FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAY 15 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CHARLES MIKICH and ALEXIS No. 13-15535
MIKICH,
D.C. No. 4:11-cv-04629-DMR
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. MEMORANDUM*
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN
FRANCISCO; et al.,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Donna M. Ryu, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 17, 2015
San Francisco, California
Before: SCHROEDER and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges and GLEASON,** District
Judge.
Charles and Alexis Mikich appeal the district court’s order granting
summary judgment to Defendants in the Mikiches’ 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. The
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Sharon L. Gleason, District Judge for the U.S. District
Court for the District of Alaska, sitting by designation.
district court held that Defendants were protected by qualified immunity even
though they removed the Mikiches’ infant daughter AM from her parents without
first obtaining a warrant. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
“Government officials are not entitled to qualified immunity if (1) the facts
taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury show that the
defendants’ conduct violated a constitutional right and (2) the right was clearly
established at the time of the alleged violation.” Sandoval v. Las Vegas Metro.
Police Dep’t, 756 F.3d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal alterations and
quotation marks omitted). “Parents and children have a well-elaborated
constitutional right to live together without governmental interference. That right
is an essential liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee
that parents and children will not be separated by the state without due process of
law except in an emergency.” Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126, 1136 (9th Cir.
2000) (internal citations omitted). Officials investigating child abuse or neglect act
lawfully in removing a child without a warrant “only if the information they
possess at the time of the seizure is such as provides reasonable cause to believe
that the child is in imminent danger of serious bodily injury and the scope of the
intrusion is reasonably necessary to avert that specific injury.” Id. at 1138.
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With regard to the first prong, we agree with the district court that,
construing the facts in the light most favorable to the Mikiches (as we are bound to
do at the summary judgment phase), a rational juror could conclude that
Defendants Bonnie Dickerson and Dan Phillips violated the Mikiches’
constitutional rights. First, a reasonable juror could conclude that given the factors
identified by the social workers, including AM’s low birth weight and the
Mikiches lack of a plan for housing, Defendants had reasonable cause to believe
that AM would be in imminent danger if released to her parents.
However a reasonable juror also could conclude from the Mikiches’
evidence that Defendants made the decision to remove AM from her parents’
custody on or before December 9 (over twenty-four hours prior to AM’s
discharge). Lastly, a reasonable juror could find that Defendants knew AM was to
be released on December 10. As such, a reasonable juror could conclude that the
decision to remove was made at a time when the child was not in imminent danger,
and yet no warrant was obtained. Instead, based on the testimony of Defendants’
own expert, Defendants could have obtained a warrant in the time between forming
the decision to remove AM and the child’s removal. Therefore, based on these
facts, the district court did not err in finding that a reasonable juror could conclude
that Dickerson and Phillips violated the Mikiches’ constitutional rights.
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As to the second prong: we ask whether the law was clearly established such
that a reasonable social worker would be on notice that removing AM from her
parents’ custody violated the law. “The relevant, dispositive inquiry in
determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a
reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.”
Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202 (2001), overruled on other grounds by Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009). The right allegedly violated must be clearly
established at more than a general level; “the right the official is alleged to have
violated must have been ‘clearly established’ in a more particularized, and hence
more relevant, sense: The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a
reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.”
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). “This is not to say that an
official action is protected by qualified immunity unless the very action in question
has previously been held unlawful, but it is to say that in the light of pre-existing
law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
At the time of this event, it was clearly established law that, in order for a
warrantless removal based on exigent circumstances to be lawful, a social worker
“must have reasonable cause to believe that the child is likely to experience serious
bodily harm in the time that would be required to obtain a warrant.” Rogers v.
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Cnty. of San Joaquin, 487 F.3d 1288, 1294 (9th Cir. 2007). No reasonable social
worker could have concluded that AM was in imminent danger of serious bodily
injury while she was in the hospital; the danger already identified as potentially
warranting seizure would only materialize at the time of AM’s discharge.
Accordingly, because the danger would not have arisen in the time it would have
taken Defendants to obtain a warrant, no reasonable social worker in Defendants’
position would have believed it was lawful to remove AM without obtaining a
warrant.
We reverse the district court’s summary judgment order and remand for
further proceedings. Costs on appeal shall be awarded to appellants.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
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