IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
ANZARA BROWN, §
§ No. 603, 2013
Defendant Below/Appellant, §
§ Court Below: Superior Court
v. § of the State of Delaware,
§ in and for Kent County
STATE OF DELAWARE, §
§ Criminal ID No. 54840995
Plaintiff Below/Appellee. §
Submitted: June 17, 2015
Decided: June 17, 2015
Before STRINE, Chief Justice; HOLLAND and VALIHURA, Justices.
Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED.
Sandra W. Dean, Esquire, Camden, Delaware, for Appellant.
Kathryn J. Garrison, Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice, Georgetown,
Delaware, for Appellee.
STRINE, Chief Justice:
I. INTRODUCTION
Anzara Brown was convicted on various charges of drug dealing and drug
possession following a jury trial in the Superior Court. In his direct appeal to this Court,
Brown challenged three decisions of the Superior Court regarding the admissibility of
certain evidence used against him at trial. Because we find that the Superior Court acted
within its discretion to deny Brown‟s suppression motions and admit the evidence, we
affirm his judgment of convictions.
At oral argument on Brown‟s appeal to this Court, his counsel informed the Court
for the first time that James Woodson, the courier for the Office of the Chief Medical
Examiner (“OCME”) who handled the drug evidence seized from Brown following his
arrest, had been indicted for alleged improprieties, including the theft of drug evidence
for personal use. Woodson‟s indictment resulted from a larger investigation into
evidence mishandling at OCME. This Court stayed Brown‟s appeal and remanded the
case to permit him to file a motion for a new trial, given the new evidence of Woodson‟s
alleged misconduct. On remand, the Superior Court denied Brown‟s motion, finding that
the newly discovered facts would probably not have changed the results in his case. The
matter was then returned from remand, and the parties filed supplemental briefs.
We conclude that the Superior Court was within its discretion to deny Brown‟s
motion for a new trial. Although sloppy evidence-handling practices and potentially
worse behavior by OCME employees is disappointing and regrettable, there is no rational
basis to infer that any sloppiness or other improprieties at OCME resulted in any injustice
to Brown. Brown admits that he possessed cocaine in more than sufficient amount to
1
justify his convictions, and there was overwhelming evidence of his guilt separate from
the drugs seized from him. Accordingly, we affirm the Superior Court‟s denial of his
motion for a new trial.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND1
Brown‟s arrest resulted from an extensive police investigation into an alleged drug
trafficking syndicate run by Galen Brooks.2 In addition to using undercover purchasers
and confidential informants, the police obtained a warrant to wiretap Brooks‟ cell phones,
and conducted video surveillance of Brooks‟ house and physical surveillance of the
entrance to his neighborhood. On May 31, 2012, officers listened to four calls in which
Brooks and an unknown man arranged for the man to buy cocaine from Brooks. In the
last call, which took place at 5:35 p.m., the man told Brooks that he would be at Brooks‟
house in approximately seven minutes to pick up the drugs. The officers listening to the
telephone conversations, including Sergeant Lance Skinner of the Delaware State Police,
relayed that information to the officers conducting surveillance. Sergeant Skinner then
travelled to the area near Brooks‟ house to wait for the unknown man.
At the same time, Detective Jordan Miller of the Dover Police Department was
conducting video surveillance of Brooks‟ house. Detective Miller watched another man,
John Price, leave Brooks‟ home at 5:48 p.m.3 The police were familiar with Price‟s voice
and telephone number from the investigation and believed that Price was not the
1
The undisputed facts are taken from the record at trial and on appeal.
2
See State v. Brooks, 2013 WL 4051049 (Del. Super. July 30, 2013); see also Ayers v. State, 97
A.3d 1037, 1038 (Del. 2014) (affirming the convictions of another defendant involved in
Brooks‟ syndicate).
3
The record does not indicate the time that Price arrived at Brooks‟ house.
2
unknown man from the four telephone calls. Three minutes after Price left, or roughly
sixteen minutes after the fourth phone call, an unknown woman and a man later identified
as Anzara Brown arrived at Brooks‟ home. Brooks came out to meet them and they went
around the side of the house, out of view of the camera. Approximately five minutes
later, Brown and the woman left Brooks‟ home. Brooks himself left a minute later,
indicating to the police that he was no longer waiting for the unknown man from the
telephone call to arrive. Detective Miller informed the other officers involved with the
investigation.
