13‐2963‐cv(L)
Drimal v. Makol, et al.
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Second Circuit
________
AUGUST TERM, 2014
ARGUED: NOVEMBER 4, 2014
DECIDED: MAY 15, 2015
Nos. 13‐2963‐cv; 13‐2965‐cv
ARLENE VILLAMIA DRIMAL,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
PAULINE TAI,
Defendant,
DAVID MAKOL, JAN TRIGG, FRANK LOMONACO, DAVID J. FORD,
EDMUND ROM, KEVIN RIORDAN, ADRIAN BUSBY, BRIAN HARKINS,
JOANN MAGUIRE, MARIA A. FONT, MARTHA M. BERDOTE, THOMAS J.
D’AMICO, MARK MUNSTER, CHRISTOPHER DEGRAFF, S. MENDOZA‐
PENAHERRERA,
Defendants‐Appellants.
________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Connecticut.
No. 3:12‐cv‐0717 – Warren W. Eginton, Judge.
________
Before: WALKER, LYNCH, and CHIN, Circuit Judges,
________
Arlene Villamia Drimal brought this action against sixteen FBI
agents alleging that they violated Title III of the Omnibus Crime
Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510‐2522, when
they listened to her private calls with her husband. The calls were
intercepted during an authorized wiretap on the telephone of
Drimal’s husband as part of an investigation into a conspiracy to
commit securities fraud. Defendant FBI agents moved to dismiss the
suit for failure to state a claim and on qualified immunity grounds.
The District Court for the District of Connecticut (Warren W.
Eginton, Judge) denied their motion, finding the complaint sufficient
to state a claim despite its failure to mention minimization. We hold
that Drimal’s complaint in its present form does not plausibly state a
claim because it recites only legal conclusions. We also conclude that
in its qualified immunity analysis the district court should have
assessed the reasonableness of the agents’ minimization efforts as
they relate to each defendant. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district
court’s denial of the motion to dismiss, and REMAND for the
2
district court to dismiss the complaint without prejudice to
repleading and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
________
JOHN R. WILLIAMS, New Haven, CT, for Plaintiff‐
Appellee.
EDWARD HIMMEL, (Barbara L. Herwig, Catherine
H. Dorsey, on the brief), for Stuart F. Delery,
Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Deirdre
M. Daly, United States Attorney, United States
Attorney’s Office for the District of Connecticut,
for Federal Defendants‐Appellants.
JAMES I. GLASSER, Wiggin & Dana, LLP, New
Haven, CT, for Defendant‐Appellant Adrian Busby.
________
JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:
Arlene Villamia Drimal brought this action against sixteen FBI
agents alleging that they violated Title III of the Omnibus Crime
Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510‐2522 (“Title
III”), when they listened to her private calls with her husband. The
calls were intercepted during an authorized wiretap on the
telephone of Drimal’s husband as part of an investigation into a
conspiracy to commit securities fraud. Defendant FBI agents moved
3
to dismiss the suit for failure to state a claim and on qualified
immunity grounds. The District Court for the District of Connecticut
(Warren W. Eginton, Judge) denied their motion, finding the
complaint sufficient to state a claim despite its failure to mention
minimization. We hold that Drimal’s complaint in its present form
does not plausibly state a claim because it recites only legal
conclusions. We also conclude that in its qualified immunity
analysis the district court should have assessed the reasonableness
of the agents’ minimization efforts as they relate to each defendant.
Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court’s denial of the motion
to dismiss, and REMAND for the district court to dismiss the
complaint without prejudice to repleading and for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
On May 15, 2012, Drimal filed a civil complaint against sixteen
FBI agents who had administered an authorized wiretap of her
husband’s cellular telephone, alleging that they violated Title III by
4
listening to her private conversations with her husband.1 Although
the complaint does not refer to minimization, under Section 2518(5)
of Title III, it is a violation to fail to “minimize the interception of
communications not otherwise subject to interception.” Section 2520
gives “any person whose wire, oral, or electronic communication is
intercepted, disclosed, or intentionally used in violation of this
chapter” the right to “recover from the person or entity, other than
the United States, which engaged in that violation such relief as may
be appropriate,” including damages. 18 U.S.C. § 2520(a).
I. Mr. Drimal’s Criminal Case
Drimal’s complaint arises out of an earlier criminal
prosecution in the Southern District of New York that was
ultimately tried before Judge Richard J. Sullivan. See United States v.
