Filed 6/23/15 P. .v Zuniga CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B254659
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. GA087551)
v.
ANGEL ROBERT ZUNIGA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Dorothy L. Shubin, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Melissa A. Fair, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Jonathan J. Kline and Taylor
Nguyen, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_______________________
In an information filed by the Los Angeles County District Attorney, defendant
and appellant Angel Robert Zuniga was charged with one count of carjacking (Pen. Code,
§§ 664/215, subd. (a)).1 The information further alleged that appellant personally used a
handgun in the commission of the crime (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)) and that he was released
on bail or his own recognizance at the time of the crime (§ 12022.1). It was also alleged
that appellant had served three prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
Appellant pleaded not guilty and denied the allegations. Trial was by jury. The
jury found appellant guilty as charged and found the firearm-use allegation to be true. In
a bifurcated proceeding, appellant admitted the on-bail and prior prison allegations.
The trial court denied probation and sentenced appellant to a total term of 14 years
six months in state prison, computed as follows: the midterm of two years six months on
the substantive offense, plus 10 years on the firearm-use enhancement, and two years on
the on-bail enhancement.2 The trial court imposed and stayed the one-year sentences on
each of the prior prison term enhancements. He was awarded 548 days of presentence
custody credits. Various fines and fee were imposed and one was stayed.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal. On appeal, he argues that the trial court
erred in denying his Pitchess3 motion and that that error requires a conditional reversal to
allow the trial court to hold an in camera hearing.
We affirm.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 According to the People’s brief, the abstract of judgment incorrectly reflects the
sentence imposed on the fire-arm use and on-bail enhancements. The trial court imposed
a 12-year sentence, but the abstract of judgment indicates that appellant was sentenced to
12 years 6 months. The People ask that we correct the abstract to delete the six-month
sentence.
3 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess).
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FACTUAL BACKGROUND
I. Prosecution Evidence
On September 27, 2012, at approximately 10:50 p.m., Jose Raygoza (Raygoza)
and Melissa Nunez (Nunez) were in a McDonald’s parking lot in San Gabriel when two
men approached them. Raygoza was sitting in the driver’s seat of his car, and Nunez was
standing outside near the driver’s door. One of the men, later identified as appellant,
asked Raygoza what gang he was from. Raygoza replied that he was not a gang member.
When Raygoza got out of his truck, appellant demanded his car keys. Raygoza did not
immediately comply. After demanding the car keys three times, appellant lifted up his
shirt, showed Raygoza part of a gun, and said, ‘“This is your last call.’” Raygoza told
appellant that his car keys, wallet, and cell phone were on the dashboard. When appellant
looked inside the car, Raygoza and Nunez ran away.
Raygoza and Nunez went inside the McDonalds and called 911. Raygoza told the
dispatcher that appellant and another man attempted to take his truck. Raygoza described
appellant to the dispatcher as Hispanic and said that he was wearing blue pants, a white
and blue football jersey, and a blue hat. At trial, Raygoza testified that appellant was
wearing a sports jersey, baggy blue pants, and a hat. Appellant’s accomplice was bald,
and he wore a dirty white or brownish shirt and shorts. Nunez testified at trial that
appellant was wearing a blue and white Dodger jersey and baggy blue jeans. From inside
McDonald’s, Raygoza and Nunez saw appellant and his accomplice look inside the car
and then run away.
Los Angeles Sheriff’s Deputies Juan Rivas and David Kearney responded to the
911 call. Deputy Rivas interviewed Raygoza and Nunez and put out a crime broadcast
that included the description of the suspects given to him by Raygoza and Nunez.
Deputy Rivas testified that Raygoza said that the man with the gun had tattoos above his
eyebrows, and Nunez said that the gunman had tattoos on his face.
About 40 to 45 minutes later, Los Angeles Sheriff’s Deputy Roberto Roman and
his partner located and detained appellant because he matched the suspect’s description.
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In particular, appellant was Hispanic, was wearing blue jeans, had a shaved head, and had
tattoos on his forehead, eyebrows, and chest.
Raygoza and Nunez were brought to the location for an in-field identification or
field show-up. Raygoza positively identified appellant. Raygoza told the deputies that if
the suspect had tattoos over his eyebrows, then he was the perpetrator. Nunez also
identified appellant at the field show-up. Appellant was not wearing a shirt at the time of
the field show-up.
Nunez identified appellant again from a live line-up on December 3, 2013.
II. Defense Evidence
The defense presented alibi evidence showing that appellant was engaged in
sexual activities with a woman in a car near the crime scene around the time of the crime.
It also presented expert testimony concerning false identification.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court committed reversible error by
summarily denying his Pitchess motion and failing to hold an in camera hearing. He
contends that he met the low threshold of showing good cause for the discovery or
disclosure of the personnel file of Deputy Kearney.
