UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JORDANA CASCIANO and
JOHN F. CASCIANO,
Plaintiffs,
Civil Action No. 14-1429 (ESH)
v.
JASEN RIDES, LLC,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiffs Jordana and John Casciano bring this action against defendant Jasen Rides,
LLC, alleging various tort and contract claims arising out of an accident suffered by Jordana
Casciano during a guided Segway tour conducted by defendant. Defendant has filed a motion to
dismiss three of plaintiffs’ five counts. (Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for
Summary Judgment on Counts III, IV and V of Pls.’ Second Am. Compl. [ECF No. 19] (“Def.’s
Mot.”).) For the reasons given herein, defendant’s motion will be granted in part and denied in
part.
BACKGROUND
In their Second Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege that on October 15, 2013, they took
part in a guided tour of the District of Columbia, organized by defendant, which involved the use
of Segway Personal Transporters (“Segways”). (Second Am. Compl. and Demand for Jury Trial
[ECF No. 16] (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 16-17.) Defendant “owned, operated, maintained, and distributed
for purposes of the guided tour” the Segways. (Id. ¶ 16.) Plaintiffs were part of a tour group led
by a trainer named “Alex.” (See Def.’s Mot, Ex. A [ECF No. 19-1] (“Release”); see also Mem.
of P. & A. in Supp. of Pls.’ Opp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summary
Judgment on Counts III, IV, and V of Pls.’ Second Am. Compl [ECF No. 21] (“Pls.’ Opp.”) at
3.) Defendant has submitted a document, the second page of which is titled “SEGWAY™
TOUR CONTRACT AND RELEASE” and recites the following language:
In consideration of being permitted to participate in a tour and/or rent and operate
the Equipment, the use of which is hereby acknowledged to be an inherently
dangerous and risky activity, each Participant on his own behalf, and on behalf of
each minor whose name appears above and with respect to whom the adult
Participant is the legal guardian. his heirs, assigns or legal representatives (each of
the foregoing is a “Releasor”) does hereby release indemnify and agree to hold
harmless JASEN Rides, its officers. directors, representatives, employees, agents,
partners and other participants of, for any and all losses, costs, damages, claims,
demands, rights and causes of action of whatever kind or nature and including any
and all negligence claims or causes of action, which may arise and which result
from illness, personal injuries, property damage, death or of any other damages or
injuries not included herein occurring during or resulting from participation in a
JASEN Rides tour and/or rental.
(Id. at 2.) The names “Jordana Casciano” and “John Casciano” are printed and signed above this
Release. (Id.) Plaintiffs “do not dispute that the names of both Plaintiffs . . . appear printed and
signed on both pages of the document . . .; however, Plaintiffs deny that it was Jordana Casciano
who signed the ‘Casciano Release.’” (Pls.’ Opp. at 3.)
Plaintiffs allege that during the tour, Jordana Casciano’s Segway “experienced a control
malfunction causing a large excursion . . . and loss of control, . . . which caused it to accelerate
backward unexpectedly . . ., spin violently, and crash into the cement sidewalk surface, which
resulted in her being violently ejected from the Segway.” (Compl. ¶ 17.) As a result of the
accident, Jordana “suffered severe and permanent physical and psychological injuries, including
but not limited to bone fractures, [scarring], [and] post traumatic stress disorder.” (Id. ¶ 25.)
Plaintiffs contend that defendant “should have known of the Segway[’s] dangerous conditions,
defects, and accident history,” due to several product recalls and past Segway-related injuries.
(Id. ¶ 19.)
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Plaintiffs’ complaint includes five counts. Count I alleges that plaintiffs’ guide, Alex,
failed to properly train and monitor the tour participants and to conduct the tour in a reasonable
manner, and that defendant is liable for Alex’s negligence under the doctrine of respondeat
superior. (Id. ¶¶ 20-26.) Count II alleges that defendant was negligent in maintaining its
Segways and instructing and monitoring the tour participants. (Id. ¶¶ 27-33.) Count III alleges
that defendant should be held strictly liable for leasing Jordana Casciano a defective Segway.
(Id. ¶¶ 34-42.) Count IV alleges that “an implied contract existed between [defendant] and
[Jordana Casciano]” for her participation in the guided tour and that defendant breached implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose that were inherent in that
contract. (Id. ¶¶ 43-47.) Count V alleges that plaintiffs suffered a loss of consortium as a result
of defendant’s negligence. (Id. ¶¶ 48-52.)
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In evaluating defendant’s motion to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted” under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court is mindful that a complaint need only contain “a
short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). The “complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).