Goffer, 756 F. Supp. 2d 588 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d, 721 F.3d 113 (2d Cir.
2013). The trial was preceded by a wide‐ranging federal securities
fraud investigation that included a wiretap of her husband’s cellular
Drimal also alleges that the defendants violated Section 52‐570d of
1
the Connecticut General Statutes. Like the district court, we focus on her
Title III claim.
5
phone during which FBI agents intercepted and monitored his calls
with Drimal.
A court order authorizing the wiretap of Mr. Drimal’s cellular
telephone for two thirty‐day periods in late 2007 and early 2008, id.
at 590, specified that “[m]onitoring of conversations must
immediately terminate when it is determined that the conversation
is unrelated to communications subject to interception . . . . If a
conversation is minimized, monitoring agents shall spot check to
ensure that the conversation has not turned to criminal matters.” Id.
The Assistant United States Attorney who supervised the
wiretap also issued written instructions on the minimization
requirement. He instructed agents to “listen to the beginning of each
communication only so long as is necessary to determine the nature
of the communication and, in any case, no longer than a few minutes
unless the communication is ‘pertinent.’” Id. In addition, he advised
that “[i]f, after several days or weeks of interception” it became
apparent that conversations between Mr. Drimal and another party
involved “invariably innocent, non‐crime related matters,” then
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communications between those parties “should not be recorded,
listened to, or even spot monitored.” Id. Finally, the agents were told
to “discontinue monitoring if you discover that you are intercepting
a personal communication solely between husband and wife” unless
the conversations included a third party or addressed “ongoing as
opposed to past violations of law.” Id. at 591. During the wiretap,
agents monitored over one thousand of Mr. Drimal’s telephone
conversations, including approximately 180 calls with Mrs. Drimal
that were not pertinent to the investigation. Id. at 591, 595.
In 2010, Mr. Drimal moved before Judge Sullivan to suppress
the entire wiretap on the basis that the government had failed to
properly minimize calls with his wife. Id. at 589, 591. At the hearing,
several agents testified, including defendant Special Agent
Lomonaco who admitted that he had listened to a privileged
conversation which he had “no right” to hear and defendant Special
Agent Ford who remembered “kicking [him]self” for listening to a
privileged marital conversation. J.A. 49.
The district court denied the motion to suppress all of the
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wiretapped phone calls. Focusing on eighteen calls it identified as
“potentially violative,” the district court stated that the monitoring
of three of these calls had been “particularly egregious,” 756 F. Supp.
2d at 594, and that another five calls “raise[d] questions about the
sufficiency of the agents’ minimization efforts,” id. at 595. The
district court concluded, however, that “on the whole, the wiretap
was professionally conducted and generally well‐executed,” id. at
597, even as it described certain failures to minimize private calls
between husband and wife as “inexcusable and disturbing,” id. at
598. The district court observed that the “most egregious failures
occurred in the early stages of the wiretap,” when agents might still
be learning to identify Drimal’s voice, and that agents minimized the
calls satisfactorily later in the wiretap. 2 Id. at 596.
II. Mrs. Drimal’s Civil Lawsuit
Following the conclusion of her husband’s criminal case,
Drimal filed this action in the District of Connecticut against sixteen
At some unspecified point later in the wiretap, agents were apprised
2
of Drimal’s telephone number, which was posted at the monitoring
station.
8
FBI agents who monitored or supervised the monitoring of the
wiretap, seeking compensatory and punitive damages against the
agents in their personal capacities. The district court denied the
defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and on
qualified immunity grounds.
Defendants now appeal from the denial of qualified
immunity.
DISCUSSION
We review de novo the denial of a motion to dismiss pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted. Brown v. Daikin Am. Inc., 756 F.3d
219, 225 (2d Cir. 2014); see also Garcia v. Does, 779 F.3d 84, 91 (2d Cir.
2015). Although a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss is not
a final judgment, we review it here because the defendants’
qualified immunity claim occasions an interlocutory appeal. See
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 671‐72 (2009) (stating that decision
denying qualified immunity can be appealable order); see also
Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985) (holding that “a district
9
courtʹs denial of a claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it
turns on an issue of law, is an appealable ‘final decision’ within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a final
judgment”).
