecific and articulable
facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents . . .
are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.ʺ Id. § 2703(c)(1)‐
‐ 19 ‐
2703(d). The SCA does not, on its face, permit a defendant to obtain such
content.2
The instant challenge stems from the governmentʹs receipt of posts
from the Facebook account of Devin Parsons (the ʺParsons Accountʺ). Although
Parsons was incarcerated at the time, he was relaying messages to a friend who
would post them to Facebook for him, and later began to post messages himself
from a contraband cell phone. In one post, Parsons stated that he was ʺtellin onʺ
certain individuals from the ʺbxʺ but ʺnot tellin on nobody from HARLEM.ʺ
Appendix (ʺApp.ʺ) 486. On September 12, 2012, before trial commenced, Colon
sent a subpoena to Facebook seeking the contents of the Parsons Account. On
September 20, 2012, Facebook moved to quash the subpoena on the grounds that
the SCA does not allow private parties to obtain content from service providers,
and that the appropriate method for obtaining such content was to subpoena a
user directly. On October 4, 2012, the district court granted Facebookʹs motion to
quash.
The government points to other statutes and rules that similarly
2
provide for one‐sided access. For example, the search warrant provisions of Fed. R.
Crim. P. 41(b) and the wiretap application provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 2516(1) both
provide a means for the government to obtain evidence without a mechanism for
defendants to do so.
‐ 20 ‐
On October 16, 2012, counsel for Colon notified the district court and
the government that he had received the contents of the Parsons Account
through the work of a private investigator. Colonʹs counsel made use of the
Parsons Account at trial, cross‐examining Parsons about the substance of the
postings, and introducing a portion of the Parsons Account into evidence.
Finally, in a letter dated February 5, 2013, Colon disputed that he had the
complete Parsons Account because he ʺhad no way of knowing whether or not
the Facebook records that [he] had for Parsons were complete.ʺ App. 503‐04.
We have not previously addressed the question of the
constitutionality of the SCA, and we need not do so now. Colon possessed the
very contents he claims the SCA prevented him from obtaining, and his
suggestion that there could have been additional relevant exculpatory material in
the Parsons Account is purely speculative. He has made no showing as to what
else the Parsons Account might have contained, or how it might have been
helpful to him. Moreover, he failed to subpoena Parsons and the individual who
created the account in his name, the two direct potential sources for the contents
of the account. Colon, therefore, has not shown any injury from the statute. We
reject this claim.
‐ 21 ‐
D. The Jury Instructions
Two aspects of the district courtʹs instructions to the jury are
challenged: (1) the uncalled witness charge, and (2) the supplemental instruction
regarding the narcotics conspiracy.
1. The Uncalled Witness Charge
Meregildo contends that his right to present a defense was infringed
when the district court instructed the jury not to draw inferences against either
party with respect to uncalled witnesses.
On the ninth day of trial, the government stated in open court but
outside the presence of the jury that it planned to call cooperating witness Walter
Aponte the next day as part of its case‐in‐chief. The next day of trial, however,
again in open court but outside the presence of the jury, the government stated
that it would not, in fact, be calling Aponte. Neither the government nor any of
the defendants called Aponte to testify at trial.
Judge Pauley proposed to give his standard ʺuncalled witnessesʺ
charge to the jury:
You may have heard the names of certain people
during the course of the trial who did not testify. I
instruct you that each party had an equal opportunity,
or lack of opportunity, to call any of these witnesses.
‐ 22 ‐
Therefore, you should not draw any inferences or reach
any conclusions as to what they would have testified
had they been called. Their absence should not affect
your judgment in any way. I remind you that the law
does not impose on a defendant the burden or duty of
calling any witnesses or producing any evidence.
App. 3256. Meregildo objected, initially on the grounds that he did not have an
ʺequal opportunityʺ to call Aponte. Tr. 5608‐09. Judge Pauley overruled
Meregildoʹs objection, finding that Aponte was equally available to both parties
because Meregildo ʺcould have issued a subpoena,ʺ and Aponte was detained
ʺright across the street.ʺ Id.
