RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 15a0117p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ┐
Plaintiff-Appellee, │
│
│ No. 14-1987
v. │
>
│
BRADLEY MICHAEL ABBRING, │
Defendant-Appellant. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
No. 1:14-cr-00050—Paul Lewis Maloney, Chief District Judge.
Decided and Filed: June 9, 2015
Before: MOORE, SUTTON, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Katie N. Steffes, Grandville, Michigan, for Appellant. Tessa K. Hessmiller,
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
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OPINION
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SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Bradley Abbring pleaded guilty to one count of receiving child
pornography. The district court enhanced his advisory sentencing range because he distributed
the pornography using peer-to-peer file-sharing software. We affirm.
Over a six-year span, Bradley Abbring downloaded more than 450 videos and nearly
1,000 photos of child pornography through a peer-to-peer file-sharing program called Ares. Law
enforcement caught up with Abbring in July 2012, when an undercover agent using Ares noticed
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No. 14-1987 United States v. Abbring Page 2
child pornography available for download from a computer matching Abbring’s internet address.
On four subsequent occasions, agents downloaded from Abbring viewable segments of video
files depicting adult men raping, sodomizing, and fondling girls as young as four. After his
arrest in July 2013, Abbring pleaded guilty to one count of receiving child pornography. See
18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A).
At sentencing, the district court added four points to Abbring’s offense level for
distributing child pornography through Ares. Consistent with other file-sharing programs, Ares
permits users to download and view files stored on other users’ computers in their shared folders.
See generally MGM Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 919–23 (2005). Unlike some
file-sharing programs, Ares does not allow users to disable the automatic-sharing feature. All it
permits users to do is to move files out of the program’s shared folders once the user finishes
downloading the relevant file. Users thus may not remove a file from their shared folder while
they download it. Because Abbring continued sharing files while he downloaded them—
allowing undercover agents to obtain portions of several videos—the district court concluded
that his use of Ares constituted “distribution” within the meaning of the federal sentencing
guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3). That triggered a two-level enhancement under
§ 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). It also ruled out a two-level reduction under § 2G2.2(b)(1) for conduct
“limited to . . . receipt or solicitation” (emphasis added). All of this generated a 151-to-188-
month advisory guidelines range. The district court imposed a sentence of 132 months.
On appeal, Abbring argues that the district court misapplied both provisions of
§ 2G2.2(b) because his conduct did not rise to the level of distribution. We disagree.
The distribution enhancement. The sentencing guidelines spell out various enhancements
for two types of distribution of child pornography: distribution for pecuniary and other gain, and
distribution to a minor. Id. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(A)–(E). They then provide a catchall two-level
enhancement for all other distribution of child pornography that does not fall into the specified
categories. Id. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). The commentary to the guidelines defines distribution as “any
act . . . related to the transfer of” child pornography, including “transmission” and “posting
[such] material . . . on a website for public viewing[,] but . . . not includ[ing] the mere solicitation
of such material.” Id. § 2G2.2 cmt. n.1.
No. 14-1987 United States v. Abbring Page 3
This is not the first case to implicate the definition of child-pornography distribution and
its application to peer-to-peer file-sharing software. Time after time, we have applied the
catchall two-level enhancement to distribution through such file-sharing software. See, e.g.,
United States v. Bolton, 669 F.3d 780, 782–83 (6th Cir. 2012) (per curiam); United States v.
Gerick, 568 F. App’x 405, 411–12 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Conner, 521 F. App’x 493,
499–500 (6th Cir. 2013); United States v. Darway, 255 F. App’x 68, 71–72 (6th Cir. 2007); see
also United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778, 784–85 (6th Cir. 2015) (noting that our court has
“repeatedly found” that the distribution enhancement applies “in cases where a defendant
distributed child pornography through use of peer-to-peer software”).
