Georgia Department of Transportation v. Wyche

FOURTH DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
RAY and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

June 25, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A0346. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
v. WYCHE.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

Defendant Georgia Department of Transportation (“DOT”) appeals the trial

court’s order denying its motion to dismiss the complaint of Plaintiff Mary Wyche,

individually and as surviving mother of Larry J. Bowen, Jr., deceased. Because we

find that Wyche’s claims against the DOT are barred by the doctrine of sovereign

immunity for the reasons that follow, we reverse.

“We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss based on

sovereign immunity grounds, which is a matter of law. Factual findings are sustained

if there is evidence supporting them.”1 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Bd. of

1
“A motion to dismiss on sovereign immunity grounds is based upon the trial
court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and as a result, a trial court is entitled to
Regents of the Univ. System of Ga. v. Canas, 295 Ga. App. 505, 509 (3) (672 SE2d

471) (2009).

So viewed, the record shows that Bowen was killed on the night of May 4,

2005 while employed as a construction worker by Reeves Construction Company.

(“Reeves”). Reeves was performing paving work on Eisenhower Parkway in Macon,

Georgia pursuant to a contract with the DOT for Project No. STP-3201(9). At

approximately 11:20 p.m., Bowen was standing in the area of the intersection of

Eisenhower Parkway and Log Cabin Drive2 when he was struck by a vehicle traveling

south on Log Cabin Drive. He was then struck and dragged through the intersection

by a second vehicle also traveling southbound on Log Cabin Drive. Tragically, he

died at the scene. The drivers later deposed that they were proceeding through a green

light at the intersection, which was “very dark,” and that they did not see any signs

indicating construction work was underway at the intersection. That evening, the only

DOT employee present was Johnny Moss, a field materials inspector, who had just

make factual findings necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issue.” Bd. of Regents of
the Univ. System of Ga. v. Brooks, 324 Ga. App. 15, 16, n. 2 (749 SE2d 23) (2013).
2
That evening, a member of the Reeves paving crew had instructed Bowen to
be in that area to observe the intersection’s traffic signal and direct the equipment
operators, also employed by Reeves, as to when they had the right-of-way to cross the
intersection.

2
arrived to perform asphalt testing and was still stopped at the traffic light at the time

of the accident. Also at the scene was Cedric Howard, an employee of Moreland

Altobelli Associates, Inc. (“Moreland”), which was under contract with the DOT to

perform inspections3 and ensure that Reeves was in compliance with the DOT

contract in all respects, including safety requirements.4

On May 2, 2007, Wyche filed a complaint against the DOT and Moreland,5

asserting claims of ordinary and professional negligence against both defendants,

alleging that their lack of inspection and planning left drivers “without positive

guidance, conspicuous, and unambiguous road signage and appropriate lighting.”

With respect to the DOT, Wyche alleged that the DOT failed to inspect and enforce

its contract with Moreland when it did not provide appropriate signage and lighting

3
Howard testified that DOT employee Moss had no authority to give him job
directions.
4
The contract entered into by the DOT and Moreland provides, in part, that
Moreland “shall utilize effective control procedures to determine and to ensure that
the contractor’s construction of this project is performed in reasonably close
conformity with the plans, specifications, and contract provisions.” The contract
specifically required Moreland to “inspect traffic control and monitor traffic
operations during the normal course of other inspection duties.”
5
Both drivers were also named in the complaint, but were eventually dismissed
with prejudice.

3
at the intersection and failed to oversee and train “its employees and agents as to

appropriate inspection procedures.” The DOT was subsequently granted leave to file

a third-party complaint against Reeves for indemnification under their contract.

In its third-party complaint, the DOT cites Section 150 of the contract’s Special

Provisions, which “as supplemented by the Plans, Specifications, and Manual on

Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD),” constitutes the project’s “Traffic

Control Plan.” The DOT also cites sub-section 150.01 of the contract, which provides

that Reeves is responsible for “‘furnishing, installing, maintaining, and removing

necessary traffic signs, barricades, lights, signals, cones, pavement markings and

other traffic control devices and shall include flagging and other means for guidance

and protection of vehicular and pedestrian traffic through the Work Zone.’”6

6
The contract further provides that

[Reeves] shall designate a qualified individual as a Worksite Traffic
Control Supervisor (WTCS) who shall be responsible for selecting,
installing and maintaining all traffic control devices in accordance with
the Plans, Specifications and the MUTCD. . . . As the representative of
[Reeves], the WTCS shall have full authority to act on behalf of
[Reeves] in administering the Traffic Control Plan. . . . The WTCS shall
regularly perform inspections to ensure that traffic control is maintained.

4
 On March 7, 2014, the DOT filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds of

sovereign immunity. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, and this

appeal followed.

