Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #032
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinions handed down on the 30th day of June, 2015, are as follows:
BY GUIDRY, J.:
2015-CA-0432 KASHA LAPOINTE v. VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, ET AL. (Parish
of Vermilion)
Accordingly, the declaration of unconstitutionality from the
court of appeal is reversed, and the matter is remanded to that
court for consideration of the plaintiff’s as-applied challenge.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
HUGHES, J., dissents with reasons.
06/30/15
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-CA-0432
KASHA LAPOINTE
VERSUS
VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, ET AL.
ON APPEAL
FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT,
PARISH OF VERMILION
GUIDRY, Justice
We are called upon to determine whether the lower court erred in declaring
unconstitutional on its face Act 1 of the 2012 Legislative Session as codified in La.
Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)(1) and (2). Upon de novo review, we find the court of appeal
erred in declaring La. Rev. Stat. 17:443 as amended by Act 1 of 2012
unconstitutional on its face because it does not afford a full evidentiary hearing
before a neutral adjudicator prior to termination. Instead, we find La. Rev. Stat.
17:443 as amended by Act 1 of 2012 provides sufficient due process to protect the
tenured teacher‟s vested employment rights. This statute provides for one pre-
termination opportunity to respond to the charges, and two post-termination
hearings. At the first of these post-termination hearings, the teacher may present
evidence to build his or her case before a tenure hearing panel, which then makes a
recommendation to the superintendent; at the second, she may seek judicial review
of the superintendent‟s decision. If the judge determines the superintendent‟s
decision to terminate or not reinstate the teacher‟s employment was arbitrary or
capricious, the teacher shall be entitled to reinstatement and full back pay. Given
1
these requirements before and after termination, we find Act 1 of 2012 on its face
provided sufficient due process protections to the tenured teacher.
FACTS and PROCEDURAL HISTORY
According to her Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, filed in
Case No. 98,078 in the 15th Judicial District Court on December 10, 2013, plaintiff,
Ms. Kasha LaPointe, was employed at all relevant times as a tenured public school
teacher by the defendant Vermilion Parish School Board (“VPSB or the Board”).1
By letter dated August 16, 2013, issued from Mr. Jerome Puyau, the
Superintendent of Schools for VPSB, Ms. LaPointe was advised that a “due
process hearing” would be held on Tuesday, August 20, 2013, in his office to
address charges of alleged “willful neglect of duty” and “dishonesty.” According
to the Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, this letter, also called the
“charge letter” by the parties, advised Ms. LaPointe that she would be “afforded an
opportunity to respond” to the allegations but that “[n]o witnesses [would] be
heard….”
Because of the short interval of time, the “due process hearing” was
postponed until Thursday, August 22, 2013, to allow Ms. LaPointe time to secure
legal counsel. According to her petition and her memorandum, at the hearing on
1
Ms. LaPointe filed two suits in the district court, a Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive
Relief, No. 98,078, raising constitutional due process claims, and a Petition for Judicial Review
Pursuant to LSA-R.S. 17:443(B)(2), No. 98,079, seeking judicial review of her termination.
These suits were consolidated in the district court; however, there has been no judicial review of
Ms. LaPointe‟s termination as of this date. This appeal concerns only the Petition for
Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. The record before us does not contain any of the exhibits or
transcripts filed in the record below with regard to the Petition for Judicial Review, namely the
so-called “charge letter” dated August 16, 2013, the termination letter dated September 9, 2013,
or the transcript of the proceedings before the tenure hearing panel, including any exhibits filed
in evidence during that hearing. Accordingly, the facts summarized herein are primarily gleaned
from the Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief itself, the plaintiff‟s hearing
memorandum filed in the district court in support of the Petition for Judicial Review, and the
transcript of the hearing on the Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, as well as the
exhibits entered in evidence during that hearing.
2
Thursday, August 22, 2013, Ms. LaPointe responded to the charges and denied the
allegations contained in the August 16, 2013 “charge letter.”
