In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: July 13, 2015
S15A0366. TIBBLES v. TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM
OF GEORGIA et al.
BLACKWELL, Justice.
Following 31 years of service as a teacher in the public schools, Carol
Tibbles retired in April 1994. She is a member of the Teachers Retirement
System of Georgia, and as such, she is entitled by law to annual retirement
allowance in an amount
equal to 2 percent of [her] average compensation over the two
consecutive years of membership service producing the highest
such average, multiplied by the number of [her] years of creditable
service, not to exceed 40.
OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2). To calculate the amount of the allowance to which
Tibbles was entitled, the System looked to the compensation that she earned in
the 24 consecutive calendar months beginning with February 1992, and it
applied the statutory formula to that compensation. It appears that the System
consistently has paid Tibbles an allowance in an amount consistent with that
calculation.
Tibbles claims, however, that the System miscalculated the amount to
which she is entitled. First, she says, the statutory reference to “two consecutive
years” does not mean 24 consecutive calendar months. She argues that it instead
means 730 consecutive calendar days, unless one of those days is a leap day, in
which case, it means 731 consecutive calendar days. Second, Tibbles says, the
statutory reference to “average compensation” refers to compensation paid, not
compensation earned, in the pertinent two years. So, rather than looking to her
compensation earned in the 24 consecutive calendar months beginning with
February 1992, Tibbles urges, the System should have calculated her allowance
based upon the compensation that she was paid from Thursday, December 5,
1991 through Friday, December 4, 1993, including the paychecks that she
received on the first and last days of that period, the former of which was for her
work as a teacher in November 1991.
Tibbles sued the System and its trustees, seeking legal and equitable relief
for the alleged miscalculation of her annual retirement allowance. The trial court
awarded summary judgment to the System, finding that the System adhered to
2
its own rules and policies in calculating the amount to which Tibbles is entitled,
and concluding that those rules and policies comport with OCGA § 47-3-120 (a)
(2). Tibbles appeals, and we affirm.
1. This case concerns the meaning of OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2), and so,
we begin with the familiar and settled principles that inform our consideration
of statutory meaning. “A statute draws it meaning, of course, from its text.”
Chan v. Ellis, 296 Ga. 838, 839 (1) (770 SE2d 855) (2015) (citation omitted).
When we read the statutory text, “we must presume that the General Assembly
meant what it said and said what it meant,” Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172
(1) (a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013) (citation and punctuation omitted), and so, “we
must read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an
ordinary speaker of the English language would.” FDIC v. Loudermilk, 295 Ga.
579, 588 (2) (761 SE2d 332) (2014) (citation and punctuation omitted). “The
common and customary usages of the words are important, but so is their
context.” Chan, 296 Ga. at 839 (1) (citations omitted). “For context, we may
look to the other provisions of the same statute, the structure and history of the
whole statute, and the other law — constitutional, statutory, and common law
alike — that forms the legal background of the statutory provision in question.”
3
May v. State, 295 Ga. 388, 391-392 (761 SE2d 38) (2014) (citations omitted).
Even reading the statutory text in this way, we sometimes may find that
the statutory text naturally and reasonably can be understood in more than one
way. When such a genuine ambiguity appears, it usually is for the courts to
resolve the ambiguity by ascertaining the most natural and reasonable
understanding of the text. See State v. Mulkey, 252 Ga. 201, 202-204 (2) (312
SE2d 601) (1984). But when it appears that the General Assembly has
committed the resolution of such an ambiguity to the discretion and expertise of
an agency of the Executive Branch that is charged with the administration of the
statute, the usual rule may not apply. In those instances, the courts must defer
to the way in which the agency has resolved the ambiguity in question, so long
as the agency has resolved the ambiguity in the proper exercise of its lawful
discretion, and so long as the agency has resolved it upon terms that are
reasonable in light of the statutory text. See Cook v. Glover, 295 Ga. 495, 500
(761 SE2d 267) (2014). See also Center for a Sustainable Coast v. Coastal
Marshlands Protection Committee, 284 Ga. 736, 741 (2) (670 SE2d 429) (2008).
