School District of Philadelphia v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board

[J-5-2015]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN DISTRICT

SAYLOR, C.J., EAKIN, BAER, TODD, STEVENS, JJ.

SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA : No. 34 EAP 2014
:
: Appeal from the Order of the
v. : Commonwealth Court entered on January
: 7, 2014, at No. 598 CD 2013, affirming in
: part and reversing in part the Order by the
WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL : Workers' Compensation Appeal Board
BOARD (HILTON) : entered on March 12, 2013, at No.
: A11-0712.
:
APPEAL OF: SHIRLEY HILTON : ARGUED: March 10, 2015

DECIDED: May 26, 2015

OPINION

MR. JUSTICE BAER
The primary issue in this appeal is whether Section 306(b)(3) of the Workers’

Compensation Act (Act) 1 requires an employer to provide an injured employee with

written “notice of ability to return to work” before offering alternative employment where

the injured employee has not yet filed a claim petition and, thus, has never proven

entitlement to workers’ compensation benefits. We hold that Section 306(b)(3) notice is

required where the employer is seeking to modify existing workers’ compensation

benefits based on medical evidence establishing that the injured employee is able to

return to work in some capacity. Because the injured employee in the case before us

had not yet received workers’ compensation benefits when the offer of alternative

1 Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. § 512(3). Section 306(b)(3) was
added by the Act of June 24, 1996, P.L. 350 (Act 57).
employment was rendered, the employer had no duty to provide notice of ability to work

pursuant to Section 306(b)(3). Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Commonwealth

Court.

The record establishes that Shirley Hilton (Claimant) was employed by the School

District of Philadelphia (Employer) as a second grade teacher at the Frances D. Pastorius

Elementary School (Pastorius Elementary) from November 24, 2008 to March 3, 2009.

The second graders in Claimant’s classroom engaged in significant misbehavior,

including using profanity and engaging in physical violence, which prevented Claimant

from teaching effectively and required her to speak louder than the classroom noise.

After completing an assignment on March 3, 2009, the children became unruly and

vandalized the room by knocking over desks and chairs, tearing down educational charts,

and later ripping down a window shade. Claimant thereafter felt dizzy, could not eat, and

suffered from tension headaches, heart palpitations, and nausea.

After school that day, Claimant went to a regularly scheduled appointment with her

primary care physician, Dr. Wilfreta Baugh. Claimant informed Dr. Baugh of her

symptoms and indicated that the anxiety arising from her employment was more than she

could bear. As a result, a representative from Dr. Baugh’s office called Employer and

advised that Claimant would not be returning to work due to the school’s overly stressful

environment.

Shortly after the incident, Claimant was treated by Employer’s work physician, Dr.

Frank Burke, who concluded that she could return to work at her regular duty job at

Pastorius Elementary. Claimant returned to Pastorius Elementary a few weeks later, but

stayed only four days, unable to continue working under the stress. Notably, on May 29,

2009, Employer issued a notice of compensation denial, rejecting Claimant’s contention

that she suffered a work-related injury due to excessive stress on the job.

[J-5-2015] - 2
 In June of 2009, Employer assigned Claimant to teach in the fall at a different

school, the Jay Cooke School. Claimant met with the principal of that school and toured

the facility, finding it to be the opposite of Pastorius Elementary in that it was very quiet

and the instructors were able to teach the children effectively. Germane to the issue

before us, at the time Employer offered Claimant the alternative employment at the Jay

Cooke School, she had not yet filed a claim petition; thus, no depositions of medical

experts had been taken by either party. When school began in September of 2009,

Claimant did not begin employment at the Jay Cooke School. Claimant maintained that

she was unable to return to teaching because she was still under treatment for the

job-related maladies that arose from her stressful working environment at Pastorius

Elementary.

In October of 2009, Claimant filed a claim petition alleging that, due to stress from

an abnormal working environment, she sustained work-related injuries on March 3, 2009,

which included a vocal cord injury, aggravation of pre-existing lupus, and a heart murmur.

She asserted that these injuries rendered her totally disabled. Consistent with its prior

notice of compensation denial, Employer filed a timely answer denying all of the material

averments in Claimant’s petition. Deposition testimony was provided by Claimant, her

treating physician, Dr. Baugh, and Employer’s medical expert, Dr. James A. Lamprakos.

In a deposition dated December 4, 2009, Claimant, who was seventy years of age

at the time, testified regarding the stressful conditions at Pastorius Elementary as outlined

supra. She explained the effects she suffered from the school’s environment, including

dizziness, heart palpitations, headaches, nausea, and the reemergence of her

preexisting condition of lupus. Claimant acknowledged that Employer assigned her to

the Jay Cooke School in June of 2009, and that she visited the facility, finding it to be a

quiet school with excellent teaching. She reiterated, however, that she was not able to

[J-5-2015] - 3
return to teaching in the fall of 2009 because she was still being treated for the

stress-related injuries incurred from teaching at Pastorius Elementary.