Exactly what transpired at this “due process hearing” is not directly
ascertainable from the record as it is presently confected, because the record
contains only brief excerpts of testimony from the hearing before the tenure panel
and the transcript of the hearing on the Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive
Relief, including testimony of Ms. LaPointe and the arguments of counsel referring
to the record in the district court. However, Ms. LaPointe did appear with her
counsel in the office of the superintendent and did present, with counsel‟s
assistance, her explanations and responses to the allegations in the “charge letter.”
Additionally, counsel in argument before the district court referred to a written
rebuttal that had been submitted to the superintendent by Ms. LaPointe through her
counsel after the meeting with the superintendent. After Ms. LaPointe met with
the superintendent and presented her response, the superintendent took the matter
under consideration before making his decision to terminate Ms. LaPointe‟s
employment.
According to the petition, that decision was communicated to Ms. LaPointe
in a letter dated September 9, 2013. This letter advised Ms. LaPointe that her
employment with the VPSB was terminated “effective at the close of business
today, September 9, 2013.” The letter also advised Ms. LaPointe she had “seven
(7) days from the receipt of this letter to apply for a Tenure Review Panel.”
In a letter dated September 16, 2013, Ms. LaPointe through her counsel
informed the superintendent she was challenging her termination on constitutional
grounds as well as requesting a Tenure Hearing Panel. The Tenure Hearing Panel
was convened on September 23, 2013, but it disbanded because the hearing panel
3
determined that it required a hearing officer. On October 8, 2013, the Tenure
Hearing Panel reconvened with a hearing officer, Wayne Landry, who indicated
having thirty-six years of experience as an attorney with the school board and
having served as a hearing officer in other settings, involving both government
litigation and personnel matters. The panel itself consisted of three members: Ms.
Lynda Guidry, designated by Ms. LaPointe, Ms. Christina Menard, designated by
the principal, and Ms. Charlotte Waguespack, designated by the superintendent.
Present at the October 8th hearing were the hearing officer, the panel members, Ms.
LaPointe and her counsel, the superintendent, and the attorney for the VPSB. The
hearing officer and the panel then proceeded to take evidence and hear testimony,
all of which was preserved. Thereafter, the panel made its recommendation, voting
2-1 to concur with the superintendent‟s action to terminate Ms. LaPointe‟s
employment. Ms. LaPointe‟s designee disagreed with the superintendent‟s action,
and instead recommended suspension without pay for an agreed period of time,
counseling, work ethics seminars, and return to a different school if she returned to
work after the suspension.
By letter dated October 11, 2013, the superintendent advised Ms. LaPointe
he was confirming her “termination that was effective on September 9, 2013,” and
further advised her that “[p]ursuant to Act 1 of 2012, [she had] sixty (60) days
from this date to seek judicial review of [his] decision.” Ms. LaPointe timely filed
her Petition for Judicial Review Pursuant to LSA-R.S. 17:443(B)(2) on December
10, 2013, requesting judicial review of her termination. No judicial review of the
termination itself has been conducted at this point, owing to the ongoing
constitutional challenge.
4
As to the constitutional challenge, Ms. LaPointe requested a judicial
declaration that Act 1 of 2012 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature is
unconstitutional in its entirety and further declaring Act 1 to be null, void, and of
no legal effect whatsoever. She alleged the hearing provisions of Act 1 deprived
her of her vested property right to continued employment without due process of
law as required by Amendment XIV of the United States Constitution and Article
I, Section 2, and of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974. Because the
constitutionality of Act 1 was challenged, the Attorney General later intervened as
a defendant in the matter.
After a hearing in March of 2014, the trial court found Act 1 was both
facially constitutional and constitutional as applied to the facts of this case and
dismissed Ms. LaPointe‟s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief. The trial
court reasoned that Act 1 provided for one pre-termination (pre-deprivation) and
two post-termination hearings. The court noted the first hearing is before the
superintendent, while the second is before a tenure hearing panel, and the third
hearing is before the district court judge. The court noted that, if the deprivation of
the teacher‟s property right is judicially determined to have been unlawful, the
plaintiff is made whole. Considering the entirety of the process provided by Act 1,
the court could conceive of no possibility of an unconstitutional deprivation of this
property right.