The district court’s rulings on the pleadings and on qualified
immunity suffer from two deficiencies. First, the district court erred
in finding Drimal’s complaint sufficient to plead a violation of Title
III because Drimal simply asserted in a conclusory fashion that
intercepting marital telephone calls violated Title III without any
reference to the duty to minimize. Second, in evaluating defendants’
claims of qualified immunity, the district court ruled on all the
defendants as a single group instead of evaluating Drimal’s claims
against each defendant individually.
Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s denial of the
motion to dismiss and direct the dismissal of the complaint with
leave to replead under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2)
because it appears that amending the complaint would not be futile.
Cf. Panther Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commcʹns, Inc., 347 F. Appʹx 617,
10
622 (2d Cir. 2009) (summary order) (remanding where “granting
leave to amend anew may not be futile in this case”).
I. The Plausibility of Drimal’s Complaint
To survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a “complaint must
contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Courts “are not bound to accept as true a
legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). While this standard “does not require
detailed factual allegations . . . it demands more than an unadorned,
the‐defendant‐unlawfully‐harmed‐me accusation.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Drimal’s complaint fails to plausibly allege a violation of law
because she recites only legal conclusions. Conspicuously absent
from the complaint is the concept of minimization. Drimal simply
alleges that each defendant “unlawfully intercepted and listened to
privileged, confidential marital communications,” identifying the
allegedly unlawfully monitored calls only by date. J.A. 50. These
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allegations lack specificity. As drafted, they give no indication of the
circumstances that support the conclusory allegation of
unlawfulness.
Although 18 U.S.C. § 2517(4) specifies that “[n]o otherwise
privileged wire, oral, or electronic communication intercepted in
accordance with, or in violation of, the provisions of this chapter
shall lose its privileged character,” nothing in Title III prohibits
outright the interception or monitoring of privileged conversations.
To be sure, § 2518(5) requires that such calls be “minimized” but that
requirement cannot be gleaned from the complaint.
The court order that authorized this wiretap included specific
instructions governing how conversations between husband and
wife should be treated.3 These instructions provided:
You are to discontinue monitoring if you discover that
you are intercepting a personal communication solely
between husband and wife. If it appears that a third
person is present during this communication, however,
3 We take judicial notice of the court order, which is discussed in Goffer,
756 F. Supp. 2d at 590‐91, because Drimal’s complaint cites frequently to
Goffer. See Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir. 2007) (“Documents
that are attached to the complaint or incorporated in it by reference are
deemed part of the pleading and may be considered.”).
12
the communication is not privileged. So too, if the
communication deals not with private matters between
husband and wife, but instead with ongoing as opposed
to past violations of law, it is not a privileged
conversation.
Goffer, 756 F. Supp. 2d at 591. These instructions do not prohibit the
interception and monitoring of marital calls, but they do require
their minimization. This is entirely logical: agents obviously must
intercept and listen to a call before they can determine whether a
conversation is privileged and subject to minimization and, if so, to
what degree. Accordingly, to survive a motion to dismiss, Drimal’s
complaint must include facts alleging how each defendant failed to
comply with his or her duty to minimize specified telephone calls as
required by § 2518(5) and the authorization order.
In assessing the complaint, the district court read the
minimization requirement into the plaintiff’s allegations that
defendants “unlawfully” listened to her calls and required no
greater specificity as to the facts alleged. However, a simple
allegation that defendants behaved “unlawfully,” unsupported by
any factual detail, is precisely the type of legal conclusion that a
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court is not bound to accept as true on a motion to dismiss, and the
district court erred in doing so here.
II. The Defendants’ Claim of Qualified Immunity
In the event that plaintiff files an amended complaint
following remand that rectifies the deficiencies we have outlined,
the district court must focus more closely on the claims of qualified
immunity as they relate to each defendant. We think it useful here to
suggest some guidance in this regard.
Qualified immunity shields government officials “from
liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
800, 818 (1982). It “provides ample protection to all but the plainly
incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v.
Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). To lose immunity, an official must
violate a right, the contours of which are “sufficiently clear that a
reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates
that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987).
14
The Supreme Court has “repeatedly stressed the importance
of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage [of the]
litigation.” Wood v. Moss, 134 S. Ct. 2056, 2065 n.4 (2014) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “Because qualified immunity is an
immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability[,] it is
effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.”