Dr. Baugh, Claimant’s treating physician, testified by deposition dated March 9,

2010, and indicated that Claimant was in good health prior to the work-related incident.

She noted that Claimant had previously been diagnosed with lupus, but had been in

remission for the past three years. While Claimant also had a previous history of

fibromyalgia and a vocal cord injury, she had no symptoms from such conditions at the

time she began teaching for Employer. Dr. Baugh’s medical opinion, within a reasonable

degree of medical certainty, was that the stressful work environment at Pastorius

Elementary exacerbated Claimant’s preexisting conditions of lupus and fibromyalgia, and

caused her to suffer from muscle spasms, headaches, insomnia, and vocal cord injury.

Deposition of Dr. Baugh, Mar. 9, 2010, at 17-19. Dr. Baugh was sure, however, that

Claimant was capable of teaching in a less stressful environment and that she desired to

do so, as opposed to teaching under the circumstances that had been present at

Pastorius Elementary. Id. at 19, 21-22, 34.

Employer’s expert witness, Dr. James A. Lamprakos, testified by deposition dated

August 4, 2010. Based on his physical exam and review of Claimant’s medical records,

he opined that Claimant was able to work without restriction in her pre-injury job as a

second grade school teacher. Deposition of Dr. Lamprakos, Aug. 4, 2010, at 53.

Contrary to Dr. Baugh’s conclusions, Dr. Lamprakos concluded there was no medical

evidence establishing that Claimant’s stressful work environment caused the worsening

of her preexisting conditions of fibromyalgia, lupus, and vocal cord injury. Id. at 35-36,

40, 44-45, 48. Acknowledging that Claimant’s oral ulcers, nasal ulcers, and the

increased hyperpigmentation on her face were indicative of lupus, Dr. Lamprakos found

[J-5-2015] - 4
no evidence linking the reemergence of lupus to stress, although he conceded it was

possible. Id. at 78.

The WCJ credited Claimant’s testimony regarding the conditions of her work

environment at Pastorius Elementary, emphasizing that the behavioral problems of the

second grade class were uncontroverted. The WCJ also credited Claimant’s testimony

that the stressful work environment caused her symptoms of heart palpitations,

headaches, dizziness, and nausea and reduced her voice to a whisper. Finding portions

of Dr. Baugh’s testimony credible, the WCJ concluded that Claimant suffered an injury in

the nature of muscle tension dysphonia from voice overuse. The WCJ further credited

Dr. Baugh’s opinion that as a result of the stressful work environment, Claimant sustained

an exacerbation of her preexisting lupus, as demonstrated by her oral ulcers, nasal

ulcers, and increased hyperpigmentation of the face. Nevertheless, the WCJ credited

Employer’s expert, Dr. Lamprakos, and concluded that the stressful work conditions did

not cause an exacerbation of Claimant’s fibromyalgia.

Accordingly, based on Dr. Baugh’s testimony, the WCJ concluded that the stress

arising from teaching at Pastorius Elementary resulted in the physical injury of

exacerbated lupus with its associated symptomology and vocal cord injury in the nature of

muscle tension dysphonia from voice overuse, which rendered Claimant totally disabled

as of March 3, 2009. Thus, the WCJ awarded her benefits as of that date. Significantly,

however, the WCJ found that Dr. Baugh’s testimony did not establish that Claimant was

generally disabled from working as a teacher, but only that she was disabled from working

in a classroom with children who have behavioral problems like those in her class at

Pastorius Elementary. WCJ’s Opinion, Apr. 19, 2011, Finding of Fact No. 41. Crediting

Claimant’s own testimony that on September 30, 2009, Employer made a position

available to her at the Jay Cooke School, which Claimant found to be a quiet school with

[J-5-2015] - 5
excellent teaching, the WCJ held that Claimant’s worker’s compensation benefits should

be suspended as of that time.

The Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) affirmed in part and reversed

in part. Initially, it affirmed the grant of benefits, thereby rejecting Employer’s contention

that Dr. Baugh’s testimony that Claimant’s work duties exacerbated her pre-existing lupus

was incompetent because she was not an expert in the area. The WCAB opined that a

physician need not be an expert in a specialized area in order to render competent

testimony on the subject.

Relevant here, the WCAB reversed that portion of the WCJ’s order suspending

Claimant’s benefits as of September 30, 2009, on the ground that Employer never

provided her with a notice of ability to return to work pursuant to Section 306(b)(3) of the

Act. This provision states:

If the insurer receives medical evidence that the claimant is able to
return to work in any capacity, then the insurer must provide prompt written
notice, on a form prescribed by the department, to the claimant, which
states all of the following:
(i) The nature of the employe’s physical condition or change of
condition.
(ii) That the employe has an obligation to look for available
employment.
(iii) That proof of available employment opportunities may
jeopardize the employe’s right to receipt of ongoing benefits.
(iv) That the employe has the right to consult with an attorney
in order to obtain evidence to challenge the insurer’s
contentions.
77 P.S. § 512(3).