The court of appeal reversed and declared Act 1 of 2012 unconstitutional on
its face, pretermitting Ms. LaPointe‟s as-applied claim. We accepted the State‟s
appeal pursuant to our appellate jurisdiction, La. Const. art. V, § 5(D), in order to
review the appellate court‟s declaration. See World Trade Center v. All Taxpayers,
05-0374 (La. 6/29/05), 908 So.2d 623.
5
DISCUSSION
This court reviews judgments declaring a statute unconstitutional de novo.
City of New Orleans v. Louisiana Assessors’ Retirement and Relief Fund, 05-2548
p. 11 (La. 10/1/07), 986 So.2d 1, 12. In general, statutes are presumed to be
constitutional; therefore, the party challenging the validity of a statute has the
burden of proving its unconstitutionality. Id.
The removal of a teacher is governed by the teacher tenure law, La. Rev.
Stat. 17:441 et seq., which is designed to protect the job security of teachers in the
best interest of the public school system. Palone v. Jefferson Parish School Bd.,
306 So.2d 679, 682 (La. 1975). Act 1 of 2012, effective July 1, 2012, amended
and reenacted La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B) to provide for certain rights and procedures
for the removal of a tenured teacher, giving the authority to terminate a tenured
teacher‟s employment to the superintendent of schools. La. Rev. Stat. 17:443 has
since been amended by Act 570 of 2014, effective June 9, 2014. However, at the
time of the plaintiff‟s termination from employment, Act 1 of 2012 controlled. As
amended by 2012 Act 1, La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B) then provided in part as follows:
B. (1) A teacher with tenure shall not be removed from
office except upon written and signed charges of poor
performance, willful neglect of duty, incompetency,
dishonesty, immorality, or of being a member of or
contributing to any group, organization, movement, or
corporation that is by law or injunction prohibited from
operating in the state of Louisiana, and then only if
furnished with a copy of such written charges and given
the opportunity to respond. The teacher shall have seven
days to respond, and such response shall be included in
the teacher‟s personnel file. At the end of this seven-day
time period, the superintendent may terminate the
teacher‟s employment. A teacher shall not be terminated
for an “ineffective” performance rating until the
completion of the grievance procedure established
pursuant to R.S. 17:3883(A)(5) if a grievance was timely
filed. Within seven days after dismissal, a teacher may
request and upon request shall be granted a hearing by a
6
panel composed of a designee of the superintendent, a
designee of the principal or the administrative head of the
state special school in which the teacher was employed,
and a designee of the teacher. In no case shall the
superintendent, the principal or state special school
administrative head, or teacher designate an immediate
family member or any full-time employee of the school
system by which the teacher was employed who is under
the supervision of the person making the designation.
Such hearing may be private or public, at the option of
the teacher, and shall begin within seven business days
after receipt of the teacher‟s request for such hearing.
The teacher shall have the right to appear before the
tenure hearing panel with witnesses on his behalf and
with counsel of his selection, all of whom shall be heard
by the panel at the hearing. For the purpose of
conducting hearings hereunder, the panel shall have the
power to issue subpoenas to compel the attendance of all
witnesses. Nothing herein contained shall impair the
right to seek supervisory review from a court of
competent jurisdiction.
(2) The tenure hearing panel shall submit its
recommendation to the superintendent, and the
superintendent may choose to reinstate the teacher. If the
superintendent does not reinstate the teacher, the
superintendent shall notify the teacher of his final
determination, in writing, and such teacher may, not
more than sixty days from the postmarked date of such
written notification, petition a court of competent
jurisdiction to review whether the action of the
superintendent was arbitrary or capricious. The court
shall have jurisdiction to affirm or reverse the action of
the superintendent in the matter. The record on review
shall be limited to evidence presented to the tenure
hearing panel, and the court shall review the matter not
later than ten days after the petition has been filed. If the
action of the superintendent is reversed by the court and
the teacher is ordered reinstated and restored to duty, the
teacher shall be entitled to full pay for any loss of time or
salary he may have sustained by reason of the action of
the superintendent.