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (internal quotation marks
and ellipsis omitted). While issues related to qualified immunity
frequently must await a motion for summary judgment, that might
not be the case here. A putative amended complaint, pleaded with
the requisite specificity based on the hearing before Judge Sullivan,
likely would enable the district court to address qualified immunity
issues, at least in part, at the pleading stage.
Section 2518(5) of Title III does not precisely define the
minimization requirement. It states only that agents must “minimize
the interception of communications not otherwise subject to
interception.” 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5). In Scott v. United States, the
Supreme Court articulated an “objective reasonableness” test to
15
determine whether agents have properly minimized calls. 436 U.S.
128, 138 (1978). This standard requires “an objective assessment of
an officerʹs actions in light of the facts and circumstances then
known to him.” Id. at 137.
The district court must thus evaluate each agent’s
minimization efforts under such an “objective reasonableness”
standard based on the facts of this case to determine whether each
defendant “would understand that what he is doing violates” Title
III’s minimization requirement. Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640.
The government argues on behalf of all but one defendant4
that a per se “two‐minute rule” derived from United States v.
Bynum—treating calls monitored for less than two minutes as
properly minimized—entitles agents to immunity for interceptions
that did not exceed that duration. 485 F.2d 490 (2d Cir. 1973), vacated
and remanded on other grounds, 417 U.S. 903 (1974). In Bynum, we held
that a wiretap that monitored 2,058 calls in a vast narcotics
conspiracy case did not violate Title III’s minimization requirement.
The appellate staff of the Department of Justice’s Civil Division
4
submitted the brief for all defendants except Special Agent Adrian Busby.
16
Id. at 500‐02. We excluded calls under two minutes from our
evaluation of the wiretap, noting that “in a case of such wide‐
ranging criminal activity as this, it would be too brief a period for an
eavesdropper even with experience to identify the caller and
characterize the conversation as merely social or possibly tainted.”
Id. at 500.
While our reasoning in Bynum, which didn’t pertain to any
privileged communications, can be read to suggest a presumption
that calls less than two minutes long need not be minimized, this is
not a fixed rule for every case: whether the two‐minute presumption
applies is a fact‐specific determination.
This case does not present the same circumstances as Bynum.
Many of the violations here took place in the early stages of the
wiretap when defendants were less familiar with the case and with
Mrs. Drimal’s lack of involvement in it, but the agents should have
realized reasonably early in the wiretap that these husband and wife
conversations were not relevant to the investigation. As Judge
Sullivan noted in Goffer, Mr. and Mrs. Drimal occasionally discussed
17
“deeply personal and intimate” issues, 756 F. Supp. 2d at 594, and
“in each of these calls it should have been apparent within seconds
that the conversation was privileged and non‐pertinent,” id. at 595.
As a result, the reasoning from Bynum that it would be too difficult
to minimize calls under two minutes is not applicable here where
agents could determine in seconds that the calls between husband
and wife were entirely personal in nature. The two‐minute
presumption we applied in Bynum thus does not automatically
shield defendants against the failures to minimize calls under two
minutes that the putative amended complaint is likely to allege.
Should Drimal file an amended complaint, in assessing the
defendants’ claim of qualified immunity on remand, the district
court must consider the actions of each individual defendant. Cf. Gill
v. Monroe Cnty. Depʹt of Soc. Servs., 547 F.2d 31, 32 (2d Cir. 1976)
(remanding for district court to consider “each plaintiff, each cause
of action and each defendant”). Government Exhibit 30, featured at
the suppression hearing in the criminal case and of which we take
18
judicial notice,5 makes it apparent that different defendants
responded differently to their duty to minimize: some may be able
to successfully claim qualified immunity even at the pleading stage
where others may not.6
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the district court’s
denial of defendants’ motions to dismiss, and REMAND for the
district court to dismiss the complaint without prejudice to
repleading and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
5 See supra Note 2.
6 Without addressing the merits of a qualified immunity claim by any
particular defendant, it is worth noting that the conduct of the agents in
question covers a broad range. Three named defendants, two of whom
gave testimony that could be read as acknowledging that they listened to
conversations they knew they should not have, accounted for the eight
conversations whose recording most troubled Judge Sullivan. At the other
extreme, it is difficult to review Government Exhibit 30 without
concluding that at least some of the named defendants seem to have been
quite exemplary in their minimization practices. Other factors, such as the
stage of the wiretap at which the calls were intercepted and the nature and
timing of minimization supervision, may well be relevant to the qualified
immunity analysis.
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