IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
No. 71628-0-1
Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
DARYL LAMAR BERRY,
Appellant. FILED: June 15, 2015
Trickey, J. — Evidence of prior domestic violence committed by a defendant is not
admissible to bolster a complainant's credibility when the complainant has not recanted
or made inconsistent statements. Here, the complainant's credibility had not been called
into question, and the State concedes that the trial court erred in admitting prior bad acts
for credibility. However, the erroneous admission of ER 404(b) evidence is
nonconstitutional error; and, where, as here, there was no probability that the outcome of
the trial would have been different, the error was harmless. Accordingly, we affirm the
conviction. But because the trial court miscalculated the defendant's offender score, we
remand for resentencing.
FACTS
Daryl Berry and Jessica Stump were romantically involved for several years and
had two children together. Stump testified that her relationship with Berry made her feel
the happiest and the worst in her life. While testifying, she recounted an incident where
Berry started punching her while driving her and the children. Berry pulled over to the
side of the road, ripped her shirt off over her head, and pushed her out of the car. She
was left on the side of the road with her children. As a result, she obtained a restraining
order against Berry. Stump identified the no contact order admitted at trial as the order
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she had obtained. After this March 22, 2013 order, she continued to be friendly because
they had children together.
Stump had moved to the Burien address in November 2012. This was the
residence Stump and her childrenwere living in at the time the court issued the no contact
order. Stump testified that Berry did not have a key to the apartment.
On May 2, 2013, Stump was at home when she heard Berry banging loudly on her
door for over 45 minutes. When she thought he had finally gone, she prepared to leave
the apartment. As she opened the door halfway, Berry struck her, knocking her back to
the floor. A struggled ensued with Stump smashing a picture frame over Berry's head.
She was able to open the balcony door and shout outside for help. A passerby dialed
911. Stump's 9-year-old daughter also called 911.
Deputy Sheriff Benjamin Miller responded to the 911 calls. The deputy separated
Stump and Berry, who was bleeding from his head. The deputy first spoke with Berry
who denied that Stump was the person who had hit him. Berry claimed that the women
who had hit him in the head had run off. The deputy then spoke with Stump who was
crying and upset. He observed marks on her wrists and a big lump behind one of her
ears. Stump told the deputythat Barry had hit her and that she thought she was going to
die. The deputy learned that Stump had a no contact order that Berry had received in
open court on March 22, 2013. The deputy arrested Berry.
Berry testified that he had resided with Stump at the apartment. He denied
knocking on Stump's door that day and claimed that he entered the apartment with his
own key. Berry denied hitting Stump and claimed that she had no visible injuries when
he left to speak with Deputy Miller. Berry also denied knowing that there was a no contact
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order prohibiting him from contacting Stump. He denied that the signature on the no
contact order was his, although on cross-examination he admitted that he had been in
court on March 22, 2013, when the order was issued. Berry stated that it was an "Assault
IV - wasn't even much a DV [(domestic violence)]."1 Berry then testified that it was an
incident in 2002 that provided a basis for a no contact order, not the one at issue here.
Berry then stopped testifying.
A juryfound Berry guilty as charged of one count of first degree burglary - domestic
violence, based on assault, and one count of felony violation of a no contact order -
domestic violence, based on assault. And in a bifurcated trial, the jury found the State
had proved the aggravating circumstances that Berry had committed the offenses shortly
after being released from incarceration.
The trial court sentenced Berry to the standard range for both offenses. Berry
appeals.
ANALYSIS
Berry appeals, contending that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of prior
assaults for the purpose of assessing Stump's credibility when her testimony was
consistent with her complaint. Berry also contends that the trial court improperly added
two points to his offender score in calculating his sentence.
I. ER 404(b)
Before trial, the trial court granted the State's ER 404(b) motion to admit evidence
of Berry's prior acts for purposes of assessing Stump's credibility. ER 404(b) provides:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It
1 7 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 72.
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may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
mistake or accident.
The trial court admitted the evidence to support the credibility of the witness. Under State
v. Gunderson, 181 Wn.2d 916, 337 P.3d 1090 (2014), the State concedes that the trial
court erred in admitting the evidence, but argues that any error was harmless.
Erroneous admission of evidence is reviewed for nonconstitutional harmless error.
Gunderson, 181 Wn.2d at 926. Improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless
error if the evidence is of minor significance in reference to the overall, overwhelming
evidence and did not affect the outcome of the trial. State v. Jackson. 102 Wn.2d 689,
695, 689 P.2d 76 (1984).
Here, it is reasonably probable that the admission of the prior domestic violence
did not materially affect the outcome of the trial. The jury heard from both Stump and
Berry as well as the deputy who arrived shortly after the incident. The 911 recording
played to the jury captured a frantic female, crying before the police arrived.
Deputy Miller's testimony at trial established that the account Stump gave at the
scene was consistent with Stump's testimony at trial. Berry's testimony, on the other
hand, was not corroborated. At the scene, he told the deputy it was someone other than
Stump who had hit him in the head.