It is well recognized that the teacher tenure law vests a property right in the
teacher. Once property interests are created, they may not be deprived without
adequate legal process. Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 345, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 2077,
48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976); Franceski v. Plaquemines Parish School Board, 772 F.2d
197 (5th Cir.1985). The United States Supreme Court has explained that “„[t]he
7
right to due process is conferred not by legislative grace, but by constitutional
guarantee. While the legislature may elect not to confer a property interest in
[public] employment, it may not constitutionally authorize the deprivation of such
an interest, once conferred, without appropriate procedural safeguards.‟” Cleveland
Bd. of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 541 105 S.Ct. 1487, 1493, 84
L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (quoting Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 167, 94 S.Ct. 1633,
1650 40 L.Ed.2d 15 (1974) (Powell, J., concurring in part)). Although a state may
establish certain statutory procedural safeguards to protect property rights, still the
safeguards may be judged insufficient (depending on the facts and circumstances
of a particular case) to guard the particular property interest at risk. Id.
“[T]he central meaning of procedural due process is well settled. Persons
whose rights may be affected are entitled to be heard; and in order that they may
enjoy that right, they must first be notified.” Wilson v. City of New Orleans, 479
So.2d 891, 894 (La. 1985) (citations omitted). An equal concomitant to this right
is “the right to notice and opportunity to be heard,” which must be extended at a
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Id. (citing Fuentes v. Shevin, 407
U.S. 67, 92 S.Ct. 1983, 32 L.Ed.2d 556 (1972); Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545,
85 S.Ct. 1187, 14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965)).
The question before us, now that it has been determined Ms. LaPointe is
entitled to due process, is how much process Ms. Lapointe should have been
afforded before divestiture of her tenure right and whether La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)
provides sufficient due process. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 541, 105 S.Ct. at
1493 (quoting Morrisey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2600, 33
L.Ed.2d 484 (1972)). As we explained in Wilson, “due process is not a technical
concept with a fixed content unrelated to the time, place and circumstances.”
8
Wilson, 479 So.2d at 894 (citing Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 81
S.Ct. 1743, 6 L.Ed.2d 1230 (1961)). Rather, it requires the implementation of
flexible rules that may yield to the demands of the particular situation. Id. (citing
Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S.Ct. at 2604).
MOOTNESS
As a threshold issue, we first consider the State‟s argument the plaintiff‟s
facial challenge to Act 1 of 2012 was rendered moot by Act 570 of 2014. The
State contends the plaintiff ceased to have a legally cognizable interest in obtaining
a facial declaration regarding the process set forth in Act 1 the moment it was
replaced by Act 570. Once this occurred, the State contends, there was no longer
any possibility a teacher would be terminated under the Act 1 version of La. Rev.
Stat. 17:443, and, thus, there is no longer a reason for any court to decide whether
Act 1 is constitutional on its face.
It is well settled that courts will not decide abstract, hypothetical or moot
controversies, or render advisory opinions with respect to such controversies. In
order to avoid deciding abstract, hypothetical or moot questions, courts require
cases submitted for adjudication to be justiciable, ripe for decision, and not brought
prematurely. Cat’s Meow, Inc. v. City of New Orleans Through Dept. of Finance,
98-0601 (La. 10/20/98), 720 So.2d 1186, 1193. Further, mootness may result
when the challenged statute has been amended and the change corrects or cures the
condition complained of, unless an exception to mootness applies. Cat’s Meow,
98-0601, 720 So.2d at 1194. Here, the procedure for termination of a tenured
public school teacher set forth in Act 1 was “dramatically rewritten and replaced
by 2014 Acts No. 570.” See Louisiana Federation of Teachers v. State, 14-961, p.