Relying on Allegis Group v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Henry), 882 A.2d 1 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 2005), and Hoover v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Harris Masonry, Inc.), 783

A.2d 886 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001), the WCAB held that an employer’s obligation to issue

Section 306(b)(3) notice was mandatory and that an employer’s failure to comply with the

[J-5-2015] - 6
provision during the litigation of a claim petition precluded the suspension of benefits.

The WCAB concluded that because there was no evidence that Employer provided

Claimant with Section 306(b)(3) notice of ability to return to work, the Employer did not

meet the threshold burden required to modify benefits. Alternatively, the WCAB held

that the suspension of Claimant’s benefits was improper because there was no evidence

presented that Claimant had ever been released by Dr. Baugh to return to work as a

teacher at the Jay Cooke School in September of 2009.

The Commonwealth Court affirmed in part and reversed in part. Sch. Dist. of

Phila. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Hilton), 84 A.3d 372 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). The

court affirmed the WCAB’s affirmance of the grant of workers’ compensation benefits,

agreeing with the WCAB that Dr. Baugh, as Claimant’s treating physician, was competent

to testify that the stressful working conditions exacerbated Claimant’s preexisting lupus.

Id. at 375. The court, however, reversed the WCAB’s ruling that the WCJ erred in

suspending benefits as of September 30, 2009. The Commonwealth Court held that the

WCJ properly suspended Claimant’s benefits because: (1) Claimant established disability

only until September 30, 2009, when the job at Jay Cooke Elementary was available; and

(2) Employer had no duty to issue a Section 306(b)(3) notice to Claimant under the facts

presented.

Regarding the first basis for the suspension of benefits, the Commonwealth Court

relied on Dr. Baugh’s testimony that Claimant was not disabled from working as a teacher

generally, but rather was only disabled from teaching at a school like Pastorius

Elementary where the children had severe behavioral problems. Id. at 376. 2

2 The Commonwealth Court cited the following portion of Dr. Baugh’s testimony:

Q. Would you place her - - is she capable of returning to any work at this
point?
(continuedL)

[J-5-2015] - 7
Accordingly, it concluded that Claimant established disability only until September 30,

2009, when the job at the Jay Cooke School became available.

Additionally, the Commonwealth Court held that Employer had no duty to issue

Claimant a notice of ability to return to work. Relying on Struthers Wells v. Workers’

Comp. Appeal Bd. (Skinner), 990 A.2d 176, 178 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), the court held that

Section 306(b)(3) notice is part of the earning power assessment process and is required

where an employer seeks to alter a claimant’s status quo of existing benefits to partial

disability by modification or suspension of payments on the basis of medical evidence. It

explained that the purpose of the notice provision is to require employers to share new

medical information about a claimant’s physical ability to work and its possible impact on

existing benefits. Hilton, at 377 (citing Burrell v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Phila. Gas

Works), 849 A.2d 1282, 1286 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004)). The Commonwealth Court

referenced unreported decisions, in which it recognized that Section 306(b)(3) presumes

that the injury has caused a disability, that a claim has been acknowledged as

compensable, and that the employer is seeking to reduce its existing liability. Hilton, at

(Lcontinued)

A. I’m sure she is. I mean even she, herself, claims that she would like to
go back to teaching in a less stressful environment. It’s something that she
enjoyed doing and she did it full time at some point in the remote past. And
she wants to do this now. She wants to go back to work but not under
those circumstances.

* * *

Q. What is your prognosis for [Claimant] at this point?

A. I think her prognosis is good as long as she stays out of those kind [sic] of
environments.

Id., (citing Deposition of Dr. Baugh, Mar. 9, 2010, at 19).

[J-5-2015] - 8
377 (citing Zyskowski v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Allied Services), 2013 WL 3960967

(Pa.Cmwlth., No. 1665 CD.2012, filed February 26, 2013), Slip Op. at 14 [quoting King v.

Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Monroe Muffler & Brakes), 2010 WL 9513077 (Pa.Cmwlth.,

No. 1582 CD.2009, filed June 29, 2010), Slip Op. at 10.].

The Commonwealth Court emphasized that none of these prerequisites for

issuance of Section 306(b)(3) notice were present here because Claimant had not been

receiving benefits at the time of Employer’s job offer, no litigation was pending as

Claimant had not yet filed a claim petition, and Employer’s job offer was not based on a

change in Claimant’s medical condition. Hilton, at 377. It emphasized that “[h]ere, in

the claim petition, the burden was on Claimant to show the duration of her disability, and

she simply did not establish that it continued beyond September 30th.” Id. at 378.

Accordingly, the court concluded that the requirement for issuing Section 306(b)(3) notice

was not triggered.