Sergeant Skinner followed Brown‟s vehicle in his patrol car for two to three miles
after it left Brooks‟ house. Sergeant Skinner then stopped the vehicle and asked Brown
to step outside on the pretext that there was a problem with his registration. Sergeant
Skinner testified at Brown‟s trial that he recognized Brown‟s voice from the telephone
calls earlier that day.4 When Brown stepped out of his vehicle, Sergeant Skinner arrested
him. He then conducted a pat-down search of Brown and found what he described as two
bags of cocaine contained in a pouch in Brown‟s front pocket. One of the bags contained
three smaller bags, for a total of five bags. Sergeant Skinner transported the drugs to the
police station, where two other officers, Sergeant Jeremiah Lloyd and Master Corporal
Jeffrey Lavere, field-tested and weighed the contents and sealed the bags to transport to
the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. According to Sergeant Skinner‟s testimony at
trial, three of the bags contained crack, and one of the bags contained powder cocaine.5
4
App. to Opening Br. at 66 (Trial Test. of Skinner, Sept. 9, 2013).
5
Id. at 74.
3
There was also a small amount of powder cocaine in the bag that contained the three
smaller bags. The Delaware State Police Evidence Report indicated that the bags
together contained approximately 1.2 grams of powder and 20 grams of crack cocaine.6
Sergeant Skinner searched Brown again at the police station and found a small bag
of marijuana and a pair of brass knuckles in Brown‟s pocket. In a statement to the police,
Brown admitted that he had an ounce of cocaine (approximately 28 grams), and that he
intended to sell it. He gave the police his cell phone number, which matched the one
captured on the wiretap. After he was released, Brown was also recorded on a wiretap
speaking on the phone with Brooks, describing his arrest and the seizure of the drugs, and
assuring Brooks that he would not “fall short.”7
Ultimately, fourteen defendants were indicted for their involvement in the drug
syndicate, including Brooks and Brown.8 Brown moved to sever his case from the other
defendants, which the Superior Court granted. Brown also filed two pre-trial motions,
one to suppress the evidence seized from him following his arrest and another to suppress
the evidence from the wiretaps. The Superior Court denied both of those motions.
At Brown‟s trial, Sergeant Skinner, Sergeant Lloyd, and Master Corporal Lavere
all testified about the cocaine seized from Brown. Despite the evidence report filed by
Sergeant Lloyd and Master Corporal Lavere indicating that Sergeant Skinner had seized
1.2 grams of powder cocaine from Brown, Sergeant Skinner testified that he had
collected 8 grams of powder cocaine from Brown, in addition to the three bags of crack
6
Opening Br., Ex. F (Delaware State Police Evidence Report).
7
State v. Brown, ID #1205025968A, at 5 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2014) (letter order).
8
See App. to Opening Br. at 8-47 (Indictment by the Grand Jury).
4
cocaine.9 Patricia Phillips, the OCME forensic examiner responsible for testing the
cocaine seized from Brown, also testified at trial. She stated that when she received the
envelope containing the drugs seized from Brown, the seal was intact and there was no
sign of tampering. Phillips‟ report indicated that there were five bags of cocaine, but in
different quantities than the officers indicated: one bag of “white powder” containing
7.03 grams; one bag of “white powder” containing 0.67 grams; and three bags of an “off-
white chunky substance” containing approximately 15.53 grams.10
During Phillips‟ testimony, Brown objected to the admission of the cocaine
evidence. He contended that the discrepancies between the Police Evidence Report and
the Medical Examiner‟s report suggested that there were concerns with the integrity of
the evidence, and thus its admissibility.11 In particular, Brown emphasized that the police
officers‟ account of which bags contained crack or powder did not match the Medical
Examiner‟s report.12 Brown‟s attorney requested that she be able to question Phillips
about the “transport from Troop 3 to the medical examiner‟s office.”13 The Superior
Court denied that request, noting that 10 Del. C. § 4331 defines the chain of custody as
the “seizing officer, the packaging officer, and the medical examiner,” all of whom had
testified at Brown‟s trial, which Brown‟s attorney conceded.14
9
App. to Answering Br. at 143 (Trial Test. of Skinner, Sept. 9, 2013).
10
App. to Supp. Opening Br. at 67 (Controlled Substances Laboratory Report).
11
App. to Answering Br. at 173 (Tr. of Arguments, Sept. 10, 2013).
12
See App. to Answering Br. at 161-63 (Tr. of Arguments, Sept. 10, 2013).
13
Id. at 175.