6 (La. 10/15/14), ___ So.3d ___. However, even though La. Rev. Stat. 17:443 was
9
specifically revised by the legislature in Act 570 of 2014 to change the termination
procedures enacted by Section 3 of Act 1 of 2012, and Ms. LaPointe retains her
potential remedies of reinstatement and back pay by prosecuting her as-applied
claim, this court has previously declined to find mootness for the purposes of a
constitutional challenge. In Louisiana Federation of Teachers, we stated: “We
acknowledge the legislature, through Act 570 of 2014, changed the policy
regarding removal and discipline of tenured teachers, which superceded the prior
policy set forth in Act 1 of 2012. As the 2014 legislation does not have retroactive
effect, however, we agree that there could be situations where a ruling on the
constitutionality of Act 1 would have significant effect, even as to the displaced
provisions.” 14-0691, p. 12, ___ So.3d at ___. Given our previous pronouncement
in this regard, we need not address this issue further.
DUE PROCESS
We turn next to the appellate court‟s declaration that Section 3 of Act 1 of
2012 was unconstitutional on its face. A facial constitutional challenge seeks more
drastic relief than an as-applied challenge; therefore, the movant in a facial
challenge bears an especially heavy burden. U.S. v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745,
107 S.Ct. 2095, 2100 (1987). The plaintiff must establish that no set of
circumstances exists under which the statute would be valid, that is, that the law is
unconstitutional in all its applications. Washington State Grange v. Washington
State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 449, 128 S.Ct. 1184, 1190 (2008). In
determining whether a law is facially invalid, the court “must be careful not to go
beyond the statute‟s facial requirements and speculate about hypothetical or
imaginary cases.” Id., 552 U.S. at 450.
10
The court of appeal first found Act 1 is unconstitutional because it denies a
tenured public school teacher adequate due process before he or she is terminated,
because only one person, the superintendent, makes the decision to terminate. The
court of appeal found there was insufficient due process because the teacher is
allowed to oppose the charges brought by the superintendent only after termination
when she is allowed to submit her case, including witnesses, to a tenure hearing
panel. Thus, the court of appeal essentially held that a full evidentiary hearing
before a neutral adjudicator is required before a teacher may be terminated.
While the legislature may so provide, as it did prior to the effective date of
Act 1 of 2012, and does so now as the statute is amended by Act 570 of 2014, we
do not find the due process guaranteed by our state and federal constitutions
requires such a full evidentiary hearing. Due process entitles an employee
threatened with termination to notice of the charges lodged against him, and an
opportunity to tell his side of the story before termination. Lange v. Orleans Levee
Dist., 10-140, p. 6 (La. 1/30/10), 56 So.3d 925, 930 (citing Loudermill, supra). We
set forth in Lange the minimum requirements of a pre-termination hearing:
The purpose of the hearing is not to determine with certainty whether
termination is appropriate; instead, the hearing should have served as
“an initial check against mistaken decisions – essentially, a
determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that
the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed
action.” When a civil service employee is entitled to a full evidentiary
hearing after termination, and retroactive relief such as reinstatement
is available, pre-termination due process is satisfied by notice and an
opportunity to respond. In other words, only the barest of a pre-
termination procedure is required when an elaborate post-termination
procedure is provided.
Lange, 56 So.3d at 930-31 (quoting Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 105 S.Ct. at
1495)(other citations omitted). The Loudermill court explained the principle that an
individual be given an opportunity for a hearing before he is deprived of a
significant property interest requires “some kind of a hearing” prior to the
11
discharge of the employee. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 105 S.Ct. at 1493
(citations omitted).
The Loudermill court, however, declined to define what such a hearing
should entail, stating:
The essential requirements of due process … are notice and the
opportunity to respond. The opportunity to present reasons, either in
person or in writing, why proposed action should not be taken is a
fundamental due process requirement. The tenured public employee
is entitled to oral or written notice of the charges against him, an
explanation of the employer‟s evidence, and an opportunity to present
his side of the story. To require more than this prior to termination
would intrude to an unwarranted extent on the government‟s interest
in quickly removing an unsatisfactory employee.
Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546, 105 S.Ct. at 1495 (citations omitted). Furthermore,
the Loudermill majority clearly rejected the dissenting view that such a hearing
must always involve a full evidentiary hearing prior to deprivation of the property
right such as civil service employment. See, e.g., Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 548, 105
S.Ct. at 1496 (Marshall, J., concurring in part)
Here, La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)(1) as amended by Act 1 provided the teacher
shall not be removed except upon written and signed charges, and only if she be
furnished with a copy of such written charges and be given the opportunity to
respond. “The teacher shall have seven days to respond, and such response shall
be included in the teacher‟s personnel file.” La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)(1).