1. In its first enumeration of error, the DOT asserts that the trial court erred in

finding a waiver of sovereign immunity for the negligent acts committed by Reeves

and Moreland, as independent contractors.7 The Georgia Constitution provides that

sovereign immunity extends to the State and all of its departments and agencies. Ga.

Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX (e). This sovereign immunity can only be

waived by a constitutional provision or an Act of the General Assembly that

specifically provides for such waiver. Id. The Georgia Tort Claims Act (“GTCA”) is

one such Act and provides for a limited waiver of sovereign immunity for the torts

7
Although Wyche objects to this enumeration of error because the trial court
did not specifically address this issue in its order , “[l]ong-standing statutory and case
law requires courts to dismiss an action whenever it appears by suggestion of the
parties or otherwise, that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter. The court’s
lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived and may be raised at any time
either in the trial court, in a collateral attack on a judgment, or in an appeal.”
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Ga. Dept. of Transp. v. Kovalcik, 328 Ga. App.
185, 190 (1) (b) (761 SE2d 584) (2014). And we have consistently held that the
sovereign immunity of a State agency “raises the issue of the trial court’s subject
matter jurisdiction to try the case.” Id. Moreover, the DOT raised this issue in its
answer and its motion to dismiss, so we will address the DOT’s argument here. See
id. (finding no equitable argument to preclude review of additional argument on
appeal where sovereign immunity generally was raised below).

5
of State employees while acting within the scope of their employment.8 See OCGA

§ 50-21-20 et seq.; Johnson v. Ga. Dept. of Human Resources, 278 Ga. 714, 715 (1)

(606 SE2d 270) (2004).

In determining whether there has been a waiver of sovereign immunity, we

must keep in mind that, “in acting for the public good and in responding to public

need, state government must provide a broad range of services and perform a broad

range of functions throughout the entire state, regardless of how much exposure to

liability may be involved.” (Citations omitted.) Bd. of Regents of the Univ. System of

Ga. v. Brooks, 324 Ga. App. 15, 17 (1) (749 SE2d 23) (2013). For this reason, our

legislature determined that “the exposure of the state treasury to tort liability must

therefore be limited, and that state government should not have the duty to do

everything that might be done.” (Citation omitted.) Id. And, “the doctrine of

sovereign immunity requires that the conditions and limitations of the statute that

waives immunity be strictly followed.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id.

Moreover, “the party seeking to benefit from the waiver of sovereign immunity has

the burden of proof to establish waiver.” Id. at 16.

8
As a department of the State, the DOT is subject to the waiver, and exceptions
thereto, set forth in the GTCA. See Kovalcik, 328 Ga. App. at 188 (1) (a).

6
 Wyche asserts that because the DOT has a nondelegable duty to maintain

traffic safety in construction zones on state highways, the DOT can be held liable for

the actions of contractors like Reeves and Moreland, which should be considered

“employees” under the GTCA. This question has been answered unequivocally under

state law. Although the DOT is tasked with the duty to “plan, designate, improve,

manage, control, construct and maintain a state highway system”9 under the Georgia

Code of Public Transportation, OCGA § 32-1-1 et seq., nothing in that Code prohibits

the DOT from delegating its responsibilities to a private contractor. See Johnson, 278

Ga. at 716 (2) (state departments “have meaningful statutory responsibilities . . . and

they satisfy those responsibilities by exercising reasonable care in the selection and

supervision of their independent contractors”); Comanche Constr., Inc. of Georgia

v. Dept. of Transp., 272 Ga. App. 766, 770 (2) (613 SE2d 158) (2005) (physical

precedent only) (finding no language in the statute that would prohibit the DOT from

delegating its responsibility to a private contractor through a construction contract).

Here, the DOT delegated its responsibilities with respect to Project No. STP-3201(9)

to Reeves and Moreland under their respective contracts, including the responsibility

for traffic control and inspections for contract compliance. And the DOT is correct

9
OCGA § 32-2-2 (a) (1).

7
that corporations and independent contractors doing business with the State are not

included within the GTCA’s definition of “employee.” See OCGA § 50-21-22 (7);

Brooks, 324 Ga. App. at 17-18 (1) (the State is immune from liability if the tort was

committed by a third party). Thus, under the GTCA, the DOT’s sovereign immunity

has not been waived for the negligence committed by independent contractors such

as Reeves or Moreland.10 Id.