14
Id. During oral argument before this Court, the State‟s attorney suggested that Brown
requested to cross-examine James Woodson, the OCME courier who handled the drugs seized
from Brown and who was later indicted for allegedly tampering with evidence. See Oral Arg‟t
Tr. (May 28, 2014), available at http://courts.delaware.gov/supreme/oralargs/video/2014-05-
5
In responding to Brown‟s objection, Phillips clarified in a sidebar with the
Superior Court and both attorneys that her references to particular bags were not intended
to correspond to the officers.15 The State pointed out that both reports described three
bags of crack cocaine and one bag of powder cocaine, in addition to the outer bag, which
contained a small amount of powder cocaine, although there were weight differences
between the reports of powder and crack.16 Phillips also explained during the sidebar that
“sometimes . . . powder . . . clumps together and it appears to be a chunky substance
when it is more powdery. . . . My description is that it‟s chunky. That‟s not a clinical or
chemical differentiation. It is a description of how the evidence appears.”17 She noted
that because Delaware‟s drug laws do not differentiate between powder and crack
cocaine, she did not specifically delineate the form of the cocaine beyond its appearance
in her report.18 Phillips also explained that she did not weigh the drug packaging, which
the State offered as an explanation for the discrepancy between the weight of the powder
cocaine she testified to compared to Sergeant Skinner‟s testimony, even though the total
amount of cocaine she reported (23.23 grams) was more than that reported by the police
(21.2 grams). The Superior Court determined that the drug evidence was admissible,
28_603,_2013_Brown_v_State_of_Delaware.mp4. Based on the transcript of the trial in the
record, though, it does not appear that Brown ever suggested that Woodson should testify. See
App. to Answering Br. at 175 (Tr. of Arguments, Sept. 10, 2013). Cf. Milligan v. State, 2015
WL 3622880, at *4-5 (Del. June 10, 2015) (discussing the requirements to establish a chain of
custody under Delaware and federal law, and observing that the U.S. Supreme Court held in
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), that “not every individual who may have
relevant testimony for the purpose of establishing chain of custody must appear in person as part
of the prosecution‟s case”).
15
See id. at 170.
16
See id. at 171-72.
17
App. to Opening Br. at 167-68 (Tr. of Arguments, Sept. 10, 2013).
18
Id. at 167.
6
noting that “I don‟t think there‟s any reasonable possibility that the drugs got mixed up
with some other drugs that were not on [Brown‟s] person into those envelopes. . . .”19
Following a three day trial, Brown was convicted by the jury of one count each of
drug dealing at Tier 4, aggravated possession of a controlled substance, carrying a
concealed deadly weapon, possession of a deadly weapon during the commission of a
felony, conspiracy in the second degree, criminal solicitation in the second degree, and
possession of marijuana. The Superior Court sentenced Brown as a habitual offender to
two life sentences for the charges of drug dealing and aggravated possession of a
controlled substance. Brown was sentenced to a total of twenty-nine years and six
months‟ imprisonment, suspended after 27 years, on the remaining charges.
III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Brown’s Direct Appeal
Brown appealed his convictions directly to this Court. In that appeal, Brown
raised three claims: (1) that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence
obtained as a result of the traffic stop; (2) that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting into evidence telephone calls that had been intercepted by the court-ordered
wiretap; and (3) that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting cocaine into
evidence when the State failed to establish an adequate chain of custody.
At oral argument, defense counsel informed the Court for the first time that the
OCME courier who handled the cocaine seized from Brown, James Woodson, had been
indicted and arrested on suspicion of improperly handling evidence. In light of his
19
Id. at 178.
7
argument before the trial court and on appeal that there were discrepancies between the
weight and type of cocaine reported by the packaging officer at the police station and by
the Medical Examiner, Brown contended that the possibility that Woodson had tampered
with the cocaine seized from Brown at least warranted a remand to the Superior Court to
re-evaluate his arguments about the chain of custody. In response, this Court requested
that counsel supplement the record to formally provide us with information about
Woodson‟s indictment. The State complied by submitting a copy of the indictment,
which alleged, among other counts, that Woodson had engaged in trafficking in cocaine,
tampering with physical evidence, and official misconduct. At that point, only two
OCME employees, Woodson and chemist Farnum Daneshgar,20 had been accused of any
misconduct.21
On June 9, 2014, this Court issued an order staying Brown‟s appeal and
remanding the case to the Superior Court to permit Brown to file a motion for a new trial
on the grounds of newly discovered evidence.22 We ordered the Superior Court to issue
periodic progress reports and retained jurisdiction.
20
Daneshgar was not involved in testing the evidence seized from Brown.