This Court granted Claimant’s petition for allowance of appeal on two distinct, but

related issues. First, Claimant submits that in order to suspend disability benefits based

upon an offer of alternative employment, the employer must provide the claimant with a

notice of ability to return to work, regardless of whether the claimant sought or was

receiving benefits at the time the job offer was made. She argues that the clear

language of Section 306(b)(3) creates a mandatory notice requirement to the injured

worker and includes no language limiting such notice to those claimants currently

receiving benefits. Claimant maintains that the Commonwealth Court’s attempt to carve

out an exception to the mandatory requirement of filing a notice of ability to return to work

contravenes both the letter and intent of Section 306(b)(3) and the Act as a whole.

In support of her position, Claimant contends that the Commonwealth Court’s

holding -- that Section 306(b)(3) notice is unnecessary where the claimant is not receiving

[J-5-2015] - 9
workers’ compensation benefits -- conflicts with that court’s decisions in Allegis Group,

and Hoover, supra, upon which the WCAB relied in reversing the suspension of benefits.

According to Claimant, the Commonwealth Court in those cases determined that in the

context of a claim petition proceeding where the claimant was not yet receiving benefits,

the employer must establish that it issued a Section 306(b)(3) notice prior to tendering an

offer of alternative employment. She maintains that the Hoover decision clarifies that

employers must satisfy the requirements of Section 306(b)(3) where the employer is

attempting to limit the duration and extent of the award of disability benefits based upon

an actual job offer in a claim petition setting.

Claimant further contends the Commonwealth Court erred by relying upon Burrell,

supra, for the proposition that Section 306(b)(3) notice is not required under the

circumstances presented. Burrell is distinguishable, she asserts, because the employer

in that case demonstrated through surveillance video evidence that the claimant had

actually returned to work, thus, there was no need to inform him that he was capable of

returning to work pursuant to Section 306(b)(3).

According to Claimant, the Commonwealth Court’s holding relieves an employer of

its statutory obligation to provide notice of a claimant’s ability to work. Claimant views

such result as inequitable and illogical in that it rewards the employer who erroneously

denied the disability claim and penalizes the disabled worker who was forced to initiate

the claim petition proceeding to recover benefits to which she was clearly entitled.

In her second issue, which is related but distinct, Claimant contends that the

suspension of her benefits as of September 30, 2009, was unwarranted absent medical

evidence establishing a change in her disability status. She submits that it is well-settled

that where an injured employee meets her burden of proving an entitlement to disability

benefits in a claim petition proceeding, the burden shifts to the employer to prove

[J-5-2015] - 10
entitlement to a suspension of those benefits through competent evidence. See Vista

Int'l Hotel v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd. (Daniels), 742 A.2d 649, 654 (Pa. 1999)

(holding that in a claim petition proceeding, the claimant bears the burden of establishing

a work-related injury rendering him incapable of performing the time-of-injury job, and if

the employer maintains that the claimant can perform some work within restrictions, it

bears the burden of proving that suitable employment is available).

Here, Claimant argues, there was no medical evidence establishing that she was

physically capable or medically cleared to perform a modified position at the Jay Cooke

School as of the date that the position was made available to her, i.e., September 30,

2009. This conclusion is not altered by her own medical expert’s testimony that she

could return to teaching in a less stressful environment, she contends, because Dr.

Baugh’s deposition in that regard was not given until March 9, 2010, six months after the

job at the Jay Cooke School was made available to her. Thus, Claimant concludes, the

lack of competent medical evidence establishing that she had the ability to return to work

on September 30, 2009, serves as an independent ground upon which to reverse the

suspension of her workers’ compensation benefits.3

3 The Pennsylvania Association of Justice (PAJ) filed an amicus brief on behalf of
Claimant. It reiterates Claimant’s contention that the notice provision in Section
306(b)(3) is mandatory and allows for no exceptions. As did Claimant, PAJ relies upon
the Commonwealth Court’s decisions in Hoover and Allegis Group for the proposition that
Section 306(b)(3) applies within the context of a claim petition proceeding where the
claimant is not currently receiving disability benefits.

Related to Claimant’s second issue, the PAJ argues that once a claimant is found to
be disabled, there is a presumption of total disability, and the employer has the burden of
proving that the claimant has experienced a change in medical condition and that there is
suitable work available. It maintains that employers carry this burden regardless of
whether they have filed a motion for modification/suspension of a claimant’s existing
benefits or are attempting to limit the duration and extent of the award of disability benefits
in a claim petition setting. As does Claimant, PAJ contends that here, there was no
(continuedL)

[J-5-2015] - 11
 In response, Employer contends that the Commonwealth Court interpreted

Section 306(b)(3) correctly when it concluded that an employer has no obligation to

provide a claimant with a notice of ability to work when the claimant was not receiving

existing workers’ compensation benefits at the time the job offer/reassignment was made.