A. Relevant Procedural History
1. Appellant’s Pitchess Motion
Appellant filed a pretrial Pitchess motion seeking discovery of personnel records
of Deputy Kearney concerning: “All complaints from any and all sources relating to acts
of violation of constitutional rights, fabrication of charges, fabrication of evidence,
fabrication of reasonable suspicion and/or probable cause, illegal search/seizure; false
arrest, perjury, dishonesty, writing of false police reports, writing of false police reports
to cover up the use of excessive force, planting of evidence, false or misleading internal
reports including but not limited to false overtime or medical reports, and any other
evidence of misconduct amounting to moral turpitude.”
Appellant’s counsel submitted a declaration in support of the motion. The
declaration alleges that Deputy Kearney authored the police report, which is not attached
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to the declaration. According to that police report (as represented in the declaration),
Nunez identified the gunman based on his face and goatee, and Raygoza identified the
gunman based on his dark blue baggy pants and eyebrow tattoos. According to defense
counsel, the description of the gunman in the police report contradicted Nunez’s and
Raygoza’s preliminary hearing testimonies.
Regarding Raygoza, the police report showed that he stated that the gunman had a
shaved head, but he testified at the preliminary hearing that the gunman was wearing a
hat. Counsel surmised that “Raygoza could not have known whether the suspect had a
shaved head, thus raising questions about the police report.” Furthermore, the police
report suggested that Raygoza testified at the preliminary hearing that he told the deputies
that “‘if’” the suspect had tattoos above his eyebrows, then he was the gunman. Raygoza
did not actually see the suspect’s eyebrow tattoos at the field show-up.
As for Nunez, the police report showed that she reported that the gunman had
tattoos above his eyebrows. However, she testified at the preliminary hearing that she did
not tell the police about any tattoos; nor did she see any tattoos on the suspect during the
field show-up. Rather, Nunez emphasized that the gunman had a goatee; but, the police
report did not mention a goatee in Nunez’s description. In addition, the police report
showed that Nunez said that the gunman and his accomplice fled east on Duarte Road
after committing the crime, but Nunez testified at the preliminary hearing that she did not
see the direction in which they fled.
Finally, the police report suggested that Nunez and Raygoza gave very similar
clothing descriptions of the gunman while in fact they gave very different descriptions of
his clothing at the preliminary hearing. For example, although Nunez and Raygoza
testified at the preliminary hearing that the gunman did not wear sunglasses when
committing the crime, the suspect was wearing sunglasses at the field show-up. Thus,
according to defense counsel, “Raygoza and Nunez not only contradicted the police
report, but [they] also said vastly different things from each other, which makes the
police report which relays their descriptions of the suspect as identical even more
problematic.”
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Based on the foregoing, counsel concluded that Deputy Kearney authored a false
police report to ensure appellant’s arrest; he also allegedly omitted Raygoza and Nunez’s
uncertainty about the field identification of appellant. Defense counsel requested
material about Deputy Kearney to determine if he has a custom or habit of engaging in
similar misconduct.
2. The Police Report
Deputy Rivas interviewed Raygoza and Nunez at the scene of the crime. He
testified that he also authored the police report. Both Deputies Rivas and Kearney signed
the report.
The police report showed that Raygoza told the deputies that the gunman was
Hispanic; that he had a shaved head and tattoos over his eyes; and that he wore a brown
or orange shirt with dark, jean-type pants. The accomplice was a White male in his 20’s.
He had a goatee and wore a white or blue shirt and hat.
Nunez told Deputies Kearney and Rivas that the gunman was Hispanic, had a
shaved head and tattoos over his eyebrows, and wore a brown shirt. The accomplice was
a White male, had a goatee, and wore a white and blue shirt and hat. After the crime,
Nunez said that the suspects fled eastbound on Duarte Road.
3. Preliminary Hearing Testimony
Raygoza and Nunez’s testimony at the preliminary hearing was consistent with their trial
testimony. Raygoza described the perpetrators as Hispanic and White. The Hispanic
man, who Raygoza identified as appellant, wore dark pants, a dark hat, and a “bluish-
grayish” “NFL” shirt. Appellant also had tattoos above his eyebrows. The White
accomplice was in his late 20’s, was bald, and had a goatee that wrapped around his
mouth. He wore black pants and a “whitish brown” T-shirt At the field show-up,
Raygoza could not actually see appellant’s eyebrow tattoos because of the distance
between him and appellant, but he told the deputies: “‘If I’m not wrong, this guy has two
tattoos on the eyebrows.’” Raygoza testified that he did not identify appellant from his
clothing because appellant was not wearing a shirt or hat at the field show-up.
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Nunez testified at the preliminary hearing that the gunman, who she identified as
appellant, was Hispanic and bald. He wore a blue Dodger jersey and blue jeans. She did
not notice any tattoos on him because it was nighttime and she was trying not to look at
his face. She did notice his goatee. She testified that his accomplice was also Hispanic
and bald. He was in his 30’ and wore a brownish-orange T-shirt and brown sweatpants.
Nunez later identified appellant at the field show-up and at the live line-up. She testified
that she recognized appellant at the field show-up by his goatee. She further testified that
she did not see the direction in which appellant and his accomplice ran after the crime.