21
The Court takes judicial notice that James Woodson pled guilty on May 18, 2015, to official
misconduct and providing criminal history record information to an unauthorized person.
Farnam Daneshgar was tried by a jury on charges of possession of marijuana and possession of
drug paraphernalia. The State dismissed those charges on May 1, 2015, after the jury failed to
reach a unanimous verdict.
22
We also ordered the Superior Court to correct errors in Browns‟ conviction and sentence that
the State identified before oral argument. See Brown v. State, No. 603, 2013 (Del. June 9, 2014)
(order).
8
B. Remand Following Oral Argument
The Superior Court denied Brown‟s motion for a new trial on December 18, 2014.
Although the Superior Court agreed with Brown that the alleged improprieties by the
OCME employees were “newly discovered” and more than “merely cumulative or
impeaching,” it determined that “the evidence was not of a nature that it would have
probably changed the result,” as required to grant a new trial.23 The Superior Court noted
that Woodson had been accused of stealing drugs in evidence for use as drugs—either for
personal consumption or sale—and no OCME employee had been accused of planting
drugs to obtain false convictions.24 The Superior Court also determined that even without
the seized drug evidence, the other “evidence is simply overwhelming.”25 The Superior
Court noted that Brown‟s voice was captured on wiretaps setting up the purchase of
cocaine, he was observed arriving at Brooks‟ house and leaving several minutes later, and
he was arrested with what he admitted was over 20 grams of cocaine that he intended to
sell after receiving a proper Miranda warning. After he was released, apparently
unaware of the wiretaps, Brown also called Brooks and described his arrest, which the
jury was able to hear at trial. As a result, the Superior Court concluded that the new
evidence of Woodson‟s alleged evidence-tampering “was not of a nature that it would
have probably changed the result,” and denied Brown‟s motion for a new trial.26 Brown
23
State v. Brown, ID #1205025968A, at 3 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2014) (letter order) (citing Hicks
v. State, 913 A.2d 1189, 1194 (Del. 2006)).
24
Id. at 4 (citing 2014 WL 6734821, at *8-9 (Del. Super. Nov. 17, 2014)).
25
State v. Brown, ID #1205025968A, at 6 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2014) (letter order).
26
Id.
9
appealed the denial of that motion, and the Superior Court accordingly returned the
matter to this Court.
C. Return to the Supreme Court Following Remand
Before Brown filed his supplemental opening brief, the State provided him with
the results from its re-testing of the substance seized from him after his arrest. The
Superior Court had ordered the evidence to be re-tested in deciding on a motion for a new
trial filed by Galen Brooks, who was tried separately. The results from that test,
conducted by the independent NMS Labs, confirmed that the substance was in fact
cocaine.27 Although the NMS report does not delineate between powder and crack
cocaine, it does provide that the total weight of the drugs was 22.08 grams, which is
similar to the amount reported by the officers after Brown‟s arrest and by OCME, and is
over 20 grams, the minimum required for a Tier 4 offense.28 The NMS report was also
consistent with Brown‟s own admission that he had an ounce of cocaine.
The re-testing results were not the only addition to the record following remand.
After Brown filed his supplemental opening brief and the State responded, the State
disclosed that Patricia Phillips, the OCME forensic examiner who tested the drugs seized
from Brown and then testified at Brown‟s trial, had been suspended from the Division of
Forensic Science (the successor to OCME) and later resigned. The State‟s
documentation explained that there were three incidents leading to Phillips‟ suspension
and resignation: she reportedly “lost” a bag of heroin in her lab coat pocket; she took
27
App. to Supp. Answering Br. at 9 (NMS Labs Final Report).
28
The amounts of cocaine reported by NMS in the five bags were: 6.83 grams, 6.60 grams, 2.15
grams, 6.05 grams, and 0.45 grams. See id.
10
evidence with her into the bathroom, a violation of protocol; and discrepancies were
found in another case between the evidence found in her locker and her description of the
evidence as logged in.29 Brown argued that this additional evidence of misconduct by an
OCME employee raised “a definite probability of adulteration or tampering,” requiring
reversal of his convictions.30
D. BROWN’S CLAIMS ON DIRECT APPEAL
Before assessing the merits of Brown‟s motion for a new trial on remand, we need
to address the claims raised by Brown in his direct appeal to this Court. Our evaluation
of these claims is necessarily based on what the trial judge and parties knew at the time of
Brown‟s trial. We conclude that none of these claims have merit, and therefore affirm his
judgment of convictions.