Wyche now argues for the first time on appeal that the DOT was not permitted

to delegate its duties to Reeves or Moreland because the State’s project was partially

funded by federal highway funds, and pursuant to 23 CFR § 635.105 (a), the DOT

was required to maintain full authority over the construction project. However, “[a]s

she raises [this] question for the first time of appeal, she presents nothing for us to

consider.” Kumar v. Hall, 262 Ga. 639, 644 (3) (423 SE2d 653) (1992). We also note

that this Court rejected a similar argument in Comanche, and although it is physical

precedent only, we find it persuasive. 272 Ga. App. at 771 (2). The plaintiff in

Comanche also argued that federal regulations placed sole responsibility for traffic

control plans on the DOT, but this Court found that nothing in those regulations

10
We express no opinion here as to any potential liability of either Reeves or
Moreland.

8
necessarily rendered DOT ultimately liable for design decisions related to traffic

control plans. Id. (“23 CFR § 630.1010 (a) (4) (2004) specifically allows a state

highway agency to permit a contractor to develop and use its own traffic control plan

in a roadway project.”). And while the State is required to designate a person who

will have “‘the primary responsibility and sufficient authority for assuring that the

[plan is] effectively administered,’” there is “no reason why this requirement

necessarily elevates DOT’s involvement to something more than inspection and

approval.” Id. (quoting 23 CFR § 630.1010 (b) (2004)). See Ga. Dept. of Corrections

v. James, 312 Ga. App. 190, 194 (1) (718 SE2d 55) (2011) (“Implied waivers of

governmental immunity should not be favored. Thus, even if, pursuant to the cited

statutory provisions, [the third parties] are subject to the DOC’s rules and supervision,

those statutory provisions did not authorize the trial court’s ultimate conclusion that

sovereign immunity was waived.”) (citations and punctuation omitted).

Accordingly, Wyche’s claims against the DOT for negligence relating to the

paving operations on the night of the accident, including the alleged failure to provide

appropriate signage and lighting at the intersection, are actually claims based on the

actions of one or more independent contractors and are barred by the doctrine of

sovereign immunity. See Dept. of Transp. v. Jarvie, 329 Ga. App. 681, 683 (766

9
SE2d 94) (2014) (“GTCA’s waiver of immunity does not include torts committed by

independent contractors, so the DOT is not subject to suit for the conduct of its

contractors, such as negligently designing the . . . area’s traffic plan or negligently

driving the truck which caused [decedent’s] death.”) (citations omitted); Dept. of

Transp. v. Owens, 330 Ga. App. 123, 133-135 (4) (766 SE2d 569) (2014) (under the

GTCA, independent contractor doing business with the State is not a state officer or

employee and the DOT is not be liable for traffic control plans implemented by an

independent contractor).

2. With respect to Wyche’s claims based on the DOT’s own actions, essentially

that it failed to inspect and ensure a proper traffic control plan, the DOT contends that

the trial court erred in finding that the exceptions to the State’s waiver of sovereign

immunity with respect to its inspection powers or functions (OCGA § 50-21-24 (8))

or its licensing powers or functions (OCGA § 50-21-24 (9)) are inapplicable here. We

will address each statutory exception in turn.

(a) To the extent the GTCA sets forth an exception to the waiver of sovereign

immunity, the State and its departments remain immune from suit. See OCGA § 50-

21-24 (setting forth 13 limitations to the State’s waiver of sovereign immunity). One

10
such exception relates to the State’s inspection powers. OCGA § 50-21-24 (8)

provides:

[t]he state shall have no liability for losses resulting from . . .
[i]nspection powers or functions, including failure to make an inspection
or making an inadequate or negligent inspection of any property other
than property owned by the state to determine whether the property
complies with or violates any law, regulation, code, or ordinance or
contains a hazard to health or safety.

And we have held that there is no principled distinction between the DOT’s

inspection of physical property to determine whether it complies with accepted safety

standards and an inspection of construction plans. See, e.g., Magueur v. Dept. of

Transp., 248 Ga. App. 575, 578 (547 SE2d 304) (2001) (“Because the duty allegedly

breached by DOT – i.e., a duty to inspect the construction plans and/or the property

and to advise the county of any safety hazards – falls within OCGA § 50-21-24 (8),

DOT is entitled to sovereign immunity.”).

Here, Wyche’s claims that the DOT was negligent in “approving construction

plans and inspecting the physical property” clearly fall within this inspection

exception. In asserting that the exception is inapplicable here, Wyche argues, and the

trial court agreed, that because the accident occurred on a State-owned highway, the

11
DOT is not immune from suit. The trial court, relying on Ga. Dept. of Transp. v.

Kovalcik, 328 Ga. App. 185 (761 SE2d 584) (2014), which involved an accident on

a State-owned highway after the construction was completed, concluded that the

holding should also apply to this case involving an active construction project.