In one sense, then, Abbring’s case is not difficult. The use of a file-sharing program like
Ares readily “relate[s] to the transfer” of files, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 cmt. n.1, because the whole
point of a file-sharing program is to share, sharing creates a transfer, and transferring equals
distribution. See Conner, 521 F. App’x at 499–500. Abbring’s use of the Ares file-sharing
program as it turns out did just that. He shared illegal images by making them publicly available
for transfer while he downloaded them himself. That indeed is how he was caught. An
undercover agent used his Ares file-sharing program to obtain several “transmission[s]” of child
pornography from Abbring’s computer address. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 cmt. n.1. Such conduct
“relate[s] to” the transfer of child pornography and thus qualifies for the enhancement. Id.
The wrinkle in the case is that Abbring tried to prevent any such sharing by moving files
out of his shared folder and by interrupting active downloads. Yet that is another way of saying
that he tried to avoid getting caught, not that he never distributed the videos. Abbring was no
novice. He had downloaded 450 videos and 1,000 photos of child pornography before. And as
he well knew, Ares does not permit its users to disable the automatic file-sharing component of
the program during downloading. Unable to disable the sharing function, Abbring shared child
pornography while downloading it and thus transferred images to others. That is all the
distribution enhancement requires. As for Abbring’s intent, it makes no difference to whether he
planned to engage in “distribution” under the guidelines; all that matters is the knowing sharing
of the files. See Bolton, 669 F.3d at 782–83. The definition’s silence on the matter confirms as
No. 14-1987 United States v. Abbring Page 4
much given that several neighboring enhancements expressly do turn on distributive intent. See
Conner, 521 F. App’x at 499–500.
Our decisions in Conner and Gerick illustrate the problem with Abbring’s argument. Just
like Abbring, Conner and Gerick used file-sharing software to download child pornography.
And just like Abbring, they tried unsuccessfully to avoid sharing: Conner tried “to keep [his]
files private by moving them to compact disks,” id. at 498, and Gerick “attempted to block others
from gaining access to his computer,” Gerick, 568 F. App’x at 412. Despite these efforts, we
upheld the distribution enhancement in both cases because they distributed pornography and
knowing distribution suffices. Id. at 411–12; Conner, 521 F. App’x at 499–500. Other courts of
appeals have come to the same conclusion. See United States v. Ramos, 695 F.3d 1035, 1041
(10th Cir. 2012); United States v. Dodd, 598 F.3d 449, 452–53 (8th Cir. 2010); United States v.
Layton, 564 F.3d 330, 335 (4th Cir. 2009); United States v. Carani, 492 F.3d 867, 876 (7th Cir.
2007).
United States v. Durham, 618 F.3d 921 (8th Cir. 2010), says nothing to the contrary. It
held that offenders using peer-to-peer file-sharing software may rebut the inference of knowing
distribution with “concrete evidence of ignorance.” Id. at 931–32 (quoting Dodd, 598 F.3d at
452). Our circuit has never so held, but we need not cross that bridge today. Right or wrong,
Durham offers Abbring no help. Abbring admitted that he knew how Ares works. And his
interruption of the undercover agents’ downloads proves he knew that Ares made child
pornography available to other users during his own downloads.
The receipt or solicitation reduction. The sentencing guidelines also call for a two-point
reduction to the defendant’s offense level if his “conduct was limited to the receipt or solicitation
of [child pornography] and the defendant did not intend to traffic in, or distribute, such material.”
U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(1). Consistent with this language, we have held that the two requirements
are conjunctive, meaning the absence of either one defeats a request for the reduction. See
United States v. Fore, 507 F.3d 412, 415–16 (6th Cir. 2007); United States v. Berringer, 393 F.
App’x 257, 263–64 (6th Cir. 2010). In this instance, Abbring cannot say there was no
distribution in the sense of transfer or sharing (even without regard to knowledge). Indeed, he
does not even argue as much. Abbring’s conduct therefore goes beyond mere receipt or
No. 14-1987 United States v. Abbring Page 5
solicitation. See, e.g., United States v. Shelabarger, 770 F.3d 714, 718 (8th Cir. 2014); United
States v. Baker, 742 F.3d 618, 624 (5th Cir. 2014); United States v. Ray, 704 F.3d 1307, 1313
(10th Cir. 2013). The district court properly denied the two-level reduction.
For these reasons, we affirm.