Brown argues that the Superior Court erred in admitting into evidence recordings
of his telephone calls obtained through the court-ordered wiretap. He contends that the
police lacked probable cause to obtain a warrant to record his cell phone conversations
because the police only had a “mere suspicion” that he would arrange a drug deal with
Brooks.31 Brown did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
magistrate‟s determination that there was probable cause to wiretap Brooks‟ main
29
See App. to Supp. Reply Br. at 23-24 (Corrective Action Request Form, Oct. 6, 2014); id. at
25-26 (Corrective Action Request Form, Oct. 9, 2014); id. at 27-29 (Corrective Action Request
Form, Feb. 27, 2015).
30
Supp. Reply Br. at 4.
31
Opening Br. at 12.
11
telephone number. Instead, Brown challenges the breadth of the “net” cast by the wiretap
to include the number Brooks was using on the date of Brown‟s arrest.32
Under 11 Del. C. § 2407(c)(1), a judge is permitted to authorize a wiretap if she
determines “on the basis of the facts submitted by the applicant” that:
a. There is probable cause for belief that an individual is committing, has
committed, or is about to commit an offense enumerated in § 2405 of this
title [including dealing in narcotic drugs]; b. There is probable cause for
belief that particular communications concerning that offense will be
obtained through the interception; c. Normal investigative procedures have
been tried and have failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if
tried or to be too dangerous; and d. There is probable cause for belief that
the facilities from which or the place where the wire, oral or electronic
communications are to be intercepted are being used or are about to be used
in connection with the commission of the offense or are leased to, listed in
the name of, or commonly used by an individual engaged in criminal
activity described.33
To establish probable cause, the Superior Court in issuing the wiretap warrant only
needed to find that the State had presented facts which, under the totality of the
circumstances, suggested there was a fair probability that Brooks had committed, or was
about to commit, a crime.34 As the Superior Court noted in denying Brown‟s motion to
suppress the wiretap evidence in this case, “[t]he determination of probable cause by the
issuing magistrate is entitled to great deference by a reviewing court.”35
The Superior Court authorized the wiretap on Brooks‟ phone number on May 25,
2012, after it reviewed the State‟s Affidavit in Support of Application for Interception of
32
Opening Br. at 13.
33
11 Del. C. § 2407(c)(1).
34
State v. Maxwell, 624 A.2d 926, 930 (Del. 1993).
35
State v. Brown, 2013 WL 4051050, at *2 (Del. Super. July 30, 2013) (citing State v. Perry, 599
A.2d 759, 765 (Del. Super. 1990)); see also Jensen v. State, 482 A.2d 105, 111 (Del. 1984).
12
Wire Communications. The Superior Court in Brown‟s case was within its discretion to
find that the State‟s Affidavit provided a sufficient factual basis to determine that there
was probable cause to authorize the wiretap. The State‟s Affidavit, a detailed 84 page
document, stated that Brooks obtained a new pre-paid cell phone every forty-five days in
an effort to avoid monitoring by the police. The State‟s Affidavit also explained that
Brooks used a pattern to distribute the new number to his network: Brooks would call his
contacts from the old phone number, tell them to answer the next call, and then call again
from the new number minutes later. This pattern helped the police to identify Brooks‟
new phone numbers throughout the investigation, including the one he was using on the
day that Brown was arrested. The State‟s Affidavit thus provided a sufficient factual
basis for the magistrate to find probable cause to believe that Brooks was using a
particular phone number, and that wiretapping that number would yield evidence of drug
dealing. Because the police had probable cause to obtain the wiretap on Brooks‟ phone,
the evidence that was obtained from his calls—including the drug deal he arranged with
the unknown man later identified as Brown—was admissible. As a result, the Superior
Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Brown‟s motion to suppress the evidence of
the calls arranging the drug deal.
Brown also claims that the Superior Court abused its discretion by admitting the
evidence seized from him after his arrest. He argues that the police did not have probable
cause to arrest him at the time Sergeant Skinner stopped Brown‟s vehicle, and all of the
13
evidence obtained as a result “were the fruits of the illegal arrest.”36 Brown emphasizes
that the police did not actually see him take part in a drug transaction, nor did the police
recognize him as a known suspect involved in Brooks‟ drug syndicate. Brown asserts
that it was premature for the police to assume he was the unknown caller, when it could
have been Price, the man who left Brooks‟ house before Brown arrived.