However, shortly after the trial court entered its order, this Court clarified the

scope of this exception. In Jarvie, we held that the DOT was immune from liability

under the inspection powers exception with respect to monitoring compliance with

the DOT’s conditions (including the submission of a traffic control plan) for approval

of a contractor’s request to stockpile rock in the median as part of a road-widening

project on the interstate. 329 Ga. App. at 684. We found that the factual scenario

presented was distinct from that in Kovalcik, “which involved inspecting a completed

state roadway project with an allegedly hazardously designed curb and left turn

lane[,]” whereas in Jarvie “the DOT’s relevant on-site conduct was monitoring the

method of construction as previously approved.” Id. at 684, n. 14. And we rejected

the plaintiffs’ argument that the DOT’s actions amounted to inspection of State

property and should not be covered by the inspection powers exception, explaining:

the conduct in this case amounts to oversight of construction activities
for purposes of administering the contract, and it does not amount to an

12
 inspection of State property for regulatory compliance or safety hazards
as contemplated by the language of OCGA § 50-21-24 (8). Absent a
clear legislative directive, we decline to extend the waiver of sovereign
immunity to include independent contractors’ conduct even if the State
actor in some way attempts to ensure that contractors are operating
safely on a State-approved project.

(Footnote omitted.) Id. at 684.

So too here, to the extent that Wyche contends that the DOT was negligent in

failing to adequately inspect the work performed by Reeves during the course of the

paving project, her claims fall under the inspection powers exception, and the DOT

is immune from those claims. See Jarvie, 329 Ga. App. at 684.

(b) In its order, without otherwise characterizing her claims, the trial court also

concluded that Wyche “does not contend [the] DOT was negligent in any way as to

its licensing power or function.” We disagree.

OCGA § 50-21-24 (9) provides that the State shall have no liability for losses

resulting from its “[l]icensing powers or functions, including, but not limited to, the

issuance, denial, suspension, or revocation of or the failure or refusal to issue, deny,

suspend, or revoke any permit, license, certificate, approval, order, or similar

authorization.” In Owens, C. W. Matthews Contracting Company contracted with the

13
DOT to perform repaving work on portions of I-75/85 in Atlanta. 330 Ga. App. at

124. In the early morning hours of May 16, 2010, while it was still very dark, a dump

truck driver was delivering a load of asphalt to the construction site. Id. The driver

was traveling approximately 15-25 miles per hour in the second lane over from the

right shoulder, which lane was supposed to have been, and which he mistakenly

believed had been, closed to normal traffic. Id. at 124-125. Owens, who was driving

his Jeep in the second lane at 70 miles per hour at the time, struck the dump truck

from behind and was killed. Id. at 125. This Court found that OCGA § 50-21-24 (9)

shielded the DOT from liability for alleged negligence in approving a site-specific

traffic control plan that was in effect on the date of the collision, explaining that “this

exception, by its plain terms, is not strictly limited to decisions related to permits or

licenses. Instead, it also applies as to decisions relating to issuance, denial,

suspension, or revocation of approvals.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 137 (4) (b).

Here, Reeves was performing paving work following the DOT’s authorization

granted in the Notice to Proceed issued on April 22, 2003. The DOT’s review and

approval of traffic control plans that were supposed to be submitted by Reeves11 and

11
Wyche contends that Reeves failed to submit a traffic control plan as
required by the DOT contract. But whether the DOT failed to revoke approval of its
authorization after Reeves failed to submit a traffic control plan or Reeves submitted

14
its alleged failure to suspend or revoke its approval thus fall within the licensing

power exception.12 See Murray v. Ga. Dept. of Transp., 284 Ga. App. 263, 266 (2)

(644 SE2d 290) (2007) (physical precedent only) (“the [licensing powers] exception

grants broad immunity for losses resulting from virtually any action the State DOT

could take regarding the authorization” to install a traffic light); Ga. Dept. of Transp.

v. Cox, 246 Ga. App. 221, 225 (540 SE2d 218) (2000) (DOT immune as to claims

arising out of the State’s issuance of the construction permit and the State’s alleged

refusal to timely issue a permit for a traffic signal).

Accordingly, whether Wyche’s claims are characterized as either claims that

the DOT negligently approved Reeves’ paving project or negligently inspected the

project, they are barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See Reidling v.

City of Gainsville, 280 Ga. App. 698, 703 (1) (634 SE2d 862) (2006) (pursuant to

a problematic plan makes no difference in analyzing whether the licensing power
exception applies.
12
We are unpersuaded by Wyche’s attempt to characterize her claim as one that
falls outside the licensing powers exception because she does not fault the DOT’s
original “decision to make or not to make the improvements to the subject
intersection.” Rather, she claims that the DOT “was negligent in failing to enforce the
terms of the . . . contract,” including the portions related to traffic control. Thus, she
is essentially arguing that the DOT should have revoked its authorization for Reeves
to proceed, which claim falls within the licensing power exception. See Owens, 330
Ga. App. at 137 (4) (b).

15
OCGA § 50-21-24 (8) and (9), “sovereign immunity precludes plaintiffs’ claims that

the DOT either negligently approved the disposal site for the excess fill soil or

negligently inspected the site”). The trial court’s denial of the DOT’s motion to

dismiss must be reversed.

Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., and Ray, J., concur.

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