The next day of trial, Meregildoʹs counsel conceded that he had an
equal opportunity to call Aponte, but objected to the proposed language of the
uncalled witness charge on the grounds that the jury should at least be permitted
‐‐ if not required ‐‐ to draw an adverse inference against the government based
on its sudden failure to call Aponte at trial. Judge Pauley reiterated that
Meregildo could make arguments regarding Aponteʹs absence to the jury, and in
summation Meregildoʹs counsel did in fact argue that Aponte had been the one
responsible for Ogarroʹs murder but that ʺweʹll never know because a
cooperating witness, Mr. Walter Aponte, was never here.ʺ Tr. 6017. Over
‐ 23 ‐
Meregildoʹs objections, Judge Pauley ultimately delivered the uncalled witness
charge as proposed.
Meregildo contends that, instead of giving an uncalled witness
charge, which permits no inferences, the district court should have given a
missing witness charge, which ʺinvites the jury to draw an adverse inference
against a party that fails to call a witness whose production . . . is peculiarly
within [that partyʹs] power.ʺ United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 463 (2d Cir.
2004) (internal quotation marks omitted); compare 1 Leonard B. Sand, et al.,
Modern Federal Jury Instructions ¶ 6.04, at 6‐5 (rev. 2011) (ʺMissing Witness Not
Equally Available to Defendantʺ), with id. at 6‐7 (ʺUncalled Witness Equally
Availableʺ). ʺWe review a district courtʹs refusal to provide a requested missing
witness instruction for abuse of discretion and actual prejudice.ʺ United States v.
Ebbers, 458 F.3d 110, 124 (2d Cir. 2006); see also United States v. Torres, 845 F.2d
1165, 1170‐71 (2d Cir. 1988) (ʺWhether a missing witness charge should be given
lies in the sound discretion of the trial court.ʺ).
In this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
delivering an uncalled witness instruction instead of a missing witness
instruction. Meregildo conceded in the district court that he had an equal
‐ 24 ‐
opportunity to call Aponte, and thus he cannot now take the contrary position on
appeal. The district court had ʺdiscretion to (1) give no instruction and leave the
entire subject to summations, (2) instruct the jury that no unfavorable inference
may be drawn against either side, or (3) instruct the jury that an adverse
inference may be drawn against either or both sides.ʺ United States v. Caccia, 122
F.3d 136, 139 (2d Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). Given the facts of this case, Judge
Pauley did not abuse his discretion in charging the jury that ʺno unfavorable
inference may be drawn against either side.ʺ Id. Finally, Meregildo has not
demonstrated actual prejudice. Hence, this aspect of the appeal fails.
2. The Supplemental Charge
Pierce, Colon, and Meregildo contend that the district courtʹs
supplemental jury instruction ‐‐ that membership in Count Oneʹs racketeering
enterprise (CAC) was not required for the Count Fifteen narcotics conspiracy ‐‐
constructively amended the indictment or, in the alternative, resulted in a
prejudicial variance.
On November 29, having begun their deliberations, the jurors sent a
note to Judge Pauley that asked: ʺAs related to [Count Fifteen], is the conspiracy
limited to the Courtlandt Avenue [C]rew? Or working together or in concert
‐ 25 ‐
with the Courtlandt Avenue Crew?ʺ Tr. 6462. The government and defense
counsel agreed that the court should re‐read the narcotics conspiracy charge to
the jury, but the government argued that the court should also add that ʺ[t]he
charge in the indictment is not by its terms . . . limited to the Courtlandt Avenue
Crew or its members or associates.ʺ Tr. 6429. Over the objection of defense
counsel, the district court read the following supplemental instruction to the jury:
Members of the jury, [Count Fifteen] of the indictment
does not allege that membership in the narcotics
conspiracy requires membership in the Courtlandt
Avenue Crew. To show that a conspiracy existed, the
evidence must show that two or more persons, in some
way or manner, either explicitly or implicitly, came to
an understanding to violate the law and to accomplish
an unlawful plan . . . . Finally, members of the jury, I
remind you of my instruction . . . that the indictment
defines the charged racketeering enterprise as the
Courtlandt Avenue Crew, which is simply a form of
reference adopted for the purposes of the indictment to
describe the group of individuals who participated in
the alleged racketeering enterprise.
