Filed 7/14/15 In re Jeremiah J. CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re JEREMIAH J., a Person Coming B258391
Under the Juvenile Court Law. (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. CK99700)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
ANDRES C.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Tony L.
Richardson, Judge. Affirmed.
Aida Aslanian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Mark J. Saladino, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Jessica Paulson-Duffy, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
Andres C. (father) appeals from the juvenile court’s jurisdictional and
dispositional orders pertaining to his son Jeremiah J. (Jeremiah, born Nov. 2009). Father
contends there was insufficient evidence that he sexually abused Jeremiah’s older half-
sister or that Jeremiah was at risk of similar harm, and that the court erred in not returning
Jeremiah to father. We disagree and affirm the court’s orders.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 8, 2013, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (DCFS) received a referral that Jeremiah’s mother, A.J. (mother), had burned
him above his right eyelid with a cigarette lighter, continued to drink, and lacked stable
housing. This referral followed 15 prior referrals of abuse and neglect by mother against
Jeremiah and his two older half-sisters, Jazmyn H. (Jazmyn, born Mar. 2005) and
Jordyn S. (Jordyn, born Sept. 2006).1
Allegations of Sexual Abuse
Social Worker’s Interview of Jazmyn
In interviews of the children immediately following the referral, allegations of
sexual abuse by father surfaced. When the emergency response social worker asked
eight-year-old Jazmyn if father was nice, she said he had “SEX” with her, writing the
word on paper. She told the social worker that while mother was at the hospital with
Jeremiah, father was caring for her and Jordyn. Father told her to go into his room, take
off all her clothes, and lie down on the bed. Father took off all his clothes and got on top
of her. He “went up and down” on her. When asked if he put anything in her private
parts, she stated, “it starts with D and ends in K,” confirming she meant dick, which was
a penis. Jazmyn responded affirmatively to the social worker’s questions of whether he
“put it in your vagina,” and whether it hurt. She denied bleeding or that there was any
“sticky stuff” on her. Father got off her quickly and told her to put clothes on when they
heard Jordyn say “mommy’s home.” Jazmyn said father told her not to tell mother.
1
All three children have different fathers. Although the juvenile court sustained
allegations against Jordyn’s father, they are not relevant here. Neither mother nor her
daughter’s fathers are parties to this appeal.
2
When mother asked Jazmyn what she and father were doing in the room, Jazmyn told
mother she and father were talking. Jazmyn reported that she did not tell mother what
happened until recently when she saw a picture and told mother, “I know what that is, it
is a dick.” Mother asked how she knew this, and Jazmyn told mother about father going
up and down on her.
The social worker noted Jazmyn was “nonchalant” and reminded Jazmyn that she
had promised to tell the truth. The social worker told Jazmyn that what she was saying
was very important, that it was against the law for adults to have sex with children, and
that it was “very very important that she tell the truth.” Jazmyn said she was telling the
truth.
Dependency Investigator’s Interviews
Jazmyn’s Interview
When Jazmyn was interviewed three months later in June 2013 by a DCFS
dependency investigator, she agreed to tell the truth. In response to the inquiry if anyone
had touched her private parts, Jazmyn stated, “my old dad did something nasty to me.”
She confirmed that her “old dad” was father. She then stated “I know it’s against the
law.” She went on to state that father “did nasty something. He got naked. My mom
was at the hospital getting Jeremiah out of her belly.” When asked what father did after
getting naked, Jazmyn wrote “SEX” on a paper. The dependency investigator asked
Jazmyn to explain sex, and Jazmyn stated, “I thought I was going to have a baby.”
Jazmyn then explained, “He told me to take off my clothes and go on the bed. [Father]
closed the door and locked it. He took off his clothes.” Jazmyn described father’s penis
as “[b]ig and hairy” and pointing down. She continued, “He goes on top of me. He put
his penis on top of me, then he went up and down, up and down.” She pointed to her
vagina when the dependency investigator asked where he put his penis. Jazmyn stated
that his penis did not go inside her vagina, but was “on top.” Jordyn knocked on the door
and told them mother was home. Jazmyn said she told mother that father needed to be in
jail “when he wasn’t [her] daddy anymore.”