This holding is consistent with the purpose of Section 306(b)(3), it argues, which is “to

require the employer to share new medical information about a claimant’s physical

capacity to work and its possible impact on existing benefits.” Struthers Wells, 990 A.2d

at 178 (citing Burrell, 849 A.2d at 1287). As noted in the Commonwealth Court’s

decision below, Employer emphasizes that unreported decisions of that court have

consistently expressed the view that “Section 306(b)(3) of the Act presumes that the

injury has caused a disability, a claim has been acknowledged as compensable and that

the employer seeks to reduce its existing liability by decreasing the amount of benefits it

has to pay.” Hilton, at 377 (case citations omitted).

According to Employer, the instant facts illustrate that the only logical interpretation

of Section 306(b)(3) is to require a notice of ability to work when a claimant is already

receiving workers’ compensation benefits at the time the job offer is made. Here, when

Employer offered Claimant the teaching position at the Jay Cooke School, it had issued a

notice of compensation denial, thereby disputing that Claimant was disabled by a

work-related injury, and Claimant had not yet filed a claim petition or received any

benefits. Because litigation had not yet commenced, Employer argues there was no

new medical evidence that it could have provided to Claimant pursuant to Section

306(b)(3). As such, Employer submits, it had no obligation under the Act to establish a

change in Claimant’s medical condition when such medical condition had yet to be

(Lcontinued)
competent medical evidence establishing that Claimant was capable of returning to work
at the Jay Cooke School in September of 2009.

[J-5-2015] - 12
established. Further, Employer maintains that Claimant was not prejudiced by the lack

of Section 306(b)(3) notice because she was aware that refusal of the job offer (before her

claim petition was filed and before receiving benefits) would affect her income.

Employer proffers that these particular facts, i.e. that Claimant had not yet filed a

claim petition and was not receiving benefits at the time the alternative job was made

available, distinguish this case from those cases relied upon by Claimant, where a

Section 306(b)(3) notice was held to be required. It refutes Claimant’s characterization

of the Commonwealth Court’s decisions in Allegis Group and Hoover as standing for the

proposition that Section 306(b)(3) notice is required in the “claim petition setting.”

Employer points out that, unlike the instant case, the employer in Allegis Group had filed a

notice of compensation payable relating to the alleged work injury, thereby accepting

liability for the injury and triggering the requirements set forth in Section 306(b)(3) to notify

the claimant, who was receiving benefits, that he or she is physically capable of returning

to work.4 As noted, at the time alternative employment was offered in the instant case,

Employer had filed a notice of compensation denial and Claimant’s disability had yet to be

determined. Employer submits that Hoover is likewise distinguishable because the

Commonwealth Court determined that the employer had a duty to issue a notice of ability

to return to work when a job was offered to the claimant during the litigation of a claim

petition. Employer points out that, unlike Hoover, Claimant’s job offer to teach at the Jay

Cooke School was made four months before she filed her claim petition.

4 To be precise, after the injury occurred in Allegis Group, the employer filed a notice of
temporary compensation payable, which converted into a notice of compensation
payable because the employer never issued a notice stopping temporary compensation.
The employer later filed a notice of denial of compensation. Thus, unlike the instant
case, the claimant was receiving benefits at the relevant time.

[J-5-2015] - 13
 Regarding the second issue on appeal, Employer discounts Claimant’s argument

that suspension of benefits was improper because there was no medical evidence

demonstrating a change in Claimant’s disability status. Employer does not dispute the

general burden-shifting paradigm upon which Claimant relies. It agrees that a loss of

earnings is established once it is determined that a work-related injury prevents a

claimant from returning to the time-of-injury job, and that the burden then shifts to the

employer to modify the benefits by demonstrating that employment is available within the

claimant’s restrictions. Here, however, Employer maintains that Claimant failed to

demonstrate a continuing loss of earning power that would entitle her to ongoing benefits.

Employer emphasizes that Dr. Baugh, Claimant’s medical expert, did not testify that

Claimant was disabled from teaching generally, but rather only that she was unable to

teach in a school where the children had severe behavioral problems. Because

Claimant herself testified that the Jay Cooke School did not have such problems,

Employer contends that Claimant only established disability until September 30, 2009,

when the alternative teaching job became available, and the burden of proof never shifted

to Employer. This case involves nothing more, it asserts, than the award of benefits for a

closed period due to Claimant’s inability to demonstrate a loss of earning power after the

job at the Jay Cooke School became available.

In this regard, Employer maintains that it is well-established that the claimant bears

the burden to prove the extent of his or her disability. See Connor v. Workmen’s Comp.

Appeal Bd. (Super Sucker, Inc.), 624 A.2d 757, 758 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993) (rejecting the

contention that benefits could not be terminated absent a request by employer because

such argument ignored that in a claim proceeding it is the claimant’s burden to prove the

extent of his disability and the referee is free to grant benefits for a closed period if the

evidence supports such finding); see also Rife v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board

[J-5-2015] - 14
(Whitetail Ski Company), 812 A.2d 750, 754-55 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (holding that “[t]he

claimant also has the burden of proof in establishing the duration of disability throughout

the pendency of the claim petition”). Having failed to present any medical evidence

establishing that her loss of earnings continued after September 30, 2009, Employer

contends that Claimant cannot now prevail by attempting to shift that burden to Employer.