4
This approach is not a new one.1 Suttles v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 193
Ga. 495, 515 (4) (19 SE2d 396) (1942) (noting that a “[reasonable]
administrative interpretation and practice, continued for a long period, should
be accepted as controlling,” but “only when the law is ambiguous and
susceptible of different interpretations”). It reflects an acknowledgment that the
General Assembly properly may leave some matters to the discretion of the
Executive Branch, see Dept. of Transp. v. City of Atlanta, 260 Ga. 699, 703 (1)
(398 SE2d 567) (1990), as well as a recognition that some ambiguities may be
better resolved by officers and agencies of the Executive Branch, who can weigh
the policy implications of the ways in which an ambiguity reasonably might be
resolved in a way that courts cannot, and who can bring to bear specialized
knowledge and expertise that the courts lack. See Bentley v. Chastain, 242 Ga.
348, 350-351 (1) (249 SE2d 38) (1978). And for the most part, our approach is
consistent with the approach adopted by the United States Supreme Court in
Chevron, USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U. S. 837 (104 SCt
1
As Professor David Shipley has explained, our Court has long adhered to this
approach, even if many of our earlier cases did not acknowledge it so explicitly. See David
E. Shipley, “The Chevron Two-Step in Georgia’s Administrative Law,” 46 GA. L. REV. 871,
888-916 (III) (2012).
5
2778, 81 LE2d 694) (1984),2 as this Court recently acknowledged. See Cook,
295 Ga. at 500. With these principles in mind, we turn now to the questions of
statutory meaning presented in this case.
2. According to OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2), the amount of an annual
retirement allowance must be calculated with reference to “average
compensation over the two consecutive years of membership service producing
the highest such average,” OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2) (emphasis supplied), and
the parties dispute what is meant by “two consecutive years.” As we noted
2
In Chevron, the United States Supreme Court described its approach in this way:
When a court reviews an agency’s construction of the statute which it
administers, it is confronted with two questions. First, always, is the question
whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the
intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well
as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of
Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly
addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose its
own construction on the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an
administrative interpretation. Rather, if the statute is silent or ambiguous with
respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s
answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.
467 U. S. at 842-843 (II) (citations and footnotes omitted).
Because our approach predates Chevron by many years, we have not adopted Chevron
and its progeny as our own, and our approach may not be perfectly consistent with the
Chevron approach in every respect and every application. That said, our approach does
closely resemble the Chevron approach in many respects, and both approaches reflect the
same sorts of concerns about judicial respect for the legislative commitment of certain
questions to the discretion of the Executive Branch and the special competence of officers
and agencies of the Executive Branch. For that reason, it often is useful to consult
Chevron and its progeny in applying our own approach.
6
earlier, Tibbles says that “two consecutive years” means 730 consecutive
calendar days, unless one is a leap day, in which event, it means 731 consecutive
calendar days. For that reason, Tibbles argues, the statutory period of “two
consecutive years” can commence on any day. As reflected in its own
administrative rules and practices, however, the System understands the
statutory reference to “two consecutive years” to mean 24 consecutive calendar
months. See, e.g., Ga. Comp. R. & Regs., Rule 513-5-1-.08 (“The calculation
of average salary for retirement purposes shall allow the use of the salary earned
during any twenty-four (24) consecutive months producing the highest such
average . . . .”); Rule 513-5-.14 (1) (to calculate amount to which member is
entitled, “[s]elect a two-year period of twenty-four (24) consecutive months with
7
the highest salary”).3 A calendar month, of course, necessarily commences on
the first day of a month named in the calendar.
(a) To begin, we consider whether the meaning of the statutory reference
to “two consecutive years” is unambiguous. Standing alone, the term could be
reasonably understood in more than one way. By definition, a “year” is a period
of twelve consecutive months, as the System contends, and it also is a period of
365 consecutive days (or 366 days in leap years), just as Tibbles argues. In its
ordinary usage, however, the term “year” — whether the “year” is measured in
months or days — is susceptible of different meanings so far as the specific
3
To be sure, these administrative rules do not explicitly provide that the 24
consecutive months must be calendar months. But according to the record, that is exactly
how the System has consistently understood these rules, and indeed, the text of Rule 513-5-1-
.08 admits of no other understanding. In full, Rule 513-5-1-.08 provides:
The calculation of average salary for retirement purposes shall allow the use
of the salary earned during any twenty-four (24) consecutive months producing
the highest such average; not counting any month in which the member
normally would be under contract but for which no contributions were
reported, provided that additional months would be used only if the member
did not have credit for two (2) full years of service for the twenty-four (24)
month period.