But, as this Court has observed, “[a] finding of probable cause does not require the
police to uncover information sufficient to prove a suspect‟s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt or even to prove that guilt is more likely than not.”37 To establish probable cause,
the police are only required to present facts suggesting that a “fair probability exists that
the defendant has committed a crime.”38 “The possibility that there may be a
hypothetically innocent explanation for each of several facts revealed during the course
of an investigation does not preclude a determination that probable cause exists for an
arrest.”39 Probable cause is determined by the totality of the circumstances, as viewed by
a reasonable police officer given her training and experience.40 “To determine whether
an officer had probable cause to arrest an individual, we examine the events leading up to
the arrest, and then decide „whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of
an objectively reasonable police officer, amount to‟ probable cause.”41
36
Opening Br. at 11.
37
Maulo v. State, 27 A.3d 551 (Del. 2011) (quoting State v. Maxwell, 624 A.2d 926, 930 (Del.
1993)).
38
Jarvis v. State, 600 A.2d 38, 42-43 (Del. 1991).
39
Maxwell, 624 A.2d at 930.
40
Miller v. State, 4 A.3d 371, 373-74 (Del. 2010).
41
Stafford v. State, 59 A.3d 1223, 1229 (Del. 2012) (quoting Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366,
371 (2003)).
14
In this case, the Superior Court found that “[b]ased on the totality of the
circumstances, . . . a fair probability existed that Brown purchased cocaine and crack
cocaine at Brooks‟ house, and that when he departed probable cause existed to believe he
was then in possession of the drugs just purchased.”42
The Superior Court was within its discretion to find that Sergeant Skinner had
probable cause to arrest Brown. Based on the events leading up to Brown‟s arrest, an
objectively reasonable officer who had listened to Brooks and the unknown man arrange
a drug deal could have believed that Brown was the unknown man, that he purchased
drugs as planned during the telephone calls, and that he still possessed those drugs at the
time he was stopped. Contrary to Brown‟s argument, it was reasonable for the police to
infer that the unknown man captured on the wiretap was Brown, both because Brown
arrived at Brooks‟ house close to the time that the drugs were scheduled to be picked up
and because the police had ruled out Price, who was not “unknown” to them.43
Moreover, given the content of the discussion captured on the wiretap, it was reasonable
for the police to infer that Brown and Brooks—who the police knew to be a cocaine
dealer—had engaged in a drug deal when they were out of the camera‟s view, and that
42
State v. Brown, 2013 WL 4051046, at *2 (Del. Super. July 30, 2013).
43
See App. to Answering Br. at 128 (Tr. Of Wiretap Motions, Test. of Skinner) (“The reason
why we focused in on [Brown‟s] green van specifically is because no one else arrived there that
we didn‟t already know. And what I mean by that is John Price had arrived, and we already
knew what phone John Price was using and the vehicle he was driving and who he was, so when
the green van arrived, we put two and two together and figured that was the person requesting
the cocaine that I had heard on the telephone calls leading up to my going out to that area with
the patrol vehicle.”). Indeed, Price was profiled as a known member of Brooks‟ syndicate in the
Affidavit in Support of Application for Interception of Wire Communications that the State
submitted to obtain the wiretap which later captured Brown‟s telephone calls. App. to
Answering Br. at 18 (State‟s Affidavit).
15
Brown was still in possession of those drugs minutes later, when Sergeant Skinner
stopped his vehicle.44 Because the police had probable cause to arrest Brown, there was
no reason to exclude the fruit of the search of his body incident to that arrest, i.e., the
drugs that Sergeant Skinner found.45
Brown‟s last claim on direct appeal is more sensitive, given the alleged
improprieties by OCME employees that came to light after his trial. As originally
argued, Brown claimed that the State did not properly establish the chain of custody of
the cocaine evidence. He contended that the discrepancies between the amounts and
types of cocaine reported on the evidence bag labels and in the Medical Examiner‟s
report showed that the drug evidence had been misidentified or tampered with. Brown
objected to the admission of the cocaine evidence at trial, which the Superior Court
overruled.46 We review trial court rulings on the admissibility of evidence for abuse of
discretion.47
“The proper standard for the admission of items into evidence over a chain of
custody objection is whether there is a reasonable probability that the evidence offered is
what the proponent says it is—that is, that the evidence has not been misidentified and no
44
Cf. State v. Lum, 1978 WL 187981 (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 22, 1978) (holding that the police had
probable cause to arrest defendants when the parties planned a drug transaction in wiretapped
telephone conversations, and then met as planned in the conversations).
45
See Stafford v. State, 59 A.3d 1223, 1231 (Del. 2012) (citing United States v. Robinson, 414
U.S. 218, 224 (1973)).