The issues on appeal involve the statutory construction of the Workers’

Compensation Act and thereby constitute questions of law over which our standard of

review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Zortman, 23

A.3d 519, 522-23 (Pa. 2011). We further note that a court’s standard of review of an

agency decision is limited to determining whether there has been a constitutional

violation, an error of law, or a violation of agency procedure, and whether necessary

findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence. Phoenixville Hosp. v. Workers’

Comp. Appeal Bd. (Shoap), 81 A.3d 830, 838 (Pa. 2013); 2 Pa.C.S. § 704. Additionally,

we keep in mind that the Workers’ Compensation Act is remedial in nature and intended

to benefit the worker, and, thus, should be construed liberally to effectuate its

humanitarian objectives. Phoenixville Hosp., at 838.

We first examine Section 306(b)(3) to determine whether Employer was required

to provide Claimant with a notice of ability to work prior to offering her alternative

employment at the Jay Cooke School when Claimant was not receiving workers’

compensation benefits at the time the job was offered.

Preliminarily, we note that Section 306(b)(3) was enacted by the Legislature in

1996 as part of the Act of June 24, 1996, P.L. 350, generally referred to as “Act 57,” which

was intended to alter an employer’s evidentiary burden in cases involving the modification

of disability benefits where the claimant was capable of returning to gainful employment in

some capacity. Phoenixville Hosp., at 845. Act 57 substantially amended Section

[J-5-2015] - 15
306(b)(1) of the Act and added Section 306(b)(2) and (3) to introduce an earning power

assessment process in an attempt to streamline the previous requirements an employer

had to satisfy to modify existing benefits. 5 See West’s Pa. Practice, Workers’

Compensation, § 21.5 (3d ed. 2014) (explaining that Act 57 was prompted by a desire to

replace the Kachinski regime with a more efficient form of partial disability determination,

including the utilization of the “notice of ability to return to work” form as a means of

disclosing to the injured worker that he had been declared medically capable of returning

to the work force).

With this background in mind, we examine the language of Section 306(b)(3) “to

ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a).

The best indication of legislative intent is the statute’s plain language. Malt Beverages

Distributors Association v. Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, 974 A.2d 1144, 1149 (Pa.

2009). “When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it

is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b).

Further, we construe every statute “if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.” Id. §

1921(a); see also 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(2) (“the General Assembly intends the entire statute

to be effective and certain”). Finally, the General Assembly does not intend a result that

is absurd, impossible of execution, or unreasonable. Id. §1922(1).

5 Prior to Act 57, this Court’s decision in Kachinski v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd.
(Vepco Construction Co.), 532 A.2d 374 (Pa. 1987), set forth the procedure for the
modification of a claimant’s existing benefits where the injured employee could return to
work in some capacity. First, the employer had to produce medical evidence of a change
in condition. Second, the employer had to produce evidence of a referral to a then open
job, which fit in the occupational category for which the claimant had been given medical
clearance, e.g., light work, sedentary work, etc. Third, the claimant had to demonstrate
that he had followed through on the job referral in good faith. Finally, if the referral failed
to result in a job, then the claimant’s benefits continued. Id. at 380.

[J-5-2015] - 16
 As noted, Section 306(b)(3) states:

If the insurer receives medical evidence that the claimant is able to
return to work in any capacity, then the insurer must provide prompt written
notice, on a form prescribed by the department, to the claimant, which
states all of the following:
(i) The nature of the employe’s physical condition or change of
condition.
(ii) That the employe has an obligation to look for available
employment.
(iii) That proof of available employment opportunities may
jeopardize the employe's right to receipt of ongoing benefits.
(iv) That the employe has the right to consult with an attorney
in order to obtain evidence to challenge the insurer’s
contentions.
77 P.S. § 512(3).6

The primary argument proffered by Claimant is that because the Section 306(b)(3)

notice requirement is not limited expressly to those claimants who are receiving workers’

compensation benefits, an employer must provide such notice to all claimants prior to

offering alternative employment, even those who are not receiving workers’

compensation benefits or, indeed, have not yet filed a claim petition.7 Employer refutes

this contention by responding that express language limiting the requisite notice to

claimants who are receiving benefits is unnecessary because the statutory language only

makes logical sense if applied where it has been determined that there is a compensable

injury and the employer is seeking suspension of existing benefits based on medical

6 The “form prescribed by the department” referenced in Section 306(b)(3) is the
LIBC-757 “notice of ability to return to work” form, which sets forth the statutory notice in a
standardized format. See South Hills Health System v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd.
(Kiefer), 806 A.2d 962, 963 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002).