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Jazmyn then spontaneously told the dependency investigator, “I didn’t like the
milk he gave me . . . [w]hen he was done, he said drink some milk. Then he squirted it in
my mouth. There was a lot in there. . . . A lot came out. Only a little in my mouth.” She
clarified the milk came from father’s penis and he said to drink it. She reported that it
tasted “[l]ike rotten milk. I had to pretend I liked it and, he said keep it a secret.”
Afterwards, father told her to get dressed. She went downstairs where mother was with
Jeremiah and talked about the new baby’s name, which she did not like. She denied
father touched her private parts on more than one occasion, and denied he touched her
siblings.
Mother’s Interview
The dependency investigator also interviewed mother regarding the sexual abuse
allegations. Mother believed the abuse occurred in 2009, when Jazmyn was four years
old, because Jazmyn had told mother where they lived and what car mother was driving
at the time. Mother reported that a few years ago, she was talking to her friend about
nuts, and Jazmyn started laughing, saying that father had showed her his nuts and
“touched her pee pee.” Jazmyn explained to mother that father had told her to lay on the
bed and take off her clothes, and told Jordyn to sit on the couch. Jazmyn said father got
on top of her, and “went up and down.” She told mother he got off of her because Jordyn
said mother was home. Mother stated, “I don’t think penetration happened,” because
Jazmyn said it did not hurt. Mother believed this occurred while she was working at the
hospital and father was the primary caregiver of the children.
Mother added that in March 2010, her friend’s child disclosed having her vagina
touched by father and the police were called. Father disappeared and mother filed a
missing persons report. She believed father ran away because he was guilty. After the
incident was reported, on March 15, 2010, mother took her children for a physical
examination. She was told there were no signs of physical abuse, and showed the
dependency investigator the letter from the physician so indicating. Mother stated she
had not left the girls alone with father since the allegation by her friend’s daughter in
March 2010. Father had moved out of the home and she did not have regular contact
4
with him. She had been allowing Jeremiah to visit father and spend the weekend with
him, but had stopped all visitation after Jazmyn’s disclosure of the sexual abuse in
January 2013.
Mother reported that she had noticed Jeremiah acting out sexually after visiting
father. When she asked father about this, he told mother that Jeremiah had come into the
room when father was “watching a porno.” When mother asked if he turned it off, father
said, “No, he’s my son.”
Father’s Interview
Father was also interviewed by the dependency investigator in June 2013. He
denied any sexual abuse and stated that law enforcement had “investigated these same
allegations a couple of years ago and nothing came of it.” At the time of the investigation
he cooperated, the kids were fine, and there was no evidence he did anything. He had not
been contacted by law enforcement regarding the current investigation, which he learned
about from mother three months ago. He wanted Jazmyn’s allegations to be investigated
so that he could be cleared and could see his son. Mother had not allowed him to visit
Jeremiah since the allegations came to light.
When the dependency investigator told father that Jazmyn’s statements were very
consistent and detailed and would be extremely difficult for an eight-year-old child to
make up, father began to cry and said that it was hurtful for something like that to be said
about him. He believed Jazmyn made up the story because she was mad he was no
longer living with her.
Father admitted that Jeremiah had seen a pornographic video while in his care,
stating that Jeremiah had gotten out of bed when he was not supposed to. Father did not
turn off the video because he put Jeremiah back to bed. Father also said Jeremiah had
gotten up in the middle of the night and saw father and his girlfriend engaged in sexual
activity.
The Petitions
DCFS filed three petitions on behalf of Jeremiah, Jazmyn and Jordyn: An original
petition in May 2013; a first amended petition in August 2013; and a second amended
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petition in June 2014. Under Welfare and Institutions Code section 300, subdivisions (b),
(d), and (j),2 the operative second amended petition alleged: “On a prior occasion,
. . . father of the child Jeremiah, sexually abused the child Jazmyn by forcibly raping the
child by placing the . . . father’s penis in the child’s vagina, causing the child pain. Such
sexual abuse of the child by the . . . father endangers the child’s physical health and
safety and places the child and the child’s siblings, Jordyn and Jeremiah, at risk of
physical harm, damage, danger, sexual abuse and failure to protect.” The petition also
alleged that mother was under the influence of alcohol while the children were in her
care, placing them at risk.