With respect to the alternative motion for summary judgment, defendant must show that
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
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matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
247 (1986). A genuine dispute as to a material fact exists if a “reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A moving party is thus entitled to
summary judgment against “a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the
existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the
burden of proof at trial.” Waterhouse v. District of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989, 992 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)). When considering a motion for
summary judgment, “[t]he evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable
inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
II. STRICT LIABILITY
Defendant argues first that plaintiffs “fail to allege facts sufficient to make a claim of
strict liability.” (Def.’s Mot. at 8.) Defendant acknowledges that strict tort liability in the
District of Columbia extends “beyond the seller of a product to ‘any party that was an integral
part of the overall producing and marketing enterprise that placed the defective product into the
stream of commerce.’” (Id. at 9 (quoting Wetzel v. Capital City Real Estate, LLC, 73 A.3d 1000,
1006 (D.C. 2013)).) But defendant contends that, even “as a lessor of Segways, . . . Defendant
was not ‘an integral part of the overall producing and marketing enterprise,’ such that the Court
could extend liability to Defendant in this case.” (Id. at 10 (quoting Wetzel, 73 A.3d at 1006).)
To support this contention, defendant observes that it “did not design, construct, market, or sell
any Segways.” (Id.)
The Court agrees with defendant that the test enunciated in Wetzel controls the outcome
of this case. Moreover, the D.C. Court of Appeals does not seem to have considered the precise
issue here: whether strict liability extends to a lessor of products. The Wetzel Court, for
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example, held that a real estate developer that was “actively involved in [the] renovation” of a
condominium could be held strictly liable for its damaged condition, even though the developer
did not itself sell the unit. Wetzel, 73 A.3d at 1002; see also Berman v. Watergate West, Inc.,
391 A.2d 1351, 1359 (D.C. 1978) (holding that each of several subsidiary corporations – which
were variously involved in building, owning, and selling a piece of real estate – could be held
strictly liable for defects).
In the absence of controlling precedent from the D.C. Court of Appeals, this Court must
“predict how that court would decide the question in a case like this.” Earle v. District of
Columbia, 707 F.3d 299, 310 (D.C. Cir. 2012). The D.C. Court of Appeals originally borrowed
the “integral part” test from the Supreme Court of California. See Berman, 391 A.2d at 1359
(quoting Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 391 P.2d 168, 171 (Cal. 1964)). In Vandermark, the
Supreme Court of California applied strict liability to retailers. 391 P.2d at 171 (“Retailers like
manufacturers are engaged in the business of distributing goods to the public. They are an
integral part of the overall producing and marketing enterprise that should bear the cost of
injuries resulting from defective products.”). Employing the same standard, the Supreme Court
of California has also extended strict tort liability to lessors of personal property. See Price v.
Shell Oil Co., 466 P.2d 722, 726-27 (Cal. 1970) (“[W]e are of the opinion that the doctrine of
strict liability in tort should be made applicable to bailors and lessors of personal property in the
same manner as we have held it applicable to sellers of such property.”). The Price Court
explained that “the lessor may be the only member of that enterprise reasonably available to the
injured plaintiff, and the imposition of strict liability upon him serves, as in the case of the
retailer, as an incentive to safety.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court believed
that this rule afforded “maximum protection to the injured plaintiff while working no injustice
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upon the lessor: the latter can recover the cost of the protection by charging for it in his
business.” 1 Id. at 727. California’s rule imposing strict liability on lessors accords with the
majority of courts that have considered the matter. See Allan E. Korpela, Products Liability:
Application of Strict Liability in Tort Doctrine to Lessor of Personal Property, 52 A.L.R.3d 121
(2015) (collecting cases and finding that “[m]ost of the jurisdictions which have adopted the
proposition that persons engaged in the [business of] manufacturing or selling products are liable
for injury or damage caused by a defect in the product, notwithstanding due care was exercised
by the manufacturer or seller, have also . . . applied the doctrine to commercial lessors of
products”). This Court is persuaded by the Supreme Court of California’s reasoning and sees no
reason why the D.C. Court of Appeals would not follow it. Plaintiffs will therefore be permitted
to proceed with their strict liability count.
III. BREACH OF IMPLIED WARRANTY
Defendant next urges this Court to “dismiss Plaintiff’s claim of breach of implied
warranty or enter summary judgment on this claim for Defendant” because “Ms. Casciano was
never a party to any contract, express [or] implied, with Defendant.” (Def.’s Mot. at 11.) In
particular, defendant contends that “plaintiffs . . . have not alleged any interaction with any agent
of Defendant with the authority to enter into contracts on Defendant’s behalf.” (Id. at 13.)