46
Opening Br., Ex. E (Trial Court Bench Ruling on Admission of Cocaine, Sept. 10, 2013) (“I
don‟t think there‟s any reasonable possibility that the drugs got mixed up with some other drugs
that were not on his person into those envelopes and from there the chain goes on without
trouble. I think the objection goes to the weight of the evidence. So your objection is overruled.
The item will be admitted.”).
47
McNair v. State, 990 A.2d 398, 401 (Del. 2010); Stickel v. State, 975 A.2d 780, 782 (Del.
2009).
16
tampering or adulteration has occurred.”48 Brown‟s central argument is that there were
too many discrepancies between the Police Evidence report and the Medical Examiner
report, including in the number of bags, the type (powder vs. crack), and the weight of the
cocaine, to support a “reasonable probability” that there had been no tampering or
misidentification of the evidence.
Given what the State itself has concluded regarding the improprieties by OCME
employees, it is perhaps conceivable that the discrepancy between the amount of cocaine
Brown claims to have been arrested with and the amount reported by OCME might have
been the result of someone in the chain of custody taking some of the cocaine for their
personal use, or errors consistent with a larger pattern of sloppiness.49 But at the time of
trial, before there was any awareness of problems in evidence-handling by OCME
employees, the Superior Court was entitled to credit the forensic examiner‟s testimony.
If true, her explanation of the differences between the amounts reported and the type of
cocaine observed in each bag satisfied a reasonable probability that the evidence had not
been misidentified. The amount of drugs seized from Brown after his arrest and the
amount of drugs logged into evidence by OCME roughly matched, and both amounts
48
Word v. State, 2001 WL 762854, *3 (Del. June 19, 2001); see also McNally v. State, 980 A.2d
364, 371 (Del. 2009) (“In chain of custody issues, the party attempting to admit the evidence
must eliminate possibilities of misidentification and adulteration, „not absolutely, but as a matter
of reasonable probability.‟”) (quoting Tricoche v. State, 525 A.2d 151, 153 (Del. 1987)).
49
Of course, it could also be that the difference in weights was so minor that there was no
material discrepancy at all, consistent with the Superior Court‟s finding. There are a myriad of
“mights” in the world. In this case, Brown claims to have had at least 28 grams of cocaine,
which he purchased from his upstream supplier and then intended to resell to a downstream
purchaser. Shocking as it may seem, the possibility exists that Brown‟s supplier did not give him
the full amount that he paid for, but an amount still indisputably above the statutorily relevant 20
grams.
17
totaled more than 20 grams of cocaine, the minimum requirement for a Tier 4 offense.
The trial judge was also able to observe the evidence personally, and have the forensic
examiner explain which bags of cocaine she had identified as powder or “chunky.”50
Moreover, the State presented all the witnesses necessary to establish the chain of
custody, including the seizing officer (Sergeant Skinner), the packaging officers
(Sergeant Lloyd and Master Corporal Lavere), and the forensic chemist (Phillips).51 As
the Superior Court correctly noted, when there is no clear abuse of discretion, any breaks
in the chain of custody go only to the weight, not the admissibility, of the evidence. 52
Because there was a reasonable probability at the time of Brown‟s trial that the evidence
had not been misidentified or adulterated, we find that the Superior Court did not abuse
its discretion in admitting the cocaine seized from Brown.
E. BROWN’S CLAIMS FOLLOWING REMAND
Even with the new facts in the record following the revelations of alleged
misconduct by certain OCME employees, Brown‟s conviction should not be reversed.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Superior Court did not abuse its discretion in denying
50
App. to Answering Br. at 176 (Tr. of Arguments, Sept. 10, 2013).
51
See 10 Del. C. § 4331 (defining the “chain of custody” as the seizing officer, packaging
officer, and forensic chemist); see also Milligan v. State, 2015 WL 3622880, at *7 (Del. June 10,
2015) (quoting Demby v. State, 695 A.2d 1127, 1131 (Del. 1997)) (“We have never interpreted
[Delaware‟s chain of custody law] as requiring the State to produce evidence as to every link in
the chain of custody. Rather, the State must simply demonstrate an orderly process from which
the trier of fact can conclude that it is improbable that the original item has been tampered with
or exchanged.”).
52
Word v. State, 2001 WL 762854, *3 (Del. June 19, 2001) (citing Baker v. State, 1988 WL
137190 (Nov. 21, 1988)).