Jurisdiction and Disposition Hearing on Second Amended Petition
The juvenile court held the contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing on the
second amended petition on June 26, 2014. DCFS entered several documents into
evidence, including a June 24, 2014 supplemental report, indicating that Jeremiah was
doing well in his foster placement and that his foster parent was willing to adopt him; that
father had recently been released from jail after serving time for burglary; and that
mother had refused to disclose the whereabouts of Jeremiah after a visit and Jazmyn
revealed his location to the social worker after mother had told her to keep it a secret.
Mother pled no contest to the only count against her, alleging her alcohol use.
Father testified that he had lived with mother and Jazmyn from 2007 through
2010. On the day of Jeremiah’s birth, he went to the hospital with mother and stayed
there with her until she was discharged two days later. He stated there were occasions
when he was left alone with Jazmyn and provided care such as feeding and supervision.
His last visit with Jeremiah was on January l4, 2014, and he had not been allowed any
visits since then due to a restraining order mother had obtained from the family court.
The juvenile court sustained the sexual abuse allegations against father under
section 300, subdivisions (b), (d), and (j). The court found that Jazmyn’s statements
regarding the abuse had been “consistent,” and “[t]he abuse certainly is to the extent that
2
All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.
6
case law and common sense would indicate that other children would be affected by it or
would be substantially at risk with respect to the behavior . . . .”
As to disposition, the juvenile court found by clear and convincing evidence,
pursuant to section 361, subdivision (c), that there was a substantial danger if Jeremiah
remained with his parents and ordered that he remain suitably placed. The court granted
father and mother family reunification services, and granted father monitored visitation
three times a week for three hours at a time, giving DCFS discretion to liberalize. The
court ordered father to participate in a parenting program and a sexual abuse for
perpetrators program.
Father filed this appeal.
DISCUSSION
I. Jurisdictional Finding that Father Sexually Abused Jazmyn
Father contends there was insufficient evidence to sustain the juvenile court’s
jurisdictional finding that he sexually abused Jazmyn. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we determine whether
the record as a whole contains any substantial evidence to support the juvenile court’s
conclusion. (In re Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393–1394.) In doing so,
“we draw all reasonable inferences in support of the findings, view the record favorably
to the juvenile court’s order and affirm the order even if other evidence supports a
contrary finding.” (In re James R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 129, 135.) “We do not
reweigh the evidence or exercise independent judgment, but merely determine if there are
sufficient facts to support the findings of the trial court.” (In re Matthew S. (1988) 201
Cal.App.3d 315, 321.)
A child comes within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under subdivision (b)(1)
of section 300 if, in part, “[t]he child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the
child will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a result of the failure or inability of
his or her parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child.”
7
A child comes within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under subdivision (d) of
section 300 if, in part, “[t]he child has been sexually abused, or there is a substantial risk
that the child will be sexually abused, as defined in Section 11165.1 of the Penal Code,
by his or her parent or guardian or a member of his or her household.”3
A child comes within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under subdivision (j) of
section 300 if: “The child’s sibling has been abused or neglected, as defined in
subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i), and there is a substantial risk that the child will be
abused or neglected as defined in those subdivisions. The court shall consider the
circumstances surrounding the abuse or neglect of the sibling, the age and gender of each
child, the nature of the abuse or neglect of the sibling, the mental condition of the parent
or guardian, and any other factors the court considers probative in determining whether
there is a substantial risk to the child.”
B. Substantial Evidence
Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s jurisdictional finding that father
sexually abused Jazmyn. Three separate times, eight-year-old Jazmyn provided
3
Penal Code section 11165.1 defines “sexual abuse” as “sexual assault or sexual
exploitation as defined by the following:
“(a) ‘Sexual assault’ means conduct in violation of one or more of the following
sections: Section 261 (rape), subdivision (d) of Section 261.5 (statutory rape), 264.1
(rape in concert), 285 (incest), 286 (sodomy), subdivision (a) or (b), or paragraph (1) of
subdivision (c) of Section 288 (lewd or lascivious acts upon a child), 288a (oral
copulation), 289 (sexual penetration), or 647.6 (child molestation).
“(b) Conduct described as ‘sexual assault’ includes, but is not limited to, all of the
following:
“(1) Penetration, however slight, of the vagina or anal opening of one person by
the penis of another person, whether or not there is the emission of semen.
“(2) Sexual contact between the genitals or anal opening of one person and the
mouth or tongue of another person.