Tr. 6462‐63.
a. Constructive Amendment
Pierce, Colon, and Meregildo contend that as charged in the
indictment, participation in the Count Fifteen narcotics conspiracy required
membership in CAC, and that when the court issued a supplemental instruction
‐ 26 ‐
that CAC membership was not required for Count Fifteen, the narcotics
conspiracy charge was constructively amended in violation of the Grand Jury
Clause. Defendants renew their argument that they were on notice to defend
against only the charge of a narcotics conspiracy involving CAC, not that they
ʺhad to defend against a general conspiracy to sell drugs in the Bronx.ʺ App.
3478.
We review claims of constructive amendment de novo. United States
v. McCourty, 562 F.3d 458, 469 (2d Cir. 2009). We have held that a defendant
raising a claim of constructive amendment must show that ʺthe terms of the
indictment are in effect altered by the presentation of evidence and jury
instructions which so modify essential elements of the offense charged that there is
a substantial likelihood that the defendant may have been convicted of an
offense other than that charged in the indictment.ʺ United States v. Vilar, 729 F.3d
62, 81 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).
We have not found constructive amendment in a case ʺwhere a generally framed
indictment encompasses the specific legal theory or evidence used at trial.ʺ
United States v. Milstein, 401 F.3d 53, 65 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
‐ 27 ‐
By the plain language of the indictment, membership in CAC was
not required for Count Fifteen, the narcotics conspiracy count. Count Fifteen
does not explicitly mention CAC (i.e., the racketeering enterprise charged in
Count One), nor does it assert that the goals of the narcotics conspiracy were
coextensive with the goals of CAC. In fact, two defendants who were not
charged with being members of CAC in Count One were charged with being
members of the Count Fifteen narcotics conspiracy. Nothing in the indictment
suggested that membership in CAC was a necessary prerequisite to membership
in the narcotics conspiracy. The general nature of the narcotics conspiracy
charge put appellants on notice of the ʺcore of criminalityʺ charged in Count
Fifteen, and the district courtʹs supplemental instruction did not modify any
ʺessential elementʺ of the offense. See United States v. DʹAmelio, 683 F.3d 412, 416‐
18 (2d Cir. 2012). We conclude that there was no constructive amendment of the
indictment.
b. Prejudicial Variance
Defendants argue in the alternative that even if the supplemental
instruction did not constructively amend the indictment, it constituted a
prejudicial variance because it broadened the scope of the conspiracy such that
‐ 28 ‐
the jury could convict the defendants in the absence of a common purpose.
Colon contends that, rather than a common scheme or purpose, the proof
showed an ʺundisciplined group of teenage crack peddlers [who] were
concerned principally with advancing their own individual economic interests.
To that end, especially after Harrisonʹs murder, they formed innumerable
temporary alliances, connections and confederations.ʺ Colon Br. 58.
ʺA variance occurs when the charging terms of the indictment are
left unaltered, but the evidence offered at trial proves facts materially different
from those alleged in the indictment.ʺ United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d 608,
621 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although both
constructive amendment and variance are based on constitutional concerns,
constructive amendment is a per se violation of the Grand Jury Clause, see id.,
while a defendant must show ʺsubstantial prejudiceʺ to warrant reversal on a
variance claim, United States v. Rigas, 490 F.3d 208, 226 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal
quotation marks omitted). ʺBecause proof at trial need not, indeed cannot, be a
precise replica of the charges contained in an indictment, this court has
consistently permitted significant flexibility in proof, provided that the
defendant was given notice of the core of criminality to be proven at trial.ʺ
‐ 29 ‐
United States v. Heimann, 705 F.2d 662, 666 (2d Cir. 1983) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
In conspiracy cases, we have held that ʺ[w]hen convictions have
been obtained on the theory that all defendants were members of a single
conspiracy although, in fact, the proof disclosed multiple conspiracies, the error
of variance has been committed.ʺ United States v. Bertolotti, 529 F.2d 149, 154 (2d
Cir. 1975). In Bertolotti, we acknowledged:
This Circuit has gone quite far in finding single
conspiracies in narcotics cases. Despite the existence of
multiple groups within an alleged conspiracy, we have
considered them as part of one integrated loose‐knit
combination in instances where there existed ʹmutual
dependence and assistanceʹ among the spheres, a
common aim or purpose among the participants, or a
permissible inference, from the nature and scope of the
operation, that each actor was aware of his part in a
larger organization where others performed similar
roles equally important to the success of the venture.