7 Claimant’s argument begs the question of how one can be a “claimant” prior to filing a
claim petition.

[J-5-2015] - 17
evidence declaring the claimant capable of returning to work in some capacity. We

agree with Employer.

The plain language of Section 306(b)(3) reveals that the focus of the provision is

upon the employer’s receipt of medical evidence of a change in the nature of the

claimant’s physical condition and the employer’s duty to apprise the claimant of such

evidence. See 77 P.S. § 512(3)(i) (stating “[i]f the insurer receives medical evidence that

the claimant is able to return to work . . ., then the insurer must provide prompt written

notice . . . to the claimant, which states . . . the nature of the employe’s physical condition

or change of condition . . .). The remaining language of Section 306(b)(3) explains that

such notice must alert the claimant of the “obligation to look for available employment,”

which “may jeopardize the employe’s right to receipt of ongoing benefits,” and to inform

that “the employe has the right to consult with an attorney in order to obtain evidence to

challenge the insurer's contentions.” Id. § 512(3)(ii), (iii), (iv).

This language supports the Commonwealth Court’s determination that Section

306(b)(3) presumes that the work-related injury has caused a disability, that the claimant

is receiving ongoing benefits for that compensable injury, and that the employer seeks to

utilize the medical evidence it obtained in an attempt to reduce its existing liability by

decreasing the amount of benefits it has to pay. See Struthers Wells, 990 A.2d at 178

2010) (holding that the clear purpose of Section 306(b)(3) is to require the employer to

share new medical information about a claimant’s physical capacity to work and its

possible impact on existing benefits); Burrell, 849 A.2d at 1287 (same).8

8 While the Commonwealth Court in Struthers Wells and Burrell set forth the
aforementioned purpose of Section 306(b)(3), the claimants in those cases had already
been receiving workers’ compensation benefits at the time the notice of ability to work
was alleged to have been required. Thus, further discussion of those cases is
unnecessary to disposition of this appeal.

[J-5-2015] - 18
 As noted cogently by Employer, the facts of this case illustrate that it would be

illogical to require an employer to issue a Section 306(b)(3) notice before an employer

has conceded the occurrence of a compensable injury or a claimant has proven

entitlement to benefits. Here, at the time Employer offered Claimant an alternative

position at the Jay Cooke School, Employer had filed a notice of compensation denial and

Claimant had not commenced litigation. We agree with Employer that it does not have

an obligation to disclose evidence of a change in Claimant’s physical condition at a time

when her physical condition had yet to be determined. Similarly, Claimant’s argument

ignores that Section 306(b)(3) is based upon an employer’s receipt of medical evidence,

and fails to identify what, if any, medical evidence existed that Employer failed to disclose.

To require Section 306(b)(3) notice under the facts presented would place an

unreasonable burden on employers in cases where disability is contested and a claimant

has not yet established his entitlement to benefits.

Simply put, as reflected in the legislative history, Section 306(b)(3) was intended to

speak to an employer’s burden in a suspension proceeding, after a compensable injury

has been established, and was not meant to impose a requirement upon employers in all

circumstances where alterative employment is offered to an injured employee. This

critical fact distinguishes this case from the cases relied upon by Claimant to suggest that

Section 306(b)(3) notice is required in the “claim setting.”

In Allegis Group, supra, the Commonwealth Court held that the employer’s failure

to comply with Section 306(b)(3)’s notice provision precluded the suspension of benefits.

Unlike the instant case, however, the employer had accepted liability for the claimant’s

work-related injury, only to issue a notice of compensation denial a week later alleging

that the claimant was not disabled by his injury and that it had offered the claimant a light

duty position, which the claimant refused. Notwithstanding this muddled procedural

[J-5-2015] - 19
history, it is significant that the employer in Allegis Group never issued a notice stopping

temporary suspension. Thus, the claimant was receiving benefits at the time the light

duty job offer was tendered, and the employer was seeking to change the status quo of

such benefits, i.e., suspend them. The court held that “[u]nder these circumstances,

Section 306(b)(3) clearly requires Employer to issue a notice of ability to return to work

based on its receipt of new medical evidence.” Allegis Group, 882 A.2d at 5. As

explained supra, this is the type of scenario for which Section 306(b)(3) notice was

intended to apply and is distinguishable from what occurred here.

Claimant further relies upon the Commonwealth Court’s decision in Hoover, supra.

The relevant facts in Hoover establish that the employer had denied liability for the

alleged work-related injury, but had offered the claimant a light-duty position after his

claim petition had been filed, but prior to his claim being adjudicated. Thus, like Claimant

herein, there had been no determination of the claimant’s entitlement to workers’

compensation benefits at the time the job offer was tendered. In due course, the WCJ

found that the claimant sustained a compensable injury and granted benefits, but

suspended those benefits as of the date of the written job offer, concluding that the

claimant was capable of performing the light-duty position. The decision was affirmed by

the WCAB.