“(3) Intrusion by one person into the genitals or anal opening of another
person, . . .
“(4) The intentional touching of the genitals or intimate parts, including the
breasts, genital area, groin, inner thighs, and buttocks, or the clothing covering them, of a
child, or of the perpetrator by a child, for purposes of sexual arousal or gratification, . . .
“(5) The intentional masturbation of the perpetrator’s genitals in the presence of a
child.” (Pen. Code, § 1165.1, subds. (a) & (b).)
8
remarkably consistent descriptions of the sexual abuse—to the emergency response social
worker, to the dependency investigator, and to mother. Each time, she described the
following: Father told her to go to his room and take off her clothes while Jordyn stayed
on the couch; father took his clothes off, got on top of her, and “went up and down” on
her private parts; she saw his penis; and father only stopped and told her to get dressed
when Jordyn announced that mother had come home with Jeremiah. Each time Jazmyn
also gave the same date of occurrence—when mother was at the hospital giving birth to
Jeremiah.
Father argues that Jazmyn’s statements were inconsistent because in her first
interview she described an act of rape, while in her second interview she described an act
of oral copulation and denied rape. Father takes issue with the second amended petition’s
description of the sexual abuse as rape. But sexual abuse under the Penal Code includes
both rape and oral copulation, as well as father’s other conduct with Jazmyn.
Moreover, there was no reason for Jazmyn to lie or exaggerate about being
sexually abused by father. She spontaneously told mother about the abuse. She did not
report more than one instance of sexual abuse, and she denied that father abused her
siblings. The graphic descriptions of the sexual abuse given by an eight-year-old indicate
personal experience.
Father’s three additional arguments challenging the juvenile court’s finding are
unpersuasive. First, father’s argument that “[t]here was no indicia of reliability” focuses
primarily on allegations of sexual abuse by father against a friend’s daughter and
allegations of sexual abuse of Jazmyn by her own father. Father asserts that Jazmyn
never made any disclosures of sexual abuse against him while these other allegations
were being investigated. But father points to nothing in the record showing that Jazmyn
was ever asked about father or anyone else abusing her.
Second, father argues “[t]here [is] reason to suspect bias and coaching of Jazmyn
by Mother.” Father points out that mother obtained a permanent restraining order against
him on January 15, 2014, from a family court, despite the juvenile court having
jurisdiction over Jeremiah. According to father, this shows that mother’s “powers of
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influence and persuasion were notable and not to be discounted as the underlying force
which propagated the sexual allegations leveled against Father.” But father never alleged
below that he believed mother may have coached Jazmyn; instead, his explanation was
that Jazmyn may be fabricating the allegations because she was mad father no longer
lived with her. Jazmyn promised multiple times to tell the truth in her statements to the
social worker and dependency investigator. As DCFS points out, in the only hint of
“coaching” in the entire record, Jazmyn reported to the social worker that mother told her
not to disclose the whereabouts of Jeremiah, yet Jazmyn immediately revealed his
location to the social worker. We agree with DCFS that “[t]his attempt by Mother to get
Jazmyn to withhold information was a dismal failure, and contradicts the idea that
Mother could have collaborated with eight-year-old Jazmyn to tell such a detailed,
specific story about sexual abuse.”
Finally, father argues “[t]here was no medical corroboration of any rape.” But
father cites no authority indicating that medical corroboration is a necessary prerequisite
for a finding of sexual abuse. Indeed, such corroboration is unnecessary. (See In re
Lucero L. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1227, 1249–1250.)
II. Jurisdictional Finding that Jeremiah was at Risk of Harm
Father next contends that even assuming jurisdiction over Jazmyn can be
supported, “[n]othing in the record suggests or supports that Father has or would have
any sexual interest in his son, as necessary to sustain the j-1 allegation.” We disagree.
The record shows that father sexually abused Jazmyn in the family home when she
was under his care and supervision at a time when Jordyn was also at home under his
care and supervision. Jazmyn did not report the abuse to mother until father was no
longer her “daddy.” Father not only abandoned and betrayed the parental role, but his
aberrant behavior was so brazen that it put any child under his care and supervision at
risk of harm. Moreover, father abused Jazmyn when she was four years old, the same
age as Jeremiah at the time the first amended petition was filed. Under these
circumstances, the juvenile court properly asserted jurisdiction over Jeremiah.