(Emphasis supplied). The statutory law makes clear that contributions are remitted on the
basis of calendar months, with each school system required to remit employee contributions
by the tenth calendar day of the month following the month for which the contributions were
made. See OCGA § 47-3-42 (a). Because there is no reason to think that contributions would
be reported on any basis other than that on which they are remitted, Rule 513-5-1-.08 must
be understood to mean “calendar months” by its references to “months.”
8
points on the calendar at which a “year” can be said to begin and end. See State
ex rel. Gareau v. Stillman, 247 NE2d 461, 462 (Ohio 1969) (when used with
reference to “a period of 365 days,” the “word ‘year’ . . . is susceptible of
different meanings so far as the time within which the 365-day period should
begin and end”). See also Federal Trust Bank v. C. W. Matthews Contracting
Co., 312 Ga. App. 200, 202 & n.8 (1) (718 SE2d 63) (2011) (although a
“month” can mean “the period from a day of one month to the corresponding
day of the next month,” it also can mean “one of the months as named in the
calendar”). The ordinary usage of the word “year” does not resolve the question
presented in this case.
As used in our statutory law, the term “year” is presumed to refer to a
“calendar year,” OCGA § 1-3-3 (24), unless the context in which it is used
indicates otherwise. See Southerland v. Bradshaw, 255 Ga. 455, 456 (2) (339
SE2d 579) (1986). No party to this case contends that “two consecutive years”
means two consecutive calendar years — that is, two years beginning on January
1 of the first year — and indeed, the context of the statutory reference suggests
strongly that it means something other than calendar years. After all, OCGA §
47-3-120 (a) (2) speaks of “two consecutive years of membership service,” and
9
because academic years in the public schools of Georgia traditionally have
commenced in August or September, many new teachers would be expected to
begin to accrue “membership service” in months other than January. Cf. Bd. of
Ed. of Township of Manchester v. Raubinger, 187 A2d 614 (N.J. Super. A.D.
1963). For this reason, the presumptive statutory meaning is of no help either.
Likewise, although the statutory usage of “two consecutive years” with
reference to “membership service” suggests strongly that it does not mean a
calendar year, this circumstance does not, without more, definitively resolve the
dispute with which we are presented. When used with reference to employment,
“[t]here are [various] types of year . . . . Employment is not inherently, or even
naturally, associated with any specific type of year . . . .” Mallin v. Nat. City
Mtg., No. 05-1499 SC, 2007 WL 4208336 at *4 (III) (B) (N.D. Cal. Nov. 27,
2007) (“year” may refer to “fiscal year, school year, tax year, lunar year, etc.”).
Indeed, in this case, a reasonable person might argue from the text of OCGA §
47-3-120 (a) (2) alone that “two consecutive years of membership service”
could refer to two consecutive academic years (commencing on the first day of
class), two consecutive teacher-contract years (commencing on the effective date
of a teacher contract), or two consecutive years of service as a teacher
10
(commencing on the anniversary of the date upon which the member first began
to accrue “membership service”). Of course, no party to this case suggests that
OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2) refers to any of these sorts of years.
Nevertheless, the statutory reference to “two consecutive years” must be
considered in a context broader than just the words of OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2).
Looking to other sections of the statutory law concerning teacher retirement
benefits, see May, 295 Ga. at 391-392, we note that the statutes require the
remittance of employer and employee contributions to the System on the basis
of calendar months:
It shall be the duty of each county board of education, the board of
education of each independent school system, and of each and every
employer of teachers to deduct and collect the required employee
contributions from each teacher’s salary and to make monthly
remittance of such amounts to the [System]. Each employer shall
likewise make the required employer contribution and shall make
monthly remittance of such amounts to the [System] along with
employee contributions. Each employer shall remit the required
employee and employer contributions to the [System] by the tenth
calendar day of the month following the month for which the
contributions were made. In the case of the failure or refusal of the
employer to remit the employee and employer contributions on or
before the tenth calendar day of the month following the month for
which the contributions were made, there shall be added to the total
amount of remittance due the sum of 1 ½ percent of the amount of
the remittance if the failure or refusal is for not more than one
11
month, and an additional 1 ½ percent for each additional month or
fraction of a month during which the failure or refusal continues.
OCGA § 47-3-42 (a) (emphasis supplied). The statutes identify the date of
retirement by reference to calendar months: “The effective date of retirement
will be the first of the month in which the application is received by the
[System]; except that no retirement application will be effective earlier than the
first of the month following the final month of the applicant’s employment.”