Defendant further argues that, since plaintiffs allege that Jordana Casciano never signed the
1
The parties appear to agree that plaintiffs’ use of the Segways constituted a lease. (See Def.’s
Mot. at 10-11; Pl.’s Opp. at 12-13.) The Court will assume, without deciding, that this is so. See
D.C. Code § 28:2A-103(a)(10) (defining “lease”). In any case, even if plaintiffs had merely
licensed the Segways, this Court’s strict liability holding would not change. See Garcia v.
Halsett, 3 Cal. App. 3d 319, 325 (1970) (“Licensors of personal property, like the manufacturers
or retailers or lessors thereof, ‘are an integral part of the overall . . . marketing enterprise that
should bear the cost of injuries resulting from defective products.’” (alteration in original)
(quoting Vandermark, 391 P.2d at 171)).
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Release, she “could not have provided the necessary consideration to create an agreement to
allow her to participate in the tour.” (Id. at 14.) Defendant states that it is “implausible” that
every other tour participant would have been required to sign the Release, but that “she alone
was permitted to participate for the lesser consideration of mere payment.” (Id.)
D.C. law implies into lease contracts warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose. See D.C. Code § 28:2A-212; id. § 28:2A-213. Plaintiff alleges that there
existed an implied-in-fact contract between plaintiff Jordana Casciano and defendant. (Compl.
¶¶ 43-47.) “An implied-in-fact contract is a true contract, containing all necessary elements of a
binding agreement; it differs from other contracts only in that it has not been committed to
writing or stated orally in express terms, but rather is inferred from the conduct of the parties in
the milieu in which they dealt.” Steuart Inv. Co. v. Meyer Grp., 61 A.3d 1227, 1233 (D.C. 2013)
(quoting Vereen v. Clayborne, 623 A.2d 1190, 1193 (D.C. 1993)). The D.C. Court of Appeals
has articulated the requirements for recovering under an implied-in-fact contract as follows: “(1)
valuable services being rendered; (2) for the person sought to be charged; (3) which services
were accepted by the person sought to be charged, used and enjoyed by him or her; and (4) under
such circumstances as reasonably notified the person sought to be charged that the [person
rendering the services] expected to be paid by him or her.” Jordan Keys & Jessamy, LLP v. St.
Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 870 A.2d 58, 62 (D.C. 2005) (alteration in original) (quoting
Vereen, 623 A.2d at 1193).
Defendant’s first argument is that there could not have been any implied-in-fact contract
because Jordana Casciano did not interact with an agent who could have made a contract on
defendant’s behalf. Plaintiffs allege that defendant’s employee Alex “allowed [Jordana] to fully
participate in a guided tour of Washington, D.C.” and argue that Alex “had the actual or apparent
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authority to enter into the implied contract on behalf of the Defendant.” (Pls.’ Opp. at 11-12.) In
response, defendant submits an affidavit from Alex Gold, who states that he “did not have the
authority to enter into contracts on behalf of [defendant].” (Mem. in Reply to Pls.’ Opp. to
Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 23] (“Def.’s
Reply”), Ex. B ¶ 5.) Even if Gold’s lack of actual authority were undisputed, however,
plaintiffs’ contract claim would not be defeated. “[A]pparent authority arises when a principal
places an agent ‘in a position which causes a third person to reasonably believe the principal had
consented to the exercise of authority the agent purports to hold.’” Makins v. District of
Columbia, 861 A.2d 590, 594 (D.C. 2004) (quoting Feltman v. Sarbov, 366 A.2d 137, 139 (D.C.
1976)). Plaintiffs allege that Alex “guided the tour in which [plaintiffs] participated” and had
various responsibilities, including to “properly train all participants of the tour group,” “monitor
the participants during the course [of] the tour,” and “conduct the tour in a reasonable and safe
manner.” (Compl. ¶ 22.) In light of these allegations, the Court cannot conclude as a matter of
law that Alex lacked the apparent authority to enter into an implied-in-fact contract with Jordana
Casciano on behalf of defendant for participation in the Segway tour.