Although the statute does not specify what the response should be, due process
requires only that the teacher be given an opportunity to respond. As the
Loudermill court explained, there need only be some pre-termination opportunity
to respond to the charges and for the employee to present his side of the story. In
Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 94 S.Ct. 1633, 40 L.Ed.2d 15 (1974),
12
constitutional requirements were satisfied where the employee had access to the
material upon which the charge was based and could respond orally and in writing
and present rebuttal affidavits. Because Act 1 requires notice and an opportunity to
respond in writing before termination, it provides sufficient opportunity to the
tenured teacher to respond to the charges against her. The statute, moreover, does
not limit the manner of a teacher‟s pre-deprivation response, as she may respond in
person or in writing, present evidence, and be represented by an attorney. The
statute specifically states that any written rebuttal will be made a part of the
teacher‟s personnel file, thus memorializing her response. In Lange, we noted that
evidence is not required and may not be available at a pre-termination hearing.
Lange, 56 So.3d at 931. We find the pre-termination process permitted by Act 1 of
2012 is sufficient to give the teacher notice of the charges against her and a
meaningful opportunity to respond.
Finally, “[t]he pretermination „hearing,‟ though necessary, need not be
elaborate.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545, 105 S.Ct. at 1495. This is especially true
where there exist extensive post-termination procedures, as provided by Act 1
under review in the instant case. When a civil service employee is entitled to a full
evidentiary hearing after termination, and retroactive relief such as reinstatement is
available, pre-termination due process is satisfied by notice and an opportunity to
respond. Lange, 56 So.3d at 931 (citing Haughton Elevator Div. v. State, Through
Div. of Administration, 367 So.2d 1161, 1165 (La. 1979)). “[O]nly the barest of a
pre-termination procedure is required when an elaborate post-termination
procedure is provided.” Id. (citing Dep’t of Public Safety and Corr. v. Savoie, 569
So.2d 139, 142 (La. 1st Cir. 1990)) (emphasis in original). Act 1 provided
extensive post-termination proceedings sufficient to ensure due process. Act 1
provided that the teacher may request within seven days a full evidentiary hearing
13
before a teacher tenure panel, before which she may present witnesses, building an
evidentiary record for her case. The teacher tenure hearing may be public or
private, and the panel has subpoena power to compel witnesses to appear before it.
Thereafter, if the teacher is unsatisfied with the panel‟s recommendation and the
superintendent‟s action after receiving the panel‟s recommendation, she may seek
expedited judicial review of her case, at which the district court must determine
whether the superintendent‟s action in terminating employment was arbitrary or
capricious.
The court of appeal, as does the plaintiff, finds no confidence in the
independence of the hearing panel given that two of the tenure hearing panel
members are appointed by the superintendent who made the decision to terminate
and the principal who first brought the charges to the attention of the
superintendent. The statute provides that, within seven days after dismissal, a
teacher may request and upon request shall be granted a hearing by a panel
composed of a designee of the superintendent, a designee of the principal, and a
designee of the teacher. La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)(1)(as amended by Act 1 of
2012). To protect the independence of the panel, the statute forbids designation of
a family member or “any full time employee of the school system by which the
teacher was employed who is under the supervision of the person making the
designation.” Id. The statute continues:
Such hearing may be private or public, at the option of the teacher,
and shall begin within seven business days after receipt of the
teacher‟s request for such hearing. The teacher shall have the right to
appear before the tenure hearing panel with witnesses on his behalf
and with counsel of his selection, all of whom shall be heard by the
panel at the hearing. For the purpose of conducting hearings
hereunder, the panel shall have the power to issue subpoenas to
compel the attendance of all witnesses.