OCGA § 47-3-101 (a). The statutes provide that the annual retirement allowance
is payable to a retired member on a monthly basis: “All retirement allowances
shall be payable in equal monthly installments . . . .” OCGA § 47-3-1 (24). And
the statutes clearly contemplate that these monthly payments of the allowance
are with reference to calendar months. See, e.g., OCGA§ 47-3-101 (c) (“Upon
the death of the retired member, all monthly benefits shall cease as of the end of
the month in which the retired member died.”).
Especially because the statutes require the remittance of contributions and
payment of allowances on the basis of calendar months, the context of OCGA
§ 47-3-120 (a) (2) suggests that the statute means 24 consecutive calendar
months when it speaks of “two consecutive years.” Indeed, a strong argument
12
can be made that this is the only natural and reasonable understanding of the
statutory reference to “two consecutive years.” Moreover, we find almost
nothing in OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2) or its context to suggest that “two
consecutive years” ought to be understood in terms of days, as opposed to
calendar months or some other measure of time.4 To the extent that the statute
is unambiguous on this point, the System properly understood “two consecutive
years” in its calculation of the amount of the allowance to which Tibbles is
entitled.
(b) In the alternative, even if the statutory reference to “two consecutive
years” were ambiguous, the way in which the System has consistently
understood the term would be entitled to deference, and so, we ultimately would
reach the same conclusion. Statutory ambiguity would require as the next step
4
The best argument that can be made for measuring “two consecutive years” in days
is the statutory direction to the System to identify “the two consecutive years of membership
service producing the highest . . . average [compensation].” OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2)
(emphasis supplied). Tibbles says that the direction to identify the period “producing the
highest such average” defines the term “two consecutive years,” and if a daily measure of
“two consecutive years” would produce the highest average compensation for a particular
member, then that is the measure that the System must adopt for that member. But this
statutory direction is more naturally and reasonably understood, we think, to identify which
of the several “consecutive years of membership service” form the basis for the calculation
of the amount of an allowance, not to define the unit by which “two consecutive years” ought
to be measured.
13
in our analysis that we ascertain who properly ought to resolve that ambiguity.
Just as we noted earlier, a court is required to defer to an agency of the
Executive Branch with respect to the resolution of a statutory ambiguity, so long
as the legislature has committed the resolution of that ambiguity to the
discretion of the agency, the agency has resolved it by a proper exercise of that
discretion, and the agency has resolved it upon terms that are reasonable in the
light of the statutory text.
As the United States Supreme Court has explained with reference to the
Chevron doctrine:
[A]dministrative implementation of a particular statutory provision
qualifies for Chevron deference when it appears that Congress
delegated authority to the agency generally to make rules carrying
the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming
deference was promulgated in the exercise of that authority.
Delegation of such authority may be shown in a variety of ways, as
by an agency’s power to engage in adjudication or notice-and-
comment rulemaking, or by some other indication of a comparable
congressional intent.
United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U. S. 218, 226-227 (I) (B) (121 SCt 2164, 150
LE2d 292) (2001). Explicit authority to engage in notice-and-comment
rulemaking is not the only way to show the requisite legislative commitment of
the matter to the discretion of the agency, and compliance with notice-and-
14
comment rulemaking requirements is not the only way to show that the agency
resolved the matter by way of a proper exercise of its discretion. See id. at 231
(II) (A) (noting that the United States Supreme Court has “sometimes found
reasons for Chevron deference even when no such administrative formality was
required and none was afforded”). See also Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U. S. 212,
222 (II) (122 SCt 1265, 152 LE2d 330) (2002). Even without notice-and-
comment rulemaking, “it can still be apparent from the agency’s generally
conferred authority and other statutory circumstances that [the legislature]
would expect the agency to be able to speak with the force of law when it
addresses ambiguity in the statute . . . .” Mead, 533 U. S. at 229 (II) (A). Those
other circumstances that may be indicative of a legislative commitment of the
matter to the discretion of the Executive Branch include a charge to the agency
to supervise the statutory law at issue and to assume primary responsibility for
the subject of the law, see NationsBank of N.C. v. Variable Annuity Life Ins.
Co., 513 U. S. 251, 256-257 (II) (A) (115 SCt 810, 130 LE2d 740) (1995), a
statutory delegation of authority to the agency to execute and enforce the statute
in question and to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to
do so, see National Cable & Telecommunications Assn. v. Brand X Internet
15
Svcs., 545 U. S. 967, 980 (III) (A) (125 SCt 2688, 162 LE2d 820) (2005), and
“the interstitial nature of the legal question, the related expertise of the [a]gency,
the importance of the question to the administration of the statute, the
complexity of that administration, and the careful consideration the [a]gency has
given the question over a long period of time.” Barnhart, 535 U. S. at 222 (II).