B. Relevant Legal Principles and Standard of Review
“For approximately a quarter-century our trial courts have entertained what have
become known as Pitchess motions, screening law enforcement personnel files in camera
for evidence that may be relevant to a criminal defendant’s defense.” (People v. Mooc
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216, 1225, fn. omitted (Mooc)); see Pitchess, supra, 11 Cal.3d 531.)
To balance the defendant’s right to discovery of records pertinent to his or her defense
with the peace officer’s reasonable expectation that his or her personnel records will
remain confidential, the Legislature has adopted a statutory scheme requiring a defendant
to meet certain prerequisites before his or her request may be considered. (See §§ 832.5,
832.7 & 832.8; Evid. Code, §§ 1043-1047 [statutory scheme governing Pitchess
motions].) Specifically, a defendant seeking discovery of a peace officer’s confidential
personnel record must file a written motion describing the type of records or information
sought (Evid. Code, § 1043) and include with the motion an affidavit demonstrating
“good cause” for the discovery and the materiality of such evidence relative to the
defense. (Mooc, supra, at p. 1226; see also Warrick v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th
1011, 1019 (Warrick).) The information must be requested with “sufficient specificity to
preclude the possibility of a defendant’s simply casting about for any helpful information
[citation].” (Mooc, at p. 1226.)
Once the trial court concludes the defendant has satisfied these prerequisites, the
custodian of records is obligated to bring to court all documents “‘potentially relevant’”
to the defendant’s motion. (Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 1226.) The trial court must
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then examine the information in chambers, outside the presence of any person except the
proper custodian “and any other persons as the person authorized to claim the privilege is
willing to have present.” (Evid. Code, §§ 915, subd. (b), 1045, subd. (b); see Warrick,
supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1019.) Subject to certain statutory exceptions and limitations,4 the
trial court must then disclose to the defendant “‘such information [that] is relevant to the
subject matter involved in the pending litigation.’” (Mooc, supra, at p. 1226; Warrick,
supra, at p. 1019.) As the parties here agree, “[a] trial court’s ruling on a motion for
access to law enforcement personnel records is subject to review for abuse of discretion.”
(People v. Hughes (2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 330; see also People v. Moreno (2011) 192
Cal.App.4th 692, 701; People v. Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th 636, 670.)
C. Analysis
Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his Pitchess motion, arguing that he
established the necessary good cause to review the records of Deputy Kearney. He
argues that he satisfied the “relatively low threshold” for establishing good cause for an
in camera review. (City of Santa Cruz v. Municipal Court (1989) 49 Cal.3d 74, 83–84;
Warrick, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1019.)
We disagree. Appellant’s Pitchess motion is based upon the theory that Deputy
Kearney authored a false police report. But, appellant failed to provide us (and the trial
court) with a copy of that police report. And, notably, Deputy Kearney did not author the
police report. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion.
Setting that aside, and considering appellant’s argument based upon what is
presented in the appellate record, we still find no abuse of discretion. Again, appellant
contends that inconsistencies between Raygoza’s and Nunez’s statements warrant an in
4 The trial court must exclude from discovery: “(b)(1) Information consisting of
complaints concerning conduct occurring more than five years before the event or
transaction that is the subject of the litigation in aid of which discovery or disclosure is
sought. [¶] (2) In any criminal proceeding the conclusions of any officer investigating a
complaint filed pursuant to Section 832.5 of the Penal Code. [¶] (3) Facts sought to be
disclosed that are so remote as to make disclosure of little or no practical benefit.” (Evid.
Code, § 1045; see also Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 1226–1227.)
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camera inspection of Deputy Kearney’s personnel file. But, defense counsel never
provided a specific factual scenario of police misconduct that might have occurred or an
“alternate version of the events.” (People v. Thompson (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1312,
1318.) Although appellant presented alibi evidence at trial, he did not provide that
factual scenario in his Pitchess motion. His failure to do so reasonably allowed the trial
court to conclude that he had omitted a material fact in seeking Deputy Kearney’s
personnel files.
Even if the trial court erred in failing to hold an in camera review of Deputy
Kearney’s personnel file, that error would have been harmless. (People v. Samuels
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 96, 110; People v. Hill (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1089, 1100, fn. 8,
overruled in part on other grounds in People v. French (2008) 43 Cal.4th 36, 48, fn. 5.)
Here, as set forth above, there was strong evidence of appellant’s guilt. And, the
People’s case did not rest on the testimony and credibility of Deputy Kearney. Rather, it
was predicated almost entirely upon the testimony of Raygoza and Nunez, who were
present during the crime and who identified appellant. The case also rested on the
testimony of Deputies Rivas and Roman. Under these circumstances, even if the trial
court had erred by not holding an in camera hearing, we would find that error harmless.
DISPOSITION
The judgment as modified is affirmed. On remand, the abstract of judgment shall
be corrected to reflect appellant’s sentence of 12 years.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
_____________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
______________________________, P. J. ______________________________, J.
BOREN CHAVEZ
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