The Commonwealth Court reversed. In addressing the claimant’s evidentiary

challenge to the WCJ’s finding that he was capable of performing the light-duty position

offered by the employer, the Commonwealth Court opined that the employer failed to

satisfy Section 306(b)(3)’s notice requirement. Without providing any analysis regarding

why a notice of ability to work was required prior to a determination of a compensable

injury, the court merely cited the statutory language of the provision and summarily

concluded there was no evidence of compliance.

[J-5-2015] - 20
 Employer contends that the Commonwealth Court’s decision in Hoover is

distinguishable because the claimant had already filed the claim petition when the offer of

employment had been made. While this assertion is true, we find that such distinction

has no real significance as we conclude that the employer’s obligation to provide Section

306(b)(3) notice does not arise until after a claimant has become entitled to workers’

compensation benefits. Thus, for the reasons set forth supra, we decline to adopt the

Hoover court’s application of Section 306(b)(3) where the employer has not accepted

liability for the claim and the claimant has not proven his entitlement to benefits.

In her second contention, Claimant urges this Court to reverse the suspension of

her benefits as of September 30, 2009, because there was no medical evidence

establishing a change in her disability status, such as a doctor’s release indicating that

she was capable of returning to work at the Jay Cooke School. She argues that where

an injured employee has met her burden of proving entitlement to disability benefits in a

claim petition proceeding, the burden shifts to the employer to prove a change of status

through competent evidence. Absent medical evidence that she was capable of working

at the Jay Cooke School, Claimant maintains the WCJ erred in suspending her benefits

as of the date the position became available.

Employer contends there was no shifting of the burden here because Claimant

never established a continued loss of earning power that would entitle her to ongoing

benefits after September 30, 2009. It emphasizes that Claimant’s medical expert, Dr.

Baugh, never testified that Claimant was disabled from teaching generally, but rather only

that she was unable to teach in a school where the children had severe behavioral

problems. Because Claimant herself testified that the Jay Cooke School did not have

such problems, Employer maintains that Claimant only established a loss of earnings

until September 30, 2009, when the alternative teaching job became available. It relies

[J-5-2015] - 21
on case law establishing that the claimant bears the burden to prove the extent of his or

her disability. See Connor, 624 A.2d at 758 (rejecting the contention that benefits could

not be terminated absent a request by employer because such argument ignored that in a

claim proceeding it is the claimant’s burden to prove the extent of his disability and the

referee is free to grant benefits for a closed period if the evidence supports such finding);

see also Rife, 812 A.2d at 754-55 (holding that “[t]he claimant also has the burden of proof

in establishing the duration of disability throughout the pendency of the claim petition”).

Having failed to present any medical evidence establishing that her loss of earnings

continued after September 30, 2009, Employer contends that Claimant cannot now

prevail by attempting to shift that burden to Employer. We agree.

The Commonwealth Court properly held that “[h]ere in the claim petition, the

burden was on Claimant to show the duration of her disability, and she simply did not

establish that it continued beyond September 30th.” Hilton, 84 A.3d at 378. See Inglis

House v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeal Bd. (Reedy), 634 A.2d 592, 595 (Pa. 1993) (holding

that in a claim petition proceeding, a claimant must establish both the existence of a

work-related injury and that the injury continues to cause disability throughout the

pendency of the claim petition); Pa. Universal Emplrs. Guar. Fund v. Workers’ Comp.

Appeal Bd. (Bonner & Fitzgerald), 85 A.3d 1109, 1114-15 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (holding

that in a claim proceeding the burden is on the claimant to establish a right to

compensation and prove all the necessary elements to support an award, including the

burden to establish the duration and extent of disability).

Here, Dr. Baugh testified that Claimant’s work injury rendered her incapable of

teaching at a school with children who had significant behavioral problems, but conceded

that Claimant was capable of working in a school where the environment was conducive

to teaching. See n.2, infra (setting forth the relevant testimony of Dr. Baugh). Claimant,

[J-5-2015] - 22
herself, testified that she had toured the Jay Cooke School, spoke with the school’s

principal, and concluded that it was a quiet school where excellent teaching was taking

place. Thus, while establishing entitlement to benefits for the period between March 3,

2009 and September 30, 2009, Claimant’s own testimony and that of her medical expert

demonstrated that the loss of earnings resulting from Claimant’s work injury ceased as of

date the position became available at the Jay Cooke School.

It was within the WCJ’s authority to accept the testimony of Claimant and her

medical expert as credible and to grant benefits for a closed period. The WCJ, as the

ultimate finder of fact, has exclusive province over questions of credibility and evidentiary

weight, and is free to accept or reject the testimony of any witness in whole or in part.

This Court will not disturb a WCJ’s findings when they are supported by the record, as is

the case here.

Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Commonwealth Court.

Mr. Chief Justice Saylor, Mr. Justice Eakin, Madame Justice Todd and Mr. Justice

Stevens join the opinion.

[J-5-2015] - 23