10
Father’s reliance on our Supreme Court’s recent case, In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th
766, affirming jurisdiction over siblings of both genders when sexual abuse occurs, is
misplaced. He argues that unlike that case, he did not engage in sustained abuse and
Jazmyn was not his biological daughter. But that is of no matter here. Father’s sexual
abuse of four-year-old Jazmyn was serious, aberrant and shocking. Where the sexual
abuse of a child becomes more serious, “it becomes more necessary to protect the
[siblings] from even a relatively low probability of that abuse.” (Id. at p. 778.) “The
juvenile court need not compare relative risks to assume jurisdiction over all the children
of a sexual abuser, especially when the abuse was as severe and prolonged as here.” (Id.
at p. 780.) “‘Although the danger of sexual abuse of a female sibling in such a situation
may be greater than the danger of sexual abuse of a male sibling, the danger of sexual
abuse to the male sibling is nonetheless still substantial.’” (Id. at p. 780, quoting In re
Karen R. (2001) 95 Cal.App.4th 84, 91.)
III. Removal Order
Father contends the juvenile court erred in not returning Jeremiah to his custody
and failed to make the necessary detriment finding under section 361.2, subdivision (a).
Father argues that because he was the noncustodial parent at the time the petitions
were filed, the juvenile court should have considered placing Jeremiah with him unless
the court first made the detriment finding under section 361.2, subdivision (a). He argues
that the court erred by instead making its order under section 361, subdivision (c).
Under section 361.2, subdivision (a), “When a court orders removal of a child
pursuant to Section 361, the court shall first determine whether there is a parent of the
child, with whom the child was not residing at the time that the events or conditions arose
that brought the child within the provisions of Section 300, who desires to assume
custody of the child. If that parent requests custody, the court shall place the child with
the parent unless it finds that placement with that parent would be detrimental to the
safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child.” (§ 361.2, subd. (a).)
The detriment finding must be made by clear and convincing evidence and is reviewed on
appeal for substantial evidence. (In re Abram L. (2013) 219 Ca1.App.4th 452, 461.)
11
Under section 361, subdivision (c), “A dependent child shall not be taken from the
physical custody of his or her parents or guardian or guardians with whom the child
resides at the time the petition was initiated, unless the juvenile court finds clear and
convincing evidence . . . . [¶] . . . There is or would be a substantial danger to the
physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the minor if the
minor were returned home.” (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).)
The juvenile court heard and rejected father’s request for custody. In making its
dispositional order, the court found “by clear and convincing evidence, pursuant to
Welfare and Institutions Code section 361[, subdivision] (c), that there is a substantial
danger if the children were returned home to the physical health, safety, and protection,
or physical or emotional well-being of the children.”
As DCFS observes, even if the juvenile court applied the wrong statute, any error
was harmless. The court found by clear and convincing evidence that father’s physical
custody presented a substantial danger to Jeremiah’ physical health, safety, protection,
physical or emotional well being. There is no substantive difference between that finding
and a finding under section 361.2, subdivision (a), that placement with father “would be
detrimental to the safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child.”
As the court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence of father’s sexual abuse, it
is not reasonably probable that father would have obtained a more favorable result had
the juvenile court expressly made its dispositional finding under section 361.2,
subdivision (a) instead of section 361, subdivision (c). Under such circumstances,
reversal is unwarranted. (In re D’Anthony D. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 292, 302–304.)
IV. Dispositional Order
Father also contends the juvenile court abused its discretion in ordering him to
participate in sex abuse counseling and by maintaining his visitation as monitored. He
argues that because there was no substantial evidence to support the jurisdictional finding
that he sexually abused Jazmyn, the dispositional orders are not appropriate.
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Because we have found that substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s
jurisdictional finding, father’s argument is without merit. Moreover, in fashioning
dispositional orders, “the trial court has broad discretion to make virtually any order
deemed necessary for the well-being of the child . . . .” (In re Sergio C. (1999) 70
Ca1.App.4th 957, 960; In re Christopher H. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1001, 1006–1008.)
The court’s orders were tailored to protect Jeremiah. Indeed, the court could have
ordered even more substantial requirements in light of father’s serious conduct, but was
willing to order that father be granted reunification services.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s jurisdictional and dispositional orders are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
__________________________, Acting P. J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
_____________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
____________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
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