Defendant’s other argument is that there could not have been an implied-in-fact contract
between defendant and Jordana without a signed Release. To be sure, the Release states that a
tour participant signs the Release “[i]n consideration of being permitted to participate in a tour
and/or rent and operate” a Segway. (Release at 2.) But, as defendant concedes, for the purposes
of this motion it is “undisputed that Ms. Casciano did not sign a Release.” (Reply at 18; see also
Compl. ¶ 18.) As such, it is unclear why the Release language should be binding on Jordana
Casciano. Plaintiffs allege that defendant permitted Jordana to participate in the Segway tour
without signing a Release. It is plausible that such participation would give rise to “an
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expectation of payment.” See Union Light & Power Co. v. D.C. Dep’t of Empl. Servs., 796 A.2d
665, 671 (D.C. 2002). The Court therefore cannot conclude as a matter of law that there did not
exist an implied-in-fact contract between Jordana Casciano and defendant. 2
IV. LOSS OF CONSORTIUM
Defendant argues finally that this Court should dismiss plaintiffs’ loss of consortium
count. Defendant contends that “Mr. Casciano’s claim for loss of consortium . . . is barred by
the agreement he signed releasing Defendant from liability.” 3 (Def.’s Mot. at 15.) Plaintiffs
respond that the Release “pertained solely to [John Casciano’s] own personal participation in the
. . . guided tour.” (Pls.’ Opp. at 14.)
The Release only applies to “claims . . . [that] arise . . . from . . . injuries . . . occurring
during or resulting from participation in a JASEN Rides tour and/or rental.” (Release at 2.)
2
In its reply brief, defendant submits confirmation receipts and other documentation suggesting
that John Casciano paid for plaintiffs’ Segway tour and that an individual named Robert
Mauchan actually booked the reservation for plaintiffs in advance. (See Reply, Exs. A, C, D.)
Based on these submissions, defendant argues that “[t]here necessarily cannot have been any
interaction between Ms. Casciano and Mr. Gold in which she exchanged her payment for
participation in the tour.” (Reply at 17.) The Court will not now consider these new factual
submissions, which plaintiffs did not have an opportunity to dispute. The Court does note two
things, however. First, even if John Casciano paid for his wife’s Segway tour, it is possible she
may still be able to benefit from various implied warranties as a third-party beneficiary. See
Ashton v. Pierce, 716 F.2d 56, 66 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (“[T]hird-party beneficiaries of [a contract]
may enforce the duties arising under it.”). Second, if an express contract did exist with respect to
plaintiffs’ Segway tour, such a contract might preclude a similar implied-in-fact contract
between Jordana and defendant. See Schism v. United States, 316 F.3d 1259, 1278 (Fed. Cir.
2002) (“It is well settled that the existence of an express contract precludes the existence of an
implied-in-fact contract dealing with the same subject matter, unless the implied contract is
entirely unrelated to the express contract.”). The Court, however, is not presently in a position to
assess the existence of such an express contract.
3
Defendant also argues that, since plaintiffs’ complaint “is devoid of any allegation of injury that
Mr. Casciano suffered . . . , Ms. Casciano has no legally cognizable claim for loss of
consortium.” (Def.’s Mot. at 15.) Plaintiffs offer no rebuttal to this argument. (See Pls.’ Opp. at
14-15.) As such, the Court will dismiss plaintiffs’ Count V for loss of consortium with respect to
Jordana Casciano.
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While the word “participation” is admittedly unmodified, the subject of the sentence is “each
Participant on his own behalf.” (Id.) “Participants” are defined in the Release as “the adults
whose names and signatures appear above.” (Id.) Without some indication to the contrary, the
term “participation” most naturally refers only to the subject of the sentence – that is, “each
Participant” (i.e., the signor). This reading is bolstered by the repetition of the verb “to
participate.” In other words, the Court believes that the Release is most logically read as waiving
injuries “resulting from the Participant’s participation” in the tour.
John Casciano’s loss of consortium claim does not arise out of his participation in
defendant’s Segway tour. In the District of Columbia, “[a] loss of consortium claim stands
‘separate and independent’ from a negligence claim.” Massengale v. Pitts, 737 A.2d 1029, 1032
(D.C. 1999) (quoting Lansburgh & Bro., Inc. v. Clark, 127 F.2d 331, 333 (D.C. Cir. 1942)). It is
“a distinct cause of action for injury to the marriage itself.” Id. (quoting Stutsman v. Kaiser
Found. Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States, Inc., 546 A.2d 367, 373 (D.C. 1988)). As such,
his claim is not contemplated by the Release and may go forward.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny in part and grant in part defendant’s
motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. [ECF No. 19]. Plaintiff Jordana
Casciano’s loss of consortium claim will be dismissed. All other counts may proceed. A
separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ Ellen Segal Huvelle
ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
United States District Judge
Date: June 16, 2015
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