FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUN 01 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10284
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:07-cr-00248-WBS-2
v.
MEMORANDUM*
LARRY SIXTO AMARO, AKA Paqui,
Defendant - Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10285
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:07-cr-00248-WBS-3
v.
GERARDO LOPEZ MORA, AKA Jerry,
Defendant - Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10312
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:07-cr-00248-WBS-6
v.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
JASON MICHAEL STEWART
HANSON, AKA Red,
Defendant - Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10313
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:07-cr-00248-WBS-4
v.
ERNEST PAUL KILLINGER, AKA
Powder,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
William B. Shubb, Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 11, 2015
San Francisco, California
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, IKUTA, and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Larry Amaro, Ernest Killinger, Gerardo Mora, and Jason Stewart-Hanson
(collectively, “Appellants”) appeal their convictions for various drug-related
offenses. Killinger also appeals his sentence. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
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The district court did not err in denying Appellants’ motion to suppress
wiretap evidence. The affidavit showed that the FBI contemplated or employed a
combination of at least eleven different traditional investigative techniques over the
course of a year before seeking a wiretap, and still had been unable to accomplish
its goals. Further, the affidavit explained in thorough and case-specific detail why
other investigative procedures would be too dangerous or unlikely to succeed in
developing an effective case against all the persons involved in the DTO
conspiracy. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c); see also United States v. McGuire, 307
F.3d 1192, 1197 (9th Cir. 2002). The FBI’s investigative purpose to dismantle the
DTO conspiracy was not so general or vast “as to manufacture necessity in all
circumstances.” United States v. Blackmon, 273 F.3d 1204, 1211 (9th Cir. 2001).
The FBI was not required to continue using its confidential informants when they
had been unable to obtain information about the conspiracy’s source of supply for
narcotics or its money laundering methods. Nor was the FBI required to release
one of its confidential informants from jail in order to use him more effectively.
See United States v. Canales Gomez, 358 F.3d 1221, 1225–26 (9th Cir. 2004).
Finally, the FBI was not required to conduct additional surveillance or trash
searches before seeking a wiretap because “the wiretap statute does not mandate
the indiscriminate pursuit to the bitter end” of every traditional investigative
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procedure. See United States v. Bennett, 219 F.3d 1117, 1122 (9th Cir. 2000)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
The district court did not err in denying Appellants’ request for a hearing
pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). Appellants failed to make a
threshold showing that any of the omissions they cited were “material to the
district court’s finding of necessity.” See United States v. Shryock, 342 F.3d 948,
977 (9th Cir. 2003).
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Appellants’
pretrial motions to exclude gang-related evidence. This evidence was, at
minimum, potentially relevant to explain the formation and purpose of the
conspiracy, see Fed. R. Evid. 403, and the district court could reasonably defer a
ruling on whether the probative value of particular evidence would be
“substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice” until trial. See id.
The district court did not err when it refused to give Stewart-Hanson’s
proposed buyer-seller jury instruction because the proposed instruction had no
foundation in evidence. See United States v. Moe, 781 F.3d 1120, 1127–28 (9th
Cir. 2015). At trial, the government presented significant “evidence of a prolonged
and actively pursued course of sales coupled with [Diaz’s] knowledge of and a
shared stake in [Stewart-Hanson’s] illegal venture.” See id. at 1125 (internal
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quotation marks omitted). None of the evidence Appellants point to suggests that
the sales between Diaz and Stewart-Hanson amounted to merely a “casual sale of
drugs, of a quantity consistent with personal use on the part of [Stewart-Hanson],
with no evidence of any subsequent (or planned) redistribution of purchased
drugs.” Cf. id. at 1125, 1128.
Because Oak was working as a government agent, he was “not criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense,” see U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. 1, and
the district court therefore erred in relying on Killinger’s supervision of Oak in
determining that Killinger was a “manager or supervisor” under § 3B1.1(b) of the
Sentencing Guidelines. Killinger raised this issue in a separate brief, in which he
argued that the district court erred in enhancing his sentence under § 3B1.1. The
government failed to file a response brief, an error that is sanctionable under Rule
31(c) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (providing that “[a]n appellee
who fails to file a brief will not be heard at oral argument unless the court grants
permission”). At oral argument, the government admitted that this failure to
respond was an oversight.
Killinger brought this oversight to the government’s attention nearly a week
before oral argument in a letter filed pursuant to Rule 28(j) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure. Yet the government still failed to take any action to address
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and correct its mistake. Instead, the government waited until oral argument to
assert for the first time that the court should sua sponte determine that any error in
enhancing Killinger’s sentence was harmless, and cited supplemental authority
without previously serving it on the court and the opposing party, in direct
contravention of Rule 28(j) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.
This conduct falls well below the standard we expect from the government.
We have long recognized that “[a]s an officer of the court, the prosecutor has a
heavy responsibility both to the court and to the defendant to conduct” fair
proceedings. See United States v. Escalante, 637 F.2d 1197, 1203 (9th Cir. 1980).
The prosecutor here failed to fulfill these responsibilities by neglecting to inform
both the court and the defendants of his arguments. The government’s arguments
are therefore waived. United States v. Vallejo, 237 F.3d 1008, 1026 (9th Cir.),
amended, 246 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2001).
Nevertheless, we have authority to consider harmlessness sua sponte in cases
where the harmlessness of the error is not reasonably debatable and the economy
of judicial resources would be served. See United States v. Brooks, 772 F.3d 1161,
1171 (9th Cir. 2014). These factors are present here. Reversal and further
litigation would not only be costly, but also futile because the harmlessness of the
district court’s error is certain in light of the ample evidence in the record that
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Killinger exercised the requisite control over others. See id.; see also United States
v. Whitney, 673 F.3d 965, 976 (9th Cir. 2012). The record establishes that
Killinger oversaw members of the conspiracy operating in various East Bay cities,
and that Isaac Benavidez was managing the cell phone store under Killinger’s
supervision in order to launder drug money and conduct drug operations. See
United States v. Gadson, 763 F.3d 1189, 1222 (9th Cir. 2014). The record also
establishes that Killinger exercised decision making authority over the allocation
of drug trafficking proceeds and procurement of narcotics, which are relevant
factors the district court can consider in determining Killinger’s role in the
conspiracy. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. 4. We therefore affirm the district court’s
imposition of this sentencing enhancement.
AFFIRMED.
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