Case: 14-13160 Date Filed: 07/14/2015 Page: 1 of 5
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 14-13160
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:12-cv-04145-SLB-JEO
RICKY WALTER DENTON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
PAT STOKES,
SA,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
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(July 14, 2015)
Before ED CARNES, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Ricky Walter Denton, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, sued FBI Special
Agent Pat Stokes for allegedly violating Denton’s Fourth Amendment rights.1 See
generally Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S. Ct. 1999
(1971). Before Stokes was served with Denton’s complaint, the district court sua
sponte dismissed it without prejudice for failing to state a claim upon which relief
could be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A (requiring district courts to screen civil
actions filed by prisoners against government officers). Denton appeals that
dismissal.
We take the allegations in Denton’s complaint as true. Alba v. Montford,
517 F.3d 1249, 1251–52 (11th Cir. 2008). A federal bank robbery investigation
led to Denton’s convictions for armed bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d), and
for brandishing a firearm during a crime of violence, id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). After
the investigation had begun but before his convictions, he was incarcerated in the
county jail for a probation violation. During that incarceration, Stokes seized
Denton’s nonlegal correspondence, photocopied it, and showed the copies to
Denton’s fiancée and his son. The correspondence included letters to women other
than Denton’s fiancée and letters that made unflattering comments about his son.
1
Denton’s Fourth Amendment claim is the only one that he has properly raised on appeal.
He raised several other constitutional claims in the district court, but he has expressly abandoned
those claims. Additionally, he attempts to add a First Amendment claim, but we do not consider
it because he did not raise it before the district court. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co.,
385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).
2
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According to Denton, Stokes hoped the letters would encourage them to testify for
the government at trial.
We review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss Denton’s Fourth
Amendment claim against Stokes. Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 254 F.3d 1276,
1278–79 (11th Cir. 2001). Construing the complaint liberally, see Boxer X v.
Harris, 437 F.3d 1107, 1110 (11th Cir. 2006), it sought damages from Stokes in
both his official and individual capacities. By seeking official capacity damages,
Denton is actually seeking to impose liability on Stokes’ employer, the FBI, for
Stokes’ allegedly unconstitutional actions. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S.
159, 165, 105 S. Ct. 3099, 3105 (1985). The Bivens theory of liability does not
allow Denton to recover damages from the FBI. Dalrymple v. Reno, 334 F.3d 991,
995 (11th Cir. 2003); see Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 70, 122
S. Ct. 515, 521 (2001) (“[T]he threat of suit against an individual’s employer was
not the kind of deterrence contemplated by Bivens.”). Denton may seek damages
against Stokes only in his individual capacity.
Such damages are available as a general matter, but Denton must overcome
qualified immunity to get them. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(2) (requiring dismissal
of prisoner complaints that “seek[] monetary relief from a defendant who is
immune from such relief”); Wilson v. Blankenship, 163 F.3d 1284, 1288 (11th Cir.
1998) (applying our qualified immunity precedent under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and
3
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Bivens interchangeably). He may receive damages only if he can show that Stokes
violated clearly established Fourth Amendment law by seizing Denton’s nonlegal
correspondence, photocopying it, and disclosing the copies to third parties as part
of the ongoing federal investigation. Otherwise, Stokes is entitled to qualified
immunity. See Coffin v. Brandau, 642 F.3d 999, 1013 (11th Cir. 2011).
At the time that Stokes seized, photocopied, and disclosed Denton’s
nonlegal correspondence, it was not clearly established that doing so violated the
Fourth Amendment. We had held that both the Sixth Amendment and the “right of
access to the courts” limit the reading of correspondence from inmates with their
attorneys. See Taylor v. Sterrett, 532 F.2d 462, 472–75 (5th Cir. 1976).2 We had
also held that the First Amendment limits efforts to control of the volume of
nonlegal, “general correspondence” that inmates send and receive. Guajardo v.
Estelle, 580 F.2d 748, 753–56 (5th Cir. 1978).3 But we had not held (and still have
not held) that the Fourth Amendment bars the reading, photocopying, and
disclosing of inmates’ nonlegal correspondence as part of an ongoing investigation.
There are some indications that it may not. See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517,
526, 104 S. Ct. 3194, 3200 (1984) (“The recognition of privacy rights for prisoners
2
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted
as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1,
1981.
3
Both Taylor and Guajardo are still the law of this Circuit, but we have read them in light of
more recent Supreme Court decisions. See Al-Amin v. Smith, 511 F.3d 1317, 1330–32 (11th
Cir. 2008).
4
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in their individual cells simply cannot be reconciled with the concept of
incarceration and the needs and objectives of penal institutions.”); Gassler v.
Wood, 14 F.3d 406, 408–10 (8th Cir. 1994) (finding no First Amendment violation
where prison officials seized a prisoner’s nonlegal correspondence, photocopied it,
and disclosed the copies to law enforcement as part of an ongoing investigation);
cf. United States v. Wilson, 671 F.2d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 1982) (distinguishing
Taylor and Guajardo because neither case involved the Fourth Amendment).
In any event, we need not decide the merits of Denton’s Fourth Amendment
claim to resolve this appeal, so we express no view on it. It is enough that no
precedent of the Supreme Court or this Court would have put Stokes on notice that
the Fourth Amendment prohibited him from seizing Denton’s nonlegal
correspondence while he was incarcerated, photocopying it, and showing those
copies to others as part of an ongoing investigation. See Coffin, 642 F.3d at 1013.
That being the case, Stokes is entitled to qualified immunity from Denton’s claim. 4
See id.
AFFIRMED.
4
Although § 1915A(b)(2) required dismissal of Denton’s complaint, he still had a right to
amend it under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15. Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1349
(11th Cir. 2004). He does not argue on appeal that the district court should have granted him
leave to amend his complaint, so we do not consider that argument. See Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).
5