Here, the record reflects that the administrative rules at issue were
promulgated under the Georgia Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), OCGA
§ 50-13-1 et seq., but the record does not disclose whether they were
promulgated under the APA’s notice-and-comment rulemaking provisions.5 See
OCGA § 50-13-4. If the rules were subject to the APA’s notice-and-comment
rulemaking requirements, and if they were adopted in a manner that was
consistent with those requirements, then those circumstances would indicate that
the rules qualify for deferential treatment. See Pruitt Corp. v. Ga. Dept. of
Community Health, 284 Ga. 158, 159-160 (2) (664 SE2d 223) (2008) (rule or
regulation that has “undergone the scrutiny” of notice-and-comment rulemaking
5
The notice-and-comment rulemaking requirements apply to “the adoption,
amendment, or repeal of any rule, other than interpretative rules or general statements of
policy.” OCGA § 50-13-4 (a). In their briefs, the parties do not address whether the rules at
issue here were subject to these statutory requirements. We can decide this case without
resolving this question, and so, we do not resolve it today.
16
may be entitled to deference). But even assuming that the rules were not subject
to the notice-and-comment rulemaking provisions of the APA, we perceive
other indications that the General Assembly has committed the resolution of
ambiguities in the teacher retirement statutes to the discretion of the System and
that the System enacted the rules at issue in a proper exercise of that discretion.
Indeed, the General Assembly has provided explicitly that “[t]he
administration and responsibility for the proper operation of the retirement
system and for placing [the teacher retirement statutes] into effect are vested in
the board of trustees,” OCGA § 47-3-26 (a), and it has expressly authorized the
System (through its board) to “establish rules and regulations for the
administration of the funds created by this chapter and for the transaction of its
business.” OCGA § 47-3-26 (b). In our view, these provisions give the System
“the authority to promulgate binding legal rules,” which it has done “in the
exercise of that authority.” National Cable, 545 U. S. at 980-981 (III) (A). In
addition, the System is “charged with the enforcement” of the teacher retirement
statutes “to an extent that warrants [deference].” NationsBank, 513 U. S. at 256
(II) (A). Moreover, the legal question presented here — involving the
calculation of retirement benefits — relates to the expertise of the System and
17
is important to its complex administration of the teacher retirement statutes. See
Barnhart, 535 U. S. at 222 (II). And the rules in question were adopted more
than 30 years ago and, therefore, are undoubtedly of longstanding duration. See
id. at 220 (II). See also Suttles, 193 Ga. at 515 (4). For these reasons, the
understanding of the System about the meaning of “two consecutive years,” as
reflected in its administrative rules, would be entitled to deference, so long as
that understanding is reasonable.
We cannot say that the System is unreasonable to understand “two
consecutive years” to mean 24 consecutive calendar months. In the first place,
as we explained in Division 2 (a), this understanding is, we think, a natural and
reasonable understanding of the text of OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2) (considered
in its proper context), and it arguably is the only natural and reasonable
understanding. Second, the record in this case does not show this understanding
to be generally inconsistent with the usual payroll periods for teachers. Indeed,
Tibbles (like many other teachers) appears to have been paid twice a month for
her teaching, and there is no proof that any school system calculates teacher pay
on a daily basis. Third, there is no indication that the System receives
information about member compensation other than in connection with the
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monthly remittance of contributions, and to the extent that its calculation of the
amount to which a member is entitled is based on this information, the
calculation necessarily would reflect compensation in terms of calendar months.
In all, we conclude that the System was not unreasonable to understand OCGA
§ 47-3-120 (a) (2) to mean 24 consecutive calendar months when it speaks of
“two consecutive years.” To the extent that the statutory reference to “two
consecutive years” is ambiguous, we would defer to the understanding of the
System.
3. At oral argument, counsel for Tibbles conceded that she had to prevail
on both of her contentions about the meaning of OCGA § 47-3-120 (a) (2) to
establish that the System miscalculated the amount of her annual retirement
allowance. Because her contention about the meaning of “two consecutive
years” is without merit, her claim of miscalculation fails, and we need not
address her remaining contention. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
19