Id. (citations omitted). In Bertolotti we reversed the conviction because ultimately
we found ʺno evidence linking [the defendantsʹ transactions] together in a single
overall conspiracy.ʺ Id. at 155.
Here, we are satisfied that there was sufficient evidence for a jury to
find that the charged distribution took place and that defendantsʹ activities were
‐ 30 ‐
part of the narcotics conspiracy charged in Count Fifteen. Cooperating witnesses
testified, inter alia, that Pierce sold drugs with other GFC members; and Parsons
testified that he was instructed by Harrison that if Harrison was not available to
receive the proceeds of narcotics sales, Parsons should deliver those proceeds to
Pierce. This evidence, along with the evidence of the roles of Meregildo and
Colon described above in Parts A.1 and A.2 of the Discussion Section, established
the requisite ʺmutual dependence and assistanceʺ necessary for ʺone integrated
loose‐knitʺ conspiracy. Id. at 154 (internal quotation marks omitted).
E. Pierceʹs Sentence
Pierce argues that the district court erred by imposing a 35‐year
sentence for his two Section 924(c) gun convictions (Counts Twenty‐Four and
Twenty‐Eight) because the district court sequenced the convictions in a way that
is inconsistent with the rule of lenity. This is an issue of first impression in the
Second Circuit.
Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), for a first conviction, a defendant
receives a mandatory minimum consecutive sentence of five years if the firearm
is used or carried during the crime, and ten years if the firearm is discharged
during the crime. In the event of a ʺsecond or subsequent conviction . . . the
‐ 31 ‐
person shall . . . be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 25
years.ʺ 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(C).
In Deal v. United States, the Supreme Court clarified that a ʺsecond or
subsequent convictionʺ can arise when a defendant is charged with multiple
violations of Section 924(c) in the same indictment or arising from the same
proceedings. 508 U.S. 129, 135‐37 (1993). One of the convictions is treated as the
first conviction and the others are treated as ʺsecond or subsequent.ʺ But the
Supreme Court did not explain how to order those convictions for sentencing
purposes, nor does the text of the statute provide guidance. Accordingly, we
adopt the analysis of the Sixth Circuitʹs recent decision in United States v.
Washington, which we find persuasive. 714 F.3d 962, 971 (6th Cir. 2013) (ʺBecause
we conclude that § 924(c)(1)(C) is ambiguous as to how convictions should be
ordered for sentencing when a defendant is convicted on multiple counts of
carjacking that arise from the same indictment and proceedings, we are bound
by [the principle of lenity].ʺ); see also United States v. Major, 676 F.3d 803, 815 (9th
Cir. 2012).
Here, the district court treated the discharge conviction as the first
Section 924(c) conviction (carrying 10 years), and the possession conviction as the
‐ 32 ‐
second conviction (carrying 25 years), totaling a mandatory minimum of 35
years. On appeal, Pierce suggests ‐‐ and the government concedes ‐‐ that because
the statute is silent on how the counts should be sequenced for sentencing
purposes, the rule of lenity applies. See Rewis v. United States, 401 U.S. 808, 812
(1971) (ʺ[A]mbiguity concerning the ambit of criminal statutes should be
resolved in favor of lenity.ʺ). We agree. The district court should have treated
the possession conviction as the first Section 924(c) conviction (carrying 5 years),
and the discharge conviction as the second conviction (carrying 25 years),
totaling an aggregate statutory minimum of 30 years rather than 35 years for the
Section 924(c) convictions. Accordingly, we remand with instructions for the
district court to vacate the sentences on the two counts and resentence Pierce
accordingly.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the district court are
AFFIRMED, except that the case is REMANDED as to Pierce, with instructions
for the district court to vacate and resentence on Counts Twenty‐Four and
Twenty‐Eight as set forth above.
‐ 33 ‐