14
As the trial court explained, to question the motives and fairness of the panel
members based solely upon who designates their appointment, as the court of
appeal here did, invites rank speculation and presumes bad faith where none has
been demonstrated or even suggested. “A party challenging the constitutionality of
an administrative adjudication on the grounds of bias or prejudice of the decision-
maker must overcome the strong presumption of honesty and integrity in those
serving as adjudicators [and] must present convincing evidence that the
combination of functions in the same individual poses such a risk of actual or
substantial bias or judgment that the practice must be forbidden if the guarantee of
due process is to be preserved.” Hall v. State ex rel. Dept. of Public Safety and
Corrections, 98-0726, p. 10 (La. App. 1 Cir. 4/1/99), 729 So.2d 772, 778 (citing
Butler v. Dept. of Public Safety and Corrections, 609 So.2d 790, 793 (La. 1992))
(emphasis in original). We see no reason to facially invalidate a presumed
constitutional statute on the basis of speculation about the fairness of the individual
members of the tenure hearing panel.
The court of appeal also found a deficiency in the statute because there was
no independent decision-maker above and beyond the authority of the
superintendent. The court of appeal noted the panel can submit only a
recommendation to the superintendent after the hearing, which recommendation
the superintendent is not mandated to follow. The court of appeal noted the
superintendent need not reinstate a teacher even if the hearing panel has
recommended reinstatement, leaving the teacher‟s fate in the hands of only the
superintendent. While the teacher can seek judicial review, the court of appeal
observed, the trial court can reverse the decision of the superintendent only if it
was arbitrary or capricious. The court of appeal believed it impossible for a teacher
15
to be reinstated once the superintendent has decided to terminate a teacher without
a full hearing.
We do not find the post-termination procedures set forth in Act 1 of 2012 to
be either meaningless or lacking in sufficient due process protections. Although
the plaintiff suggests the superintendent is effectively both the prosecutor and the
adjudicator, which we have said may violate an individual‟s due process rights, see
Allen v. Louisiana State Bd. of Dentistry, 543 So.2d 908 (La. 1989), such a
situation is not presented in the procedures set forth in Act 1. There is no
suggestion in these procedures that the superintendent operates as the prosecutor
before the hearing panel. Moreover, while the superintendent is not bound to
follow the considered recommendation of a majority of the hearing panel, the
superintendent‟s decision is judicially reviewable under Act 1. The statute
provides, if the superintendent chooses not to reinstate the teacher following the
recommendation of the panel, the superintendent shall notify the teacher of his
final determination, in writing, and the teacher may, within sixty days thereof,
petition a court of competent jurisdiction to review whether the action of the
superintendent was arbitrary or capricious. La. Rev. Stat. 17:443(B)(2) (as
amended by Act 1 of 2012).
CONCLUSION
After de novo review, we conclude the court of appeal erred in declaring La.
Rev. Stat. 17:443(B) as amended by Act 1 of 2012 unconstitutional on its face. La.
Rev. Stat. 17:443(B) as amended by Act 1 of 2012 provides for one pre-
termination opportunity to respond to the charges and two post-termination
hearings: the first being a full evidentiary hearing before a tenure hearing panel,
which then makes a recommendation to the superintendent, and the second being
16
judicial review in the district court. If the district court determines the
superintendent‟s decision to terminate or not reinstate the teacher‟s employment
was arbitrary or capricious, the teacher shall be entitled to reinstatement and full
back pay. Given these protections, we find Act 1 of 2012 provided sufficient due
process to the tenured teacher.
DECREE
Accordingly, the declaration of unconstitutionality from the court of appeal
is reversed, and the matter is remanded to that court for consideration of the
plaintiff‟s as-applied challenge.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
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06/30/15
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-CA-0432
KASHA LAPOINTE
VERSUS
VERMILION PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, ET AL.
ON APPEAL
FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT,
PARISH OF VERMILION
Hughes, J., dissenting.
Aside from the merits of this particular termination, which are not before us,
I must respectfully dissent. Due process after the fact is an oxymoron. Post-
termination review is not quite so meaningful when there is no pay check to
support it. Hopefully, the 2014 changes to the law will work better.
Kasha Lapointe v. Vermilion Parish School Board
Combined Opinion