18
Brown‟s motion for a new trial on remand.53 As the Superior Court correctly noted, a
new trial is warranted if:
“(1) The new evidence is of such a nature that it would have probably changed the
result if presented to the jury;
(2) The evidence was newly discovered; and
(3) The evidence must not be merely cumulative or impeaching.”54
In Brown‟s case, the Superior Court determined that the evidence of alleged
misconduct by OCME employees was newly discovered and not merely cumulative or
impeaching, which the State does not dispute. But the Superior Court found that “in the
overall analysis, the Defendant‟s new trial motion must be denied because the evidence
was not of a nature that it would have probably changed the result.”55
In his supplemental briefing, Brown contends that the Superior Court abused its
discretion in denying his motion for a new trial. Brown argues that without the drug
evidence, he “arguably” would have been acquitted.56 He also points out that all charges
were dropped against Jermaine Dollard, who was also convicted for his role in the
Brooks‟ drug syndicate, after re-testing revealed that the substance seized from him was
not in fact cocaine.57
53
Hicks v. State, 913 A.2d 1189, 1193 (Del. 2006) (“This Court reviews the denial of a motion
for new trial for abuse of discretion.”).
54
State v. Brown, ID #1205025968A, at 2-3 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2014) (letter order) (quoting
Hicks, 913 A.2d at 1194).
55
Id. at 3.
56
Supp. Opening Br. at 9.
57
Id. (citing State v. Dollard, No. 1206010837 (Del. Super.)).
19
But Brown‟s case is distinguishable from State v. Dollard, where the defendant
maintained throughout trial and on appeal that the substance seized from him was not
cocaine.58 When the State retested that substance following the revelations of OCME
misconduct, it turned out not to be cocaine or any other drug. The State then dropped all
charges against him.59
By contrast, Brown does not contest that the substance seized from him was
cocaine; indeed, he requested that a letter he wrote to his attorney be placed on this
Court‟s docket, in which he states, “I never contested that it was not cocaine. I am
contesting the fact that drugs has come up missing.”60 In that letter, Brown asserts that he
was arrested with over 29 grams of cocaine, more than any of the amounts suggested by
Sergeant Skinner, Sergeant Lloyd, Master Corporal Lavere, OCME, or NMS. Even if
that was true, all of the tests, and Brown‟s own statements, demonstrate that Brown had
more than 20 grams of cocaine when he was arrested. Thus, by any count, Brown
committed a Tier 4 offense, the level for which Brown was charged and convicted.61 The
slight discrepancy among the measurements reported by the police (21.2 grams), OCME
(23.23 grams), and NMS (22.05 grams) would not have changed the result, and there was
thus no prejudice to Brown.
58
See App. to Supp. Opening Br. at 22 (Tr. of Oral Arg‟t, State v. Dollard, No. 1206010837
(Del. Super. Dec. 16, 2014)).
59
See Supp. Opening Br., Ex. E (order vacating Dollard‟s conviction, Jan. 14, 2015).
60
Brown v. State, No. 603, 2013, Filing ID 56928630 (letter dated March 12, 2015).
61
See 16 Del. C. §4751C(2)(a) (defining 20 grams or more of cocaine or of any mixture
containing cocaine as a Tier 4 Controlled Substances Quantity).
20
The alleged lack of professionalism in evidence-handling by employees of OCME,
which has been the subject of investigations by the Delaware State Police and Delaware
Department of Justice, among others, is deeply troubling, and we in no way want to
suggest that this Court does not take the problem seriously. But as we observed in State
v. Ira Brown, “there is no evidence that the OCME staff „planted‟ evidence to wrongly
obtain convictions. Rather, the employees who stole the evidence did so because it in
fact consisted of illegal narcotics that they could resell or take for personal use.”62
The revelation that OCME employees may have stolen drugs for their own use or
were sloppy in handling evidence in certain cases should not result in the issuance of
automatic get-out-of-jail-free cards to defendants like Anzara Brown. Instead, we must
focus on the specific facts of each case, in light of the appropriate standard of review, to
determine if a defendant was unjustly convicted. No unjust conviction resulted here,
because the Superior Court correctly held that there was no rational probability that
Brown was convicted on false premises. The Superior Court properly found that the
other evidence of Brown‟s guilt—including his own admission that he possessed and
intended to sell over 20 grams of cocaine—was overwhelming. Thus, the Superior Court
was within its discretion to deny Brown‟s motion for a new trial, and we affirm the
Superior Court‟s judgment.
62
Brown v. State, 108 A.3d 1201, 1205 (Del. 2015).
21