Berry's testimony, unlike Stump's, was replete with contradictions and evasions.
Berry claimed he had a key to the apartment and that the police took it. He told the deputy
that he knew about the no contact order, but testified that he was not aware of it. The no
contact order contained Berry's signature, which was similar to that found on his driver's
license. There was no evidence that he had a key.
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Moreover, Berry's own testimony indicated that he assaulted Stump in 2002.
Further, Berry admitted that he was in court, but that the judge only told him to stay away
from Stump and did not tell him that he could not go to the residence. Given Berry's
erratic testimony and Stump's testimony corroborated by the 911 calls and the deputy,
there is no reasonable probability that the jury's verdict would have been different had the
ER 404(b) evidence not been admitted. Additionally, because the court gave a limiting
instruction on the erroneously admitted ER 404(b) evidence, the jury could only consider
itto weigh Stump's credibility, which was supported by the deputy and the 911 calls. See
State v. Stein, 144 Wn.2d 236, 247, 27 P.3d 184 (2001) (jury presumed to follow the
instructions).
II. Offender Score Calculation
Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW, the State bears
the burden of proving the existence of prior convictions by a preponderance of the
evidence. State v. Mendoza, 165 Wn.2d 913, 920, 205 P.3d 113 (2009), disapproved of
on other grounds by State v. Jones, 182Wn.2d 1, 338 P.3d 278 (2014). Where the State
fails to meet its burden and the defendant fails to object, the proper remedy is to remand
for resentencing to allow the State to present evidence of the defendant's prior
convictions. Mendoza, 165 Wn.2d at 930; see also Jones, 182 Wn.2d at 6-11.
Berry argues that the court erred in assessing two points, one for the misdemeanor
conviction for domestic violence harassment and one for the State's assertion that Berry
committed the current offense while on community custody.
At sentencing, the State calculated Berry's standard range sentence based on an
offender score of seven for domestic violence - burglary in the first degree. The offender
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score included one point for each of Berry's three prior adultfelony convictions: one point
for a 2006 misdemeanor harassment domestic violence conviction; one point for Berry
being on community custody at the time of the current offense; and two points for count
two the "other current offenses" of domestic violence - felony violation of a no contact
order, pursuant to RCW9.94A.525(21)(a).2
The State concedes that the trial court erred in including a point for Berry's 2006
misdemeanor domestic violence conviction because the misdemeanor conviction
occurred before August 2, 2011. RCW 9.94A.525(21)(a). We accept the State's
concession that it was error to include the misdemeanor conviction.
Next, Berry argues that the State failed to sustain the burden of proof to establish
that he was in fact on community custody. Under RCW 9.94A.525(19), if a present
conviction is for an offense committed while the offender was under community custody,
one point is added to the offender score.
At sentencing, Berry did not acknowledge that he was on community custody when
he committed the offense. Neither did the State provide such evidence. A defendant
waives his right to challenge the State's failure to prove sufficient facts at sentencing only
if that defendant "affirmatively acknowledges" the necessary facts. Mendoza. 165Wn.2d
at 930. As our Supreme Court stressed there is a "need for an affirmative
acknowledgement by the defendant offacts and information introduced for the purposes
of sentencing." Mendoza, 165 Wn.2d at 928 (emphasis omitted).
The State agrees that Berry did not explicitly state that he was on community
custody at the time of the offenses, but contends that his presentence report arguing for
2 Clerk's Papers at 100.
No. 71628-0-1/7
an offender score of five was made on grounds other than those appealed and that
argument necessarily included a point for community custody, effectively acknowledging
that he was on community custody at the time of the offense. This was not an explicit
acknowledgment under Mendoza. Thus, the State presented insufficient evidence to
include the point for community custody. Accordingly, we remand for resentencing.
III. Statement of Additional Grounds
Berry raises a number of issues in a pro se statement of additional grounds for
relief, none of which have merit.
First, Berry contends the trial court erred in permitting the State to amend the
information charging him with first degree burglary rather than residential burglary. Under
CrR 2.1(d), the court may permit the amendment of information any time before a verdict
or so long as the defendant is not prejudiced. Berry's counsel in colloquy explained that
her client was not happy to be charged with the amended information, however, the
defense was not impacted by it. Thus, there was no error.
Berry next argues that the admission of the 911 recording, when the caller was not
present to testify, violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser under
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). But
under State v. Davis, 154 Wn.2d 291, 111 P.3d 844 (2005), where circumstances, as
here, indicate that the primary purpose of the 911 calls were to enable police assistance
to meet an ongoing emergency, such statements are nontestimonial. Since the
determination of whether or not such statements are testimonial is a factual question, we
review their admission under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Shafer, 156 Wn.2d
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381, 395,128 P.3d 87 (2006). Under the circumstances here, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion.
Berry also contends that he was denied the right to interview the complainant in
this case. However, although there was some difficulty in arranging time within which
defense was afforded the opportunity to interview the complainant, it did in fact occur.
Nor is there any merit to Berry's contention that the trial court erred in not dismissing the
case because the complainant was unavailable to testify at the specific time set by the
prosecution.
Berry next claims that he was not able to cross-examine the deputy. But his
counsel specifically chose not to do so. Such a decision is a trial tactic and does not
constitute grounds for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. In re Personal
Restraint of Stenson, 142 Wn.2d 710, 735, 16 P.3d 1 (2001).
Berry claims that he did not comprehend the proceedings; however, his objection
rests primarily on the court's refusal to dismiss the case when the complainant witness
was unable to show up at 9:00 a.m. This delay in the start of a witness testimony is
insufficient to constitute grounds for a mistrial. A trial court's decision to deny a motion
for a mistrial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion and will not be overturned unless its
decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. State v. Wade,
Wn. App. , 346 P.3d 838, 850-51 (2015). Here, Berry can show no prejudice and thus
the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Berry also claims that he did not understand the proceedings and the nature ofthe
charges against him. The issue of Berry's incompetency first arose when the State sought
to introduce a letter purportedly written by Berry and sent to Stump. The lettercontained
8
No. 71628-0-1/9
information that was in the plea negotiations and the issue of his residence at the
apartment. Berry became agitated and somewhat combatant with the court repeatedly
requesting that Berry stop speaking and to sit down so that his counsel could be heard.
Berry agreed to sit and let his attorney speak, but continued to be disruptive. The court
ruled in Berry's favor but he refused to settle down so the court could recess. Once Berry
was removed, the court recessed.
The next day before presenting its case, defense counsel moved for a mistrial
based on Berry's incompetency. The trial court denied the motion. RCW 10.77.060(1 )(a)
requires a competency hearing whenever there is "reason to doubt" a defendant's
competency. A trial court's decision on whether to order a competency examination is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Heddrick, 166 Wn.2d 898, 903, 215 P.3d
201 (2009). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is arbitrary or is based
upon untenable grounds or made for untenable reasons. State v. McDonald, 138 Wn.2d
680, 696, 981 P.2d 443 (1999). "The determination that an accused is competent to stand
trial is within the discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed on appeal absent
manifest abuse of discretion." State v. Hanson, 20 Wn. App. 579, 582, 581 P.2d 589
(1978).
Here, Berry testified on his own behalf. His testimony on direct examination was
coherent and demonstrated that he was aware of what had happened at the residence,
although he disagreed with the State's version of events. On cross-examination, Berry
began to exhibit the combative pose taken earlier. At the conclusion of his testimony,
defense counsel again moved for a mistrial on the basis of Berry's inability to understand
the proceedings since the State amended the charges to first degree burglary. The trial
No. 71628-0-1/10
court denied this motion. On the record before us, we cannot say that it was an abuse of
discretion.
Berry also claims that he was denied due process because he was not present
during certain parts of the proceedings. Before closing arguments were presented to the
jury and while the court was undertaking administrative tasks outside the presence of the
jury, Berry became combative and continued to speak over his attorney and the judge,
demanding that he be given an opportunity to testifyto the jury. Berryhad already testified
on his own behalf.
Berry demanded to be taken out of the courtroom. Defense counsel objected to
Berry's absence again arguing he was incompetent. The court noted that Berry's intent
was to disrupt the proceedings and that he had been repeatedly warned. In the end it
was Berry himself who chose to absent himself from the proceedings.
The trial court then instructed the jury and the State gave its closing argument
outside of Berry's presence. Atthe conclusion ofthe State's argument,the courtrecessed
affording defense counsel an opportunity to confer with her clientwho still refused to come
to court. Berry was afforded multiple opportunities to come to court but chose not to do
so. When the jury rendered its verdict, Berry was still absent.
The right to be present at trial is not absolute and where a defendant's behavior
has been persistently disruptive, a defendant in effect voluntarily waives the right to be
present. State v. Chappel, 145 Wn.2d 310, 318, 36 P.3d 1025 (2001). Here, Berry was
repeatedly warned that his behavior would not be tolerated and that court would not
continue while he was acting that way. The trial court's decision to continue the trial in
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No. 71628-0-1/11
Berry's absence was constitutionally permissible. See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 345-
46, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1970).
Finally, Berry relies on matters outside the record to make his claim that his
attorney provided ineffective assistance for failing to investigate evidence regarding his
mental health. As such, this claim cannot be considered on a direct appeal. State v.
McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995) (the court will not review matters
outside of the trial record on direct appeal).
IV. Conclusion
Because the admission of the ER 404(b) evidence was harmless and Berry's
claims in his statement of additional grounds have no merit, we affirm the convictions.
But because the trial court miscalculated the offender score, we